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Global Terrorism and Social Media: a Study of ISIS

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Global Terrorism and Social Media: a Study of ISIS Global Terrorism and Social Media: A Study of ISIS BY DEEPENDRA CHHETRI M.Phil ROLL NO. 16MPPLO4 SUPERVISOR- AMIT KUMAR GUPTA DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES SIKKIM UNIVERSITY YEAR 2018 CONTENTS Acknowledgements i Abbreviations ii List of Figures iii Preface iv Chapter One: Introduction 1-14 Chapter Two: Changing Dimension of Global Terrorism 15-30 Chapter Three: ISIS and Its Use of Social Media 31-49 Chapter Four: Counter-Measures against ISIS 50-65 Chapter Five: Conclusion 66-70 References 71-75 ABBREBEATION AK-47- Alashvikova Kalashnikov 1947 AQI-Al-Qaeda in Iraq BCE- Before Common Era CD- Compact Disc CEP -Counter Extremism Project CIA- Central Intelligence Agency CTED-Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate CTITF -United Nations Counterterrorism Implementation Task Force CTED -Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate DPI-Department of Public Information ICT-Information and communication technologies IM-Indian Mujahidin INTERPOL -International Criminal Police Organization ISAF-International Security Assistance Force ISI- Islamic State of Iraq ISIS-Islamic State of Iraq and Syria ITU-International Telecommunication Union JKH-Junoodul Khalifafil Hind JTJ- Jama’at al-Tawhidwal-Jihad LTTE- Sir Lanka Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization NIA- National Intelligence Agency OHCHR -Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights PFLP- Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine RSF- Reporters sans Frontiers SIMI-Students’ Islamic Movement of India UNESCO -United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UGC- User Generated-Content UNHQ- United Nation Headquarter UNICRI -United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute UK- United Kingdom UNODC -United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime US- United States VNSA-Violent Non-State Actor WMD- Weapons of Mass Destruction ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I have the pleasure to present my work with the gratitude keeping in my mind for those who assist me in the completion of my work. The success in completion of the work would be incomplete without thanking the people who made it possible. So, first I would like to thank my concern supervisor Amit K. Gupta sir, for giving an opportunity to work on such an interesting topic, that is, “Global Terrorism and Social Media: A study of ISIS” and guiding me throughout the study of my work. Undertaking this topic was indeed a learning process for me, for I came several facts which I was unaware of. I would also like to thank the institutions, Sikkim University and the department of Political Science with other faculty members. I would like to thank the central library of Sikkim University which has also provided a number of materials like books, journals and articles which has been very useful for the study of my work, for which I am very thankful to the staff members of library. Lastly, I am very thankful to my friends for their support and also my family members for their financial and moral support for collecting various sources needed for the completion of my work. Without, the help of the above mentioned people and institutions, this assignment of my term paper work would not have been a success. (DeependraChhetri) ABSTRACT Globalization in the present era is primarily understood as a product of the technological and communication revolution that facilitates free flow of ideas and thoughts through internet and social media content. Global terrorism is the term related to the era of globalization as it serves the interest of radicalization where terrorist groups can easily access information and can radicalize, train and execute violent action without even meeting the recruits who are mostly younger generation. The global broadcast of radio and television on the one hand and the spread of internet, satellite and digital technologies on the other hand have made communication much more sophisticated. It cannot be denied that due to the technological advancement, global terrorism has also undergone a drastic change particularly in the recruitment methods and radicalization of youths with the use of social media and the internet facilities. The terrorist groups such as ISIS have not only made online presence felt but also spread throughout the world. This is evident that the behavioural pattern of the terrorist groups have now undergone a change its functioning and operating style, as compared to how it used to function and operate earlier. ISIS is a terrorist group which has been design to defend and expand the state control. While the group retains a significant regional apparatus, it has been successfully in setting up a self-sustaining financial model which poses a daunting challenge to traditional counterterrorism tactics that aimed at cutting off jihadist financing, propaganda, and recruitment methods. Social media plays a vital role in the age of globalization in which most of the users are young people and are easy target for jihadist groups to radicalize. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Global Terrorism and Social Media: A Study of ISIS” submitted to Sikkim University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Political Science is the result of bonafide research work carried out by Deependra Chhetri under my guidance and supervision. No part of the dissertation has been submitted for any other degree, diploma, associateship and fellowship. All the assistance and help received during the course of the investigation have been duly acknowledged by her. Date: Dr. Amit Kumar Gupta Place: Gangtok Supervisor DECLARATION Date:______________ I, Deependra Chhetri, do hereby declare that the subject matter of this dissertation is the record of work done by me, that the contents of this dissertation did not form basis of the award of any previous degree to me or to the best of my knowledge to anybody else, and the dissertation has not been submitted by me for any research degree in any other university/institute. This is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master in Philosophy in the Department of Political Science, School of Social Sciences, Sikkim University. Name: Deependra Chhetri Registration Number: 16/M.Phil/PSC/04 We recommend that this dissertation be placed before the examiner for evaluation. Prof. Mohammad Yasin Dr. Amit Kumar Gupta Head of Department Supervisor PLAGIARISM CHECK CERTIFICATE This is to certify that plagiarism check has been carried out for the following M.Phil dissertation with the help of URKUND software and the result is within the permissible limit decided by University. “Global Terrorism and Social Media: A Study of ISIS” Submitted by Deependra Chhetri under the supervision of Dr. Amit Kumar Gupta of the Department of Political Science, School of Social Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India. Signature of the Candidate Countersigned by the Supervisor ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have the pleasure to present my work with the gratitude keeping in my mind for those who assist me in the completion of my work. The success in completion of the work would be incomplete without thanking the people who made it possible. So, first I would like to thank my concern supervisor Amit K. Gupta sir, for giving an opportunity to work on such an interesting topic, that is, “Global Terrorism and Social Media: A study of ISIS” and guiding me throughout the study of my work. Undertaking this topic was indeed a learning process for me, for I came several facts which I was unaware of. I would also like to thank the institutions, Sikkim University and the department of Political Science with other faculty members. I would like to thank the central library of Sikkim University which has also provided a number of materials like books, journals and articles which has been very useful for the study of my work, for which I am very thankful to the staff members of library. Lastly, I am very thankful to my friends for their support and also my family members for their financial and moral support for collecting various sources needed for the completion of my work. Without, the help of the above mentioned people and institutions, this assignment of my term paper work would not have been a success. (DeependraChhetri) i ABBREVIATIONS AK-47- Alashvikova Kalashnikov 1947 AQI-Al-Qaeda in Iraq BCE- Before Common Era CD- Compact Disc CEP -Counter Extremism Project CIA- Central Intelligence Agency CTED-Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate CTITF -United Nations Counterterrorism Implementation Task Force CTED -Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate DPI-Department of Public Information ICT-Information and communication technologies IM-Indian Mujahidin INTERPOL -International Criminal Police Organization ISAF-International Security Assistance Force ISI- Islamic State of Iraq ISIS-Islamic State of Iraq and Syria ITU-International Telecommunication Union JKH-Junoodul Khalifafil Hind JTJ- Jama’at al-Tawhidwal-Jihad ii LTTE- Sir Lanka Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization NIA- National Intelligence Agency OHCHR -Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights PFLP- Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine RSF- Reporters sans Frontiers SIMI-Students’ Islamic Movement of India UNESCO -United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UGC- User Generated-Content UNHQ- United Nation Headquarter UNICRI -United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute UK- United Kingdom UNODC
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