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Gouverner Ou Être Gouverné? Une Approche Par Les Échelles De La Gouverner ou être gouverné ? Une approche par les échelles de la transformation du pouvoir et de l’autorité de l’État à travers de la politique publique d’immigration et d’intégration de quatre villes frontières en Israël Amandine Desille To cite this version: Amandine Desille. Gouverner ou être gouverné ? Une approche par les échelles de la transformation du pouvoir et de l’autorité de l’État à travers de la politique publique d’immigration et d’intégration de quatre villes frontières en Israël. Géographie. Université de Poitiers; Tel Aviv university, 2017. Français. NNT : 2017POIT5007. tel-02094509 HAL Id: tel-02094509 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02094509 Submitted on 9 Apr 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THESE Pour l’obtention du Grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE DE POITIERS (Diplôme National - Arrêté du 25 mai 2016) U.F.R. : Géographie Ecole Doctorale : Sociétés et Organisations Laboratoire : Migrinter Présentée par : Amandine Desille Governing or being governed? A scalar approach of the transformation of State power and authority through the case of immigration and integration policies of four frontier towns in Israel Directeurs de Thèse : William Berthomière et Izhak Schnell JURY Professeur William Berthomière, Université de Poitiers, France (co-directeur) Professeure Lucinda Fonseca, Université de Lisbonne, Portugal (présidente) Professeur Eran Razin, Université Hébraïque de Jérusalem, Israël (rapporteur) Professeur Yann Richard, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, France (rapporteur) Professeur Izhak Schnell, Université de Tel Aviv, Israël (co-directeur) Professeure Catherine Wihtol de Wenden, Sciences Po, France (examinatrice) Soutenue le : 1 juin 2017 1 Tel Aviv University, Zvi Yavetz School of Historical Studies, School of Geography and the Human Environment Université de Poitiers, UFR Géographie, Ecole doctorale SORG, Laboratoire Migrinter Governing or being governed? A scalar approach of the transformation of State power and authority through the case of immigration and integration policies of four frontier towns in Israel A thesis submitted toward a PH.D in Geography Amandine Desille Submitted in March 2017 & defended on 1 June 2017 Supervised by : William Berthomière and Izhak Schnell With the support: 2 ח ו ג ל ג א ו ג ר פ יה ו ס בי בת הא דם , בי ת הס פ ר להי ס טו ר יה ע" ש צ בי י ע בץ, פ ק ו ל טה ל מד ע י הר וח ע" ש ל ס ט ר ו ס א לי א נ טי ן , או ני בר ס י ט ת ת ל א ביב מי ג ר נ ט ר, בי ת הס פ ר ח בר ו ת ו א ר ג ו ני ם , או ני בר סי ט ת פו א טי ה מ ו ש ל י ם א ו נ מ ש ל י ם? ג י ש ה ס ק ל ר י ת ה ב ו ח נ ת א ת ה ת מ ו ר ו ת ב כ ו ח ו ס מ כ ו ת ש ל ה מ מ ש ל ד ר ך מ ק ר י ם ש ל מ ד י נ י ו ת ש י ל ו ב מ ה ג ר י ם ב א ר ב ע ע ר י פ ר י פ ר י ה ב י ש ר א ל ח י ב ו ר ז ה ה ו ג ש ל ש ם ק ב ל ת ה ת ו א ר " ד ו ק ט ו ר ל פ י ל ו ס ו פ י ה" ב א ו ני ב ר סי ט ת ת ל א בי ב ע ל י די א מנ די ן דז י ל מ רץ 2017 ה עב ו ד ה ה וכ נ ה ב ה ד ר כ ת : יצ ח ק ש נ ל ו ו ו י לי אם בר טו מי י ר ב ת מ י כ תם: 3 4 Acknowledgments Writing a thesis is said to be a solitary experience. And to some extent it is. Only to some extent, though. This project would not have come through without the support of my two co-supervisors, Professor William Berthomière and Professor Izhak Schnell. Throughout those three and a half years, they have challenged me, and spared time to engage in rich scientific exchanges, but also simply, to reassure me when I felt discouraged. They have helped me build bridges between three academic worlds. They proved to be amazing mentors, and models for the sake of whom I would like to become part of the academic community. I also benefited from the support of colleagues at Migrinter, and in other universities, among the Integrim network and beyond, who work on Israel, immigration and the city. I am grateful to Thomas, Yoann and Lucinda in particular. They have provided me with precious feedback and opportunities to present my work. I also thank Alexandra and Océane, who had the patience to accompany me through the administrative issues a European project can involve. This project’s ambition was to give a voice to towns at the frontiers. Therefore, I am thankful to the people of Acre, Arad, Kiryat Gat and Kiryat Shmona, who gave me their time and shared their passion, showed me around, and talked about those towns they deeply care for. During these years, I have benefited from an amazing peer support. I want to thank all the PhD students at Migrinter, at the Réseau Migrations and at the School of Geography and the Human Environment. But mostly, I want to thank the wonderful Integrim ESR team — I still cannot believe I got to be one of you. Among all those doctoral students there blows a great wind of creativity, intelligence, indulgence and generosity. I have made many new friends with whom I hope to keep in touch. I am grateful to all my friends, the ones that have known me before I embarked on this adventure and the ones that shared it, across Europe and the Mediterranean. They have opened their doors, shared their flats — sometimes despite already overpopulated spaces! —, a meal and many cups of coffee. But mostly, they have put up with my transient life: three and a half years with a suitcase in my hand, with commuting and endless Skype meetings between Poitiers, Paris, Tel Aviv, Lisbon, Bilbao, Budapest, Liège and more. 5 I also want to thank my wonderful family — my parents Laurent and Christine, my two brothers Julien and Yann and their partners, and my family at large — who have supported me in getting back to studying. In Israel, my family in-law provided me with support and help, with contacts and a shelter during fieldwork. My gratitude also goes to them, Betzalel and Nechama. And Noam, you inspired this work on Israel, this fascinating country of yours, which captivates and repels. You have encouraged me to pursue this project, and have supported me every day, through excitement and despair. This thesis, I share with you. 6 Executive summary Immigrant integration, although it usually constitutes a minor policy domain for local governments (already struggling with many newly decentralised responsibilities), reveals sensitive issues of identity, belonging or citizenship. Analysing immigrant integration policies brings out the very meanings of what constitute the uniqueness of a city, and, at the same time, its permeability and openness to the outside. Thus this policy domain makes it possible to investigate the transformations of the State, and its administrative and political system, in a context of neoliberalisation and increased devolution of responsibilities. Moreover, as migrants are often marginalised, it is important to ask to what extent local governance may offer a better path for immigrant participation in democratic decision-making. The main question I address is: do mid-sized cities located at the margin of capitalist economic networks govern the social life of the places they administer, or are they being governed ? To this extent, I analyse the particular immigrant integration policy domain in four Israel frontier towns: Acre, Arad, Kiryat Gat and Kiryat Shmona. Although I assume these towns have little autonomy — in a context of overlapping, crosscutting, unbounded and fluid scales —, this work represents an important step to recognise the purposive agents who organise the social life of these cities. Through this research, I aim at challenging their autonomy and their capacity to address immigration. In fact, when making local policies, they reinterpret a national policy and adapt it to what they define as their local needs and interests. The first part of the thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter focuses mainly on the theoretical model adopted in this project. The concept of scale is crucial to analyse the transformations of the hierarchies of power and authority. It provides the methodological boundaries necessary for fieldwork — the local scale then corresponds to a town —; while giving the possibility to apprehend a fluid and unbounded multiscalar space where actors located at various scales collide — the local governance. The second chapter elaborates on the concept of place . In fact, the transformations of statehood are not homogeneous and each place produces and reproduces the socio-political space of immigration integration in a unique way.
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