DOCSLIB.ORG

Life Strategies in the Long-Lived Bivalve Arctica Islandica on a Latitudinal Climate Gradient – Environmental Constraints and Evolutionary Adaptations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Life Strategies in the Long-Lived Bivalve Arctica Islandica on a Latitudinal Climate Gradient – Environmental Constraints and Evolutionary Adaptations Life strategies in the long-lived bivalve Arctica islandica on a latitudinal climate gradient – Environmental constraints and evolutionary adaptations Lebensstrategien der langlebigen Muschel Arctica islandica, untersucht an Populationen entlang eines Klimagradienten – Umwelteinflüsse und evolutionäre Anpassungen Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften -Dr. rer. nat.- Fachbereich 2 Biologie/Chemie Universität Bremen vorgelegt von Julia Strahl Bremen März 2011 Prüfungsausschuss: 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Ralf Dringen (Zentrum für Biomolekulare Interaktionen Bremen, Universität Bremen) 2. Gutachter: PD Dr. Doris Abele (Funktionelle Ökologie, Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven) 1. Prüfer: Prof. Dr. Thomas Brey (Funktionelle Ökologie, Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven) 2. Prüfer: Prof. Dr. Kai Bischof (Marine Botanik, Universität Bremen) CONTENTS FREQUENTLY USED ABBREVATIONS I SUMMARY III ZUSAMMENFASSUNG V 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Bivalves as models in aging research 1 1.2. Why is Arctica islandica an interesting model in aging research? 2 1.3. What is aging? 4 1.4. Physiological parameters involved in the aging process 5 1.5. Is the aging process in ectotherms related to reactive oxygen species formation? 6 1.6. Cellular maintenance and longevity 7 1.7. Metabolic rate depression and longevity 9 1.8. Possible role of nitric oxide in metabolic rate depression 10 1.9. Metabolic rate depression, anaerobiosis and recovery from anoxia 10 1.10. Aims of the thesis 13 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS – A GENERAL OVERVIEW 14 2.1. Investigated species and sampling locations 14 2.2. Experimental studies 15 2.2.1. Incubation experiment for the determination of cell-turnover rates 15 2.2.2. Field and laboratory studies of burrowing behavior and self-induced metabolic rate depression in Iceland and German Bight Arctica islandica 15 2.2.3. Laboratory study of forced metabolic rate depression 17 2.2.4. Measurement of ROS-formation in isolated gill tissue 18 2.2.5. Measurement of aerobic metabolic rates 18 2.2.6. Investigation of nitric oxide formation and its possible role as modulator of cellular respiration 19 2.3. Biochemical Assays 20 2.3.1. Proliferation rates 20 2.3.2. Apopotosis intensities 20 2.3.3. Mitochondrial enzyme activity 20 2.3.4. Adenylate concentrations and energy charge 20 2.3.5. Antioxidant defense parameters 20 2.3.6. Anaerobic enzyme activity and accumulation of anaerobic metabolites 20 2.3.7. Nitrite and nitrate contents 21 2.4. Individual age determination 21 3. PUBLICATIONS 23 Publication I 25 Cell turnover in tissues of the long-lived ocean quahog Arctica islandica and the short-lived scallop Aequipecten opercularis Publication II 45 Metabolic and physiological responses in tissues of the long-lived bivalve Arctica islandica to oxygen deficiency Publication III 63 Metabolic rate depression: a key to longevity in the ocean quahog Arctica islandica 4. CONTRIBUTED WORK 87 Publication IV 89 A metabolic model for the ocean quahog Arctica islandica – Effects of animal mass and age, temperature, salinity, and geography on respiration rate Publication V 107 Age dependent patterns of antioxidants in Arctica islandica from six regionally separate populations with different life spans Publication VI 127 Aging in marine animals 5. ADDITIONAL RESULTS 149 5.1. Possible functions of the signaling molecule nitric oxide in the bivalve Arctica islandica 151 5.2. Hemocyte cell cultures 169 6. DISCUSSION 173 6.1. What contributes to the long live expectancy in Arctica islandica? 173 6.2. Metabolic rate depression as life-prolonging strategy in Arctica islandica and the possible role of NO in regulating cellular respiration in this species 177 6.3. What are the reasons for the differences in maximum life span in geographically separated Arctica islandica populations? Intrinsic vs. extrinsic determinants 179 6.4. Reproduction and longevity in Arctica islandica 182 7. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 185 8. REFERENCES 189 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 199 Abbreviations FREQUENTLY USED ABBREVIATIONS ADP Adenosine diphosphate AFDM Ash free dry mass ATP Adenosine triphosphate B Burrowed BrdU 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine CAT Catalase CS Citrate synthase EC Energy charge GB German Bight GSH Reduced glutathione GSSG Oxidized glutathione GSx Total glutathione (GSH + 2 x GSSG) IC Iceland LDH Lactate dehydrogenase MLSP Maximum life span potential MRD Metabolic rate depression MSR Mass specific respiration NE North East NW North West ODH Octopine dehydrogenase PO2 Oxygen partial pressure Pcrit Critical PO2 NO Nitric oxide NOS Nitric oxide synthase RLU Relative luminescence units ROS Reactive oxygen species SMR Standard metabolic rate SOD Superoxide dismutase SST Sea surface temperature VBGF Von Bertalanffy growth function I II Summary SUMMARY The ocean quahog, Arctica islandica is the longest-lived non-colonial animal known to science. A maximum individual age of this bivalve of 405 years has been found in a population off the north western coast of Iceland. Conspicuously shorter maximum lifespan potentials (MLSPs) were recorded from other populations of A. islandica in European waters (e.g. Kiel Bay: 30 years, German Bight: 150 years) which experience wider temperature and salinity fluctuations than the clams from Iceland. The aim of my thesis was to identify possible life-prolonging physiological strategies in A. islandica and to examine the modulating effects of extrinsic factors (e.g. seawater temperature, food availa- bility) and intrinsic factors (e.g. species-specific behavior) on these strategies. Burrowing behavior and metabolic rate depression (MRD), tissue-specific antioxidant and anaerobic capacities as well as cell-turnover (= apoptosis and proliferation) rates were investigated in A. islandica from Iceland and the German Bight. An inter-species comparison of the quahog with the epibenthic scallop Aequipecten opercularis (MLSP = 8-10 years) was carried out in order to determine whether bivalves with short lifespans and different lifestyles also feature a different pattern in cellular maintenance and repair. The combined effects of a low-metabolic lifestyle, low oxidative damage accumulation, and constant investment into cellular protection and tissue maintenance, appear to slow-down the process of physiological aging in A. islandica and to afford the extraordinarily long MLSP in this species. Standard metabolic rates were lower in A. islandica when compared to the shorter-lived A. opercularis. Furthermore, A. islandica regulate mantle cavity water PO2 to mean values < 5 kPa, a PO2 at which the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in isolated gill tissues of the clams was found to be 10 times lower than at normoxic conditions (21 kPa). Burrowing and metabolic rate depression (MRD) in Icelandic specimens were more pronounced in winter, possibly supported by low seawater temperature and food availability, and seem to be key energy-saving and life-prolonging parameters in A. islandica. The signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO) may play an important role during the onset of MRD in the ocean quahog by directly inhibiting cytochome-c-oxidase at low internal oxygenation upon shell closure. In laboratory experiments, respiration of isolated A. islandica gills was completely inhibited by chemically produced NO at low experimental PO2 0 During shell closure, mantle cavity water PO2 decreased to 0 kPa for longer than 24 h, a state in which ROS production is supposed to subside. Compared to other mollusk species, onset of anaerobic metabolism is late in A. islandica in the metabolically reduced state. Increased accumulation of the anaerobic metabolite succinate was initially detected in the adductor muscle of the clams after 3.5 days under anoxic incubation or in burrowed specimens. A ROS-burst was absent in isolated gill tissue of the clams following hypoxia (5 kPa)-reoxygenation (21 kPa). Accordingly, neither the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), nor the specific content of the ROS-scavenger glutathione (GSH) was enhanced in different tissues of the ocean quahog after 3.5 days of self-induced or forced hypoxia/anoxia to prepare for an oxidative burst. III Summary While reduced ROS formation compared to routine levels lowers oxidative stress during MRD and also during surfacing, the general preservation of high cellular defense and the efficient removal and replacement of damaged cells over lifetime seem to be of crucial importance in decelerating the senescent decline in tissues of A. islandica. Along with stable antioxidant protection over 200 years of age, proliferation rates and apoptosis intensities in most investigated tissues of the ocean quahog were low, but constant over 140 years of age. Accordingly, age-dependent accumu- lations of protein and lipid oxidation products are lower in A. islandica tissues when compared to the shorter-lived bivalve A. opercularis. The short-lived swimming scallop is a model bivalve species representing the opposite life and aging strategy to A. islandica. In this species permanently high energy throughput, reduced invest- ment into antioxidant defense with age, and higher accumulation of oxidation products are met by higher cell turnover rates than in the ocean quahog. The only symptoms of physiological change over age ever found in A. islandica were decreasing cell turnover rates in the heart muscle over a lifetime of 140 years. This may either indicate higher damage levels and possibly
Load more

Recommended publications
  • §4-71-6.5 LIST of CONDITIONALLY APPROVED ANIMALS November
    §4-71-6.5 LIST OF CONDITIONALLY APPROVED ANIMALS November 28, 2006 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME INVERTEBRATES PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Oligochaeta ORDER Plesiopora FAMILY Tubificidae Tubifex (all species in genus) worm, tubifex PHYLUM Arthropoda CLASS Crustacea ORDER Anostraca FAMILY Artemiidae Artemia (all species in genus) shrimp, brine ORDER Cladocera FAMILY Daphnidae Daphnia (all species in genus) flea, water ORDER Decapoda FAMILY Atelecyclidae Erimacrus isenbeckii crab, horsehair FAMILY Cancridae Cancer antennarius crab, California rock Cancer anthonyi crab, yellowstone Cancer borealis crab, Jonah Cancer magister crab, dungeness Cancer productus crab, rock (red) FAMILY Geryonidae Geryon affinis crab, golden FAMILY Lithodidae Paralithodes camtschatica crab, Alaskan king FAMILY Majidae Chionocetes bairdi crab, snow Chionocetes opilio crab, snow 1 CONDITIONAL ANIMAL LIST §4-71-6.5 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME Chionocetes tanneri crab, snow FAMILY Nephropidae Homarus (all species in genus) lobster, true FAMILY Palaemonidae Macrobrachium lar shrimp, freshwater Macrobrachium rosenbergi prawn, giant long-legged FAMILY Palinuridae Jasus (all species in genus) crayfish, saltwater; lobster Panulirus argus lobster, Atlantic spiny Panulirus longipes femoristriga crayfish, saltwater Panulirus pencillatus lobster, spiny FAMILY Portunidae Callinectes sapidus crab, blue Scylla serrata crab, Samoan; serrate, swimming FAMILY Raninidae Ranina ranina crab, spanner; red frog, Hawaiian CLASS Insecta ORDER Coleoptera FAMILY Tenebrionidae Tenebrio molitor mealworm,
    [Show full text]
  • Geoducks—A Compendium
    34, NUMBER 1 VOLUME JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH APRIL 2015 JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH Vol. 34, No. 1 APRIL 2015 JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH CONTENTS VOLUME 34, NUMBER 1 APRIL 2015 Geoducks — A compendium ...................................................................... 1 Brent Vadopalas and Jonathan P. Davis .......................................................................................... 3 Paul E. Gribben and Kevin G. Heasman Developing fisheries and aquaculture industries for Panopea zelandica in New Zealand ............................... 5 Ignacio Leyva-Valencia, Pedro Cruz-Hernandez, Sergio T. Alvarez-Castaneda,~ Delia I. Rojas-Posadas, Miguel M. Correa-Ramırez, Brent Vadopalas and Daniel B. Lluch-Cota Phylogeny and phylogeography of the geoduck Panopea (Bivalvia: Hiatellidae) ..................................... 11 J. Jesus Bautista-Romero, Sergio Scarry Gonzalez-Pel aez, Enrique Morales-Bojorquez, Jose Angel Hidalgo-de-la-Toba and Daniel Bernardo Lluch-Cota Sinusoidal function modeling applied to age validation of geoducks Panopea generosa and Panopea globosa ................. 21 Brent Vadopalas, Jonathan P. Davis and Carolyn S. Friedman Maturation, spawning, and fecundity of the farmed Pacific geoduck Panopea generosa in Puget Sound, Washington ............ 31 Bianca Arney, Wenshan Liu, Ian Forster, R. Scott McKinley and Christopher M. Pearce Temperature and food-ration optimization in the hatchery culture of juveniles of the Pacific geoduck Panopea generosa ......... 39 Alejandra Ferreira-Arrieta, Zaul Garcıa-Esquivel, Marco A. Gonzalez-G omez and Enrique Valenzuela-Espinoza Growth, survival, and feeding rates for the geoduck Panopea globosa during larval development ......................... 55 Sandra Tapia-Morales, Zaul Garcıa-Esquivel, Brent Vadopalas and Jonathan Davis Growth and burrowing rates of juvenile geoducks Panopea generosa and Panopea globosa under laboratory conditions .......... 63 Fabiola G. Arcos-Ortega, Santiago J. Sanchez Leon–Hing, Carmen Rodriguez-Jaramillo, Mario A.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving the NEFSC Clam Survey for Atlantic Surfclams and Ocean Quahogs
    Northeast Fisheries Science Center Reference Document 19-06 Improving the NEFSC Clam Survey for Atlantic Surfclams and Ocean Quahogs by Larry Jacobson and Daniel Hennen May 2019 Northeast Fisheries Science Center Reference Document 19-06 Improving the NEFSC Clam Survey for Atlantic Surfclams and Ocean Quahogs by Larry Jacobson and Daniel Hennen NOAA Fisheries, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Northeast Fisheries Science Center Woods Hole, Massachusetts May 2019 Northeast Fisheries Science Center Reference Documents This series is a secondary scientific seriesdesigned to assure the long-term documentation and to enable the timely transmission of research results by Center and/or non-Center researchers, where such results bear upon the research mission of the Center (see the outside back cover for the mission statement). These documents receive internal scientific review, and most receive copy editing. The National Marine Fisheries Service does not endorse any proprietary material, process, or product mentioned in these documents. If you do not have Internet access, you may obtain a paper copy of a document by contacting the senior Center author of the desired document. Refer to the title page of the document for the senior Center author’s name and mailing address. If there is no Center author, or if there is corporate (i.e., non-individualized) authorship, then contact the Center’s Woods Hole Labora- tory Library (166 Water St., Woods Hole, MA 02543-1026). Information Quality Act Compliance: In accordance with section 515 of Public Law 106-554, the Northeast Fisheries Science Center completed both technical and policy reviews for this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Os Nomes Galegos Dos Moluscos
    A Chave Os nomes galegos dos moluscos 2017 Citación recomendada / Recommended citation: A Chave (2017): Nomes galegos dos moluscos recomendados pola Chave. http://www.achave.gal/wp-content/uploads/achave_osnomesgalegosdos_moluscos.pdf 1 Notas introdutorias O que contén este documento Neste documento fornécense denominacións para as especies de moluscos galegos (e) ou europeos, e tamén para algunhas das especies exóticas máis coñecidas (xeralmente no ámbito divulgativo, por causa do seu interese científico ou económico, ou por seren moi comúns noutras áreas xeográficas). En total, achéganse nomes galegos para 534 especies de moluscos. A estrutura En primeiro lugar preséntase unha clasificación taxonómica que considera as clases, ordes, superfamilias e familias de moluscos. Aquí apúntase, de maneira xeral, os nomes dos moluscos que hai en cada familia. A seguir vén o corpo do documento, onde se indica, especie por especie, alén do nome científico, os nomes galegos e ingleses de cada molusco (nalgún caso, tamén, o nome xenérico para un grupo deles). Ao final inclúese unha listaxe de referencias bibliográficas que foron utilizadas para a elaboración do presente documento. Nalgunhas desas referencias recolléronse ou propuxéronse nomes galegos para os moluscos, quer xenéricos quer específicos. Outras referencias achegan nomes para os moluscos noutras linguas, que tamén foron tidos en conta. Alén diso, inclúense algunhas fontes básicas a respecto da metodoloxía e dos criterios terminolóxicos empregados. 2 Tratamento terminolóxico De modo moi resumido, traballouse nas seguintes liñas e cos seguintes criterios: En primeiro lugar, aprofundouse no acervo lingüístico galego. A respecto dos nomes dos moluscos, a lingua galega é riquísima e dispomos dunha chea de nomes, tanto específicos (que designan un único animal) como xenéricos (que designan varios animais parecidos).
    [Show full text]
  • Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems – Processes and Practices in the High Seas Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems Processes and Practices in the High Seas
    ISSN 2070-7010 FAO 595 FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE TECHNICAL PAPER 595 Vulnerable marine ecosystems – Processes and practices in the high seas Vulnerable marine ecosystems Processes and practices in the high seas This publication, Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems: processes and practices in the high seas, provides regional fisheries management bodies, States, and other interested parties with a summary of existing regional measures to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems from significant adverse impacts caused by deep-sea fisheries using bottom contact gears in the high seas. This publication compiles and summarizes information on the processes and practices of the regional fishery management bodies, with mandates to manage deep-sea fisheries in the high seas, to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems. ISBN 978-92-5-109340-5 ISSN 2070-7010 FAO 9 789251 093405 I5952E/2/03.17 Cover photo credits: Photo descriptions clockwise from top-left: Acanthagorgia spp., Paragorgia arborea, Vase sponges (images courtesy of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada); and Callogorgia spp. (image courtesy of Kirsty Kemp, the Zoological Society of London). FAO FISHERIES AND Vulnerable marine ecosystems AQUACULTURE TECHNICAL Processes and practices in the high seas PAPER 595 Edited by Anthony Thompson FAO Consultant Rome, Italy Jessica Sanders Fisheries Officer FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome, Italy Merete Tandstad Fisheries Resources Officer FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome, Italy Fabio Carocci Fishery Information Assistant FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome, Italy and Jessica Fuller FAO Consultant Rome, Italy FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2016 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • DEEP SEA LEBANON RESULTS of the 2016 EXPEDITION EXPLORING SUBMARINE CANYONS Towards Deep-Sea Conservation in Lebanon Project
    DEEP SEA LEBANON RESULTS OF THE 2016 EXPEDITION EXPLORING SUBMARINE CANYONS Towards Deep-Sea Conservation in Lebanon Project March 2018 DEEP SEA LEBANON RESULTS OF THE 2016 EXPEDITION EXPLORING SUBMARINE CANYONS Towards Deep-Sea Conservation in Lebanon Project Citation: Aguilar, R., García, S., Perry, A.L., Alvarez, H., Blanco, J., Bitar, G. 2018. 2016 Deep-sea Lebanon Expedition: Exploring Submarine Canyons. Oceana, Madrid. 94 p. DOI: 10.31230/osf.io/34cb9 Based on an official request from Lebanon’s Ministry of Environment back in 2013, Oceana has planned and carried out an expedition to survey Lebanese deep-sea canyons and escarpments. Cover: Cerianthus membranaceus © OCEANA All photos are © OCEANA Index 06 Introduction 11 Methods 16 Results 44 Areas 12 Rov surveys 16 Habitat types 44 Tarablus/Batroun 14 Infaunal surveys 16 Coralligenous habitat 44 Jounieh 14 Oceanographic and rhodolith/maërl 45 St. George beds measurements 46 Beirut 19 Sandy bottoms 15 Data analyses 46 Sayniq 15 Collaborations 20 Sandy-muddy bottoms 20 Rocky bottoms 22 Canyon heads 22 Bathyal muds 24 Species 27 Fishes 29 Crustaceans 30 Echinoderms 31 Cnidarians 36 Sponges 38 Molluscs 40 Bryozoans 40 Brachiopods 42 Tunicates 42 Annelids 42 Foraminifera 42 Algae | Deep sea Lebanon OCEANA 47 Human 50 Discussion and 68 Annex 1 85 Annex 2 impacts conclusions 68 Table A1. List of 85 Methodology for 47 Marine litter 51 Main expedition species identified assesing relative 49 Fisheries findings 84 Table A2. List conservation interest of 49 Other observations 52 Key community of threatened types and their species identified survey areas ecological importanc 84 Figure A1.
    [Show full text]
  • Ageing Research Reviews Revamping the Evolutionary
    Ageing Research Reviews 55 (2019) 100947 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ageing Research Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/arr Review Revamping the evolutionary theories of aging T ⁎ Adiv A. Johnsona, , Maxim N. Shokhirevb, Boris Shoshitaishvilic a Nikon Instruments, Melville, NY, United States b Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States c Division of Literatures, Cultures, and Languages, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Radical lifespan disparities exist in the animal kingdom. While the ocean quahog can survive for half a mil- Evolution of aging lennium, the mayfly survives for less than 48 h. The evolutionary theories of aging seek to explain whysuchstark Mutation accumulation longevity differences exist and why a deleterious process like aging evolved. The classical mutation accumu- Antagonistic pleiotropy lation, antagonistic pleiotropy, and disposable soma theories predict that increased extrinsic mortality should Disposable soma select for the evolution of shorter lifespans and vice versa. Most experimental and comparative field studies Lifespan conform to this prediction. Indeed, animals with extreme longevity (e.g., Greenland shark, bowhead whale, giant Extrinsic mortality tortoise, vestimentiferan tubeworms) typically experience minimal predation. However, data from guppies, nematodes, and computational models show that increased extrinsic mortality can sometimes lead to longer evolved lifespans. The existence of theoretically immortal animals that experience extrinsic mortality – like planarian flatworms, panther worms, and hydra – further challenges classical assumptions. Octopuses pose another puzzle by exhibiting short lifespans and an uncanny intelligence, the latter of which is often associated with longevity and reduced extrinsic mortality.
    [Show full text]
  • Geoduck Aquaculture Research Program (GARP)
    FINAL REPORT Publication and Contact Information This report is available on the Washington Sea Grant website at wsg.washington.edu/geoduck For more information contact: Washington Sea Grant University of Washington 3716 Brooklyn Ave. N.E. Box 355060 Seattle, WA 98105-6716 206.543.6600 wsg.washington.edu [email protected] November 2013 • WSG-TR 13-03 Acknowledgements ashington Sea Grant expresses its appreciation to the many individuals who provided information and support Wfor this report. In particular, we gratefully acknowledge research program funding provided by the Washington State Legislature, Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Washington State Department of Ecology, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and University of Washington. We also would like to thank shellfish growers who cooperated with program investigators to make this research possible. Finally, we would like to recognize the guidance provided by the Department of Ecology and the Shellfish Aquaculture Regulatory Committee. Primary Investigators/ Contributing Scientists Washington Sea Grant Staff Recommended Citation Report Authors Jeffrey C. Cornwell David Armstrong Penelope Dalton Washington Sea Grant Carolyn S. Friedman Lisa M. Crosson Marcus Duke (2013) Final Report: P. Sean McDonald Jonathan Davis David G. Gordon Geoduck aquaculture Jennifer Ruesink Elene M. Dorfmeier Teri King research program. Report Brent Vadopalas Tim Essington Meg Matthews to the Washington State Glenn R. VanBlaricom Paul Frelier Robyn Ricks Legislature. Washington Aaron W. E. Galloway Eric Scigliano Sea Grant Technical Report Micah J. Horwith Raechel Waters WSG-TR 13-03, 122 pp. Perry Lund Dan Williams Kate McPeek Roger I. E. Newell Julian D. Olden Michael S. Owens Jennifer L. Price Kristina M.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Environment on Arctica Islandica Shell Formation and Architecture
    Biogeosciences, 14, 1577–1591, 2017 www.biogeosciences.net/14/1577/2017/ doi:10.5194/bg-14-1577-2017 © Author(s) 2017. CC Attribution 3.0 License. The effects of environment on Arctica islandica shell formation and architecture Stefania Milano1, Gernot Nehrke2, Alan D. Wanamaker Jr.3, Irene Ballesta-Artero4,5, Thomas Brey2, and Bernd R. Schöne1 1Institute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Joh.-J.-Becherweg 21, 55128 Mainz, Germany 2Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany 3Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3212, USA 4Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands 5Department of Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Correspondence to: Stefania Milano ([email protected]) Received: 27 October 2016 – Discussion started: 7 December 2016 Revised: 1 March 2017 – Accepted: 4 March 2017 – Published: 27 March 2017 Abstract. Mollusks record valuable information in their hard tribution, and (2) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was parts that reflect ambient environmental conditions. For this used to detect changes in microstructural organization. Our reason, shells can serve as excellent archives to reconstruct results indicate that A. islandica microstructure is not sen- past climate and environmental variability. However, animal sitive to changes in the food source and, likely, shell pig- physiology and biomineralization, which are often poorly un- ment are not altered by diet. However, seawater temperature derstood, can make the decoding of environmental signals had a statistically significant effect on the orientation of the a challenging task.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Cephalopod Phosphagen by Ernest Baldwin, B.A
    222 ON THE CEPHALOPOD PHOSPHAGEN BY ERNEST BALDWIN, B.A. (From the Biochemical Laboratory, Cambridge, and the Marine Biological Station, Tamaris, Var, France.) (Received 8th November, 1932.) (With Four Text-figures.) INTRODUCTION. THE comparative researches of Eggleton & Eggleton(s) on the distribution of phosphagen made it clear that while creatine phosphate is very widely distributed amongst the vertebrates, it is not present in the invertebrates. Shortly afterwards, a new phosphagenic substance was isolated from crab muscle by Meyerhof & Lohmann(n, 12) and shown to be arginine phosphate, while the later work of Lundsgaard (9) has made it certain that this compound plays in these tissues a part exactly analogous to that played by the creatine compound in vertebrate muscles. Later, Meyerhof (10) examined a number of invertebrates, representative of several phyla, and came to the conclusion that arginine phosphate is present in Holothuria, Pecten and Sipunculus. Cephalopod muscle contained no phosphagen. The case of the cephalopods was further examined by Needham, Needham, Baldwin & Yudkin (13), who not only found that the muscles of Sepia and of Octopus do contain phosphagen, but were also able to investigate its ontogeny in the former (14). There seemed no reason to think that the compound present was any- thing other than the arginine compound (8). Ackermann, Holtz & Kutscherw claim to have isolated the copper nitrate salt of arginine from extracts of the cephalopod Eledone moschata, while Okuda(is) has made a similar claim in the case of Loligo breekert, whereas Iseki (7) has been able to isolate no arginine from extracts of Octopus, finding in its place a compound which he isolated in the form of its picrate, and which he thinks may be a methyl agmatine.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand Fishes a Field Guide to Common Species Caught by Bottom, Midwater, and Surface Fishing Cover Photos: Top – Kingfish (Seriola Lalandi), Malcolm Francis
    New Zealand fishes A field guide to common species caught by bottom, midwater, and surface fishing Cover photos: Top – Kingfish (Seriola lalandi), Malcolm Francis. Top left – Snapper (Chrysophrys auratus), Malcolm Francis. Centre – Catch of hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae), Neil Bagley (NIWA). Bottom left – Jack mackerel (Trachurus sp.), Malcolm Francis. Bottom – Orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus), NIWA. New Zealand fishes A field guide to common species caught by bottom, midwater, and surface fishing New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No: 208 Prepared for Fisheries New Zealand by P. J. McMillan M. P. Francis G. D. James L. J. Paul P. Marriott E. J. Mackay B. A. Wood D. W. Stevens L. H. Griggs S. J. Baird C. D. Roberts‡ A. L. Stewart‡ C. D. Struthers‡ J. E. Robbins NIWA, Private Bag 14901, Wellington 6241 ‡ Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington, 6011Wellington ISSN 1176-9440 (print) ISSN 1179-6480 (online) ISBN 978-1-98-859425-5 (print) ISBN 978-1-98-859426-2 (online) 2019 Disclaimer While every effort was made to ensure the information in this publication is accurate, Fisheries New Zealand does not accept any responsibility or liability for error of fact, omission, interpretation or opinion that may be present, nor for the consequences of any decisions based on this information. Requests for further copies should be directed to: Publications Logistics Officer Ministry for Primary Industries PO Box 2526 WELLINGTON 6140 Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0800 00 83 33 Facsimile: 04-894 0300 This publication is also available on the Ministry for Primary Industries website at http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-and-resources/publications/ A higher resolution (larger) PDF of this guide is also available by application to: [email protected] Citation: McMillan, P.J.; Francis, M.P.; James, G.D.; Paul, L.J.; Marriott, P.; Mackay, E.; Wood, B.A.; Stevens, D.W.; Griggs, L.H.; Baird, S.J.; Roberts, C.D.; Stewart, A.L.; Struthers, C.D.; Robbins, J.E.
    [Show full text]
  • Delving Deeper Critical Challenges for 21St Century Deep-Sea Research
    EUROPEAN MARINE BOARD Delving Deeper Critical challenges for 21st century deep-sea research Position Paper 22 Wandelaarkaai 7 I 8400 Ostend I Belgium Tel.: +32(0)59 34 01 63 I Fax: +32(0)59 34 01 65 E-mail: [email protected] www.marineboard.eu www.marineboard.eu European Marine Board The Marine Board provides a pan-European platform for its member organizations to develop common priorities, to advance marine research, and to bridge the gap between science and policy in order to meet future marine science challenges and opportunities. The Marine Board was established in 1995 to facilitate enhanced cooperation between European marine science organizations towards the development of a common vision on the research priorities and strategies for marine science in Europe. Members are either major national marine or oceanographic institutes, research funding agencies, or national consortia of universities with a strong marine research focus. In 2015, the Marine Board represents 36 Member Organizations from 19 countries. The Board provides the essential components for transferring knowledge for leadership in marine research in Europe. Adopting a strategic role, the Marine Board serves its member organizations by providing a forum within which marine research policy advice to national agencies and to the European Commission is developed, with the objective of promoting the establishment of the European marine Research Area. www.marineboard.eu European Marine Board Member Organizations UNIVERSITÉS MARINES Irish Marine Universities National Research Council of Italy Consortium MASTS Delving Deeper: Critical challenges for 21st century deep-sea research European Marine Board Position Paper 22 This position paper is based on the activities of the European Marine Board Working Group Deep-Sea Research (WG Deep Sea) Coordinating author and WG Chair Alex D.
    [Show full text]