Tlacaelel Remembered Mastermind of the Aztec Empire 1St Edition Free
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4.0 a Guide to Warrior Suits 4.1 the Basic Feather Costume
4.0 A GUIDE TO WARRIOR SUITS Here follows a broad outline of the various warrior suits that were known to be associated with the Aztecs. It should be noted that all of these showy feather suits were available to the noblemen only, and could never be worn by the common man. The prime source of information for the following chapter is from the tribute lists in the Codex Mendoza and the Matricula de Tributos, the suit and banner lists in the Primeros Memoriales plus some commentary in Duran's Book of the Gods, History of the Indies and some of the Florentine Codex. The first two give clear examples of many different types of war suits, as well as a defined list of warrior and priest suits with their associated rank. Unfortunately they do not show all the suit types possible, nor do they explain what several of the suit types sent in tribute were for. Trying to mesh these sources is not neat, and some interpretation is required. While Chapter 3 examined the tribute from various provinces on a province by province basis, this chapter concentrates only on the warrior suit types as individual topics. The Mendoza Noble Warrior List (Section 4.2) and Priest Warrior List (Section 4.3) are further expanded upon with information from the tribute lists and then any other primary sources with relevant information or images. These lists are then followed up by a list of suit types not covered by either of these two lists (Section 4.4.) This section of the documentation does not cover the organisational or ranking levels of the suits except as a method for listing the suits for discussion. -
Raices Del Municipio Mexicano
Jose Luis Melgarejo Vivanco RAICES DEL MUNICIPIO MEXICANO Bibliote. ca Universidati Veracru z-ana RAICES DEL MUNICIPIO MEXICANO Jose Luis Melgarejo Vivanco RAICES DEL MUNICIPIO MEXICANO FULVQ HW BI.BI.IOTECA INST. ANTROPOLOGIA Bibltoteca Universidad Veracruzana Xalapa 1988 Mexico Primera edicitfn: mayo de 1988 ©Universidad Veracruzana Direcci6n Editorial Zamora 25 Xalapa, Ver. Mexico ISBN 968-834-136-3 Impreso en M6xico EXPLICACIONES PRELIMINARIES Fue seleccionado el tftulo Raices del Municipio, sin mexi- cano, por parecer obvio, dentro del pais, ni ambicionar cruce de frontera; sin embargo, termini agregdndose, para delimi- tarlo. Solo rafces, en orden a no rebasar la consumacidn de la independencia ni su constitution en Reptiblica Federal, nacimieiito de lo mexicano. Se utilizo municipio, atendiendo a la mayor difusi6n del vocablo, sin olvidar su origen latino (municipium) aplicado a la ciudad bajo dominio romano, aun cuando gozara similares derechos, ni entrar en la clasi- ficacion de Plinio para los 16 municipios espanoles con ciu- dadania plena, y 6 sin derecho a sufragio. Tambi6n se tuvo presente al ayuntamiento en su acepcion de gobierno mu- nicipal, sin conato de sinonimia. El visible predominio del ayuntamiento solo fue circunstancial en las noticias acopia- das; el municipio era tacito. Se ha propugnado, por criterio propio, en la formation de las ideas; pero, en Mexico, y mas en provincia, no se dispone de suficiente recurso para no ser aplastado por la egocentrica cultura europea, mas en el trasplante que geneticamente, de ahf la temeridad formulatoria de un capftulo sobre Io nativo espanol y lo retrasmitido. En la Peninsula deben existir his- torias escritas de mano maestra; ignorarlas no disculpa; en cambio, puede ser paliativo el buen proposito de ir mas alia del machacon "municipio romano" en labios de no promo- vidos escolapios, a quienes, de seguro, el maestro instruyo generosamente; no se trata de atizar insurgencias hispanas, pero si de respetar la recia personalidad ibera, sobreviviente a todos los influjos. -
Cannibalism and Aztec Human Sacrifice Stephanie Zink May, 2008 a Senior Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Require
CANNIBALISM AND AZTEC HUMAN SACRIFICE STEPHANIE ZINK MAY, 2008 A SENIOR PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN- LA CROSSE Abstract As the nature of Aztec cannibalism is poorly known, this paper examines the extent to which it was practiced and the motives behind it. Using the methodology of documentary research I have determined that the Aztecs did in fact engage in cannibalism, specifically ritual and gustatory cannibalism, however, the extent of it is indefinite. The analysis that I have conducted suggests that, while several hypotheses exist, there is only one that is backed by the evidence: Aztec cannibalism was practiced for religious reasons. In order to better understand this issue, other hypotheses must be examined. 2 Introduction Cannibalism is mostly considered a taboo in western culture, with the exception of sacraments in Christianity, which involve the symbolic eating of the body of Christ and the drinking of Christ’s blood. The general public, in western societies, is disgusted by the thought of humans eating each other, and yet it still seems to fascinate them. Accounts of cannibalism can be found throughout the history of the world from the United States and the Amazon Basin to New Zealand and Indonesia. A few fairly well documented instances of cannibalism include the Aztecs; the Donner Party, a group of pioneers who were trapped while trying to cross the Sierra Nevada Mountains in the winter of 1846-1847; the Uruguayan soccer team that crashed in Chile in 1972 in the Andes Mountains (Hefner, http://www.themystica.com/mystica/articles/c/cannibalism.html). -
Rethinking the Conquest : an Exploration of the Similarities Between Pre-Contact Spanish and Mexica Society, Culture, and Royalty
University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Dissertations and Theses @ UNI Student Work 2015 Rethinking the Conquest : an exploration of the similarities between pre-contact Spanish and Mexica society, culture, and royalty Samantha Billing University of Northern Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©2015 Samantha Billing Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd Part of the Latin American History Commons Recommended Citation Billing, Samantha, "Rethinking the Conquest : an exploration of the similarities between pre-contact Spanish and Mexica society, culture, and royalty" (2015). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 155. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/155 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses @ UNI by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright by SAMANTHA BILLING 2015 All Rights Reserved RETHINKING THE CONQUEST: AN EXPLORATION OF THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PRE‐CONTACT SPANISH AND MEXICA SOCIETY, CULTURE, AND ROYALTY An Abstract of a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Samantha Billing University of Northern Iowa May 2015 ABSTRACT The Spanish Conquest has been historically marked by the year 1521 and is popularly thought of as an absolute and complete process of indigenous subjugation in the New World. Alongside this idea comes the widespread narrative that describes a barbaric, uncivilized group of indigenous people being conquered and subjugated by a more sophisticated and superior group of Europeans. -
Read Book Aztec
AZTEC PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Gary Jennings | 754 pages | 16 May 2006 | St Martin's Press | 9780765317506 | English | New York, United States Aztec PDF Book The high productivity gained by those methods made for a rich and populous state. There was an appeal process, with appellate courts standing between local, typically market-place courts, on the provincial level and a supreme court and two special higher appellate courts at Tenochtitlan. Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies. The Aztec ruling dynasty continued to govern the indigenous polity of San Juan Tenochtitlan, a division of the Spanish capital of Mexico City, but the subsequent indigenous rulers were mostly puppets installed by the Spanish. MacLeod, Murdo The main deities worshipped by the Aztecs were Tlaloc , a rain and storm deity , Huitzilopochtli a solar and martial deity and the tutelary deity of the Mexica tribe, Quetzalcoatl , a wind , sky and star deity and cultural hero, Tezcatlipoca , a deity of the night, magic, prophecy and fate. Witton, M. Aztec I is characterized by floral designs and day- name glyphs; Aztec II is characterized by a stylized grass design above calligraphic designs such as s-curves or loops; Aztec III is characterized by very simple line designs; Aztec four continues some pre-Columbian designs but adds European influenced floral designs. For example, the southern peripheral zones of Xoconochco were not in immediate contact with the central part of the empire. These feathers were obtained through trade and tribute. The Cihuacoatl was always a close relative of the Huey tlatoani; Tlacaelel , for example, was the brother of Moctezuma I. -
Tlacaelel's Descendants and the Authorship of the "Historia Mexicana"'
Stephen A. Colston Tlacaelel's Descendants and the Authorship of the "Historia Mexicana"' Fray Diego Duran (1537 ? - 1588 ?) escribió su " His- toria "basada en un manuscrito escrito en Nahuatl al cual el cronista se refería como la "historia mexica- na" . La posición heroica que la" Historia" atribuye al Cihuacoatl. Tlacaelel, dentro del marco de la historia de los Tenochca claramente pertenece al carácter par- tisano de la "historia mexicana" . Aunque la identidad del autor de la "historia mexicana" se queda descono- cida, es probable que esta historia Nahuatl fuera es- crito por uno de los numerosos descendientes de Tla- caelel. Tlacaelel (1398 ? - 1487 ?), the Cihuacoatl (or principal advisor)of the Te- nochca rulers from Motecuhzoma I to Ahuitzotl (1), emerges from the pages of Duran's "Historia" as clearly the greatest figure in Mexica history (2). In- deed, much of that chronicle assumes the nature of Tlacaelel's biography rather than a history of Tenochtitlan. Duran reveals the reason his "Histo- ria" enumerated the feats of Tlacaelel so extensively: his major source (a- nonymously written and regrettably lost), which he refers to as the "histo- ria mexicana" , "made long mention" of the importance of Tlacaelel in Te- nochca history (Duran 1967,11: 573). In fact, so highly does the "historia me- xicana" praise Tlacaelel that he assumes the qualities of an idealized fig- *The author wishes to express his gratitude to Professor H.B.Nicholson of the University of California, Los Angeles, for his helpful criticisms of an earlier version of this paper. 69 ure, placing all individuals, including the Tenochca rulers, in the shadow of his omnipotence (3). -
Land, Water, and Government in Santiago Tlatelolco
ABSTRACT This dissertation discusses conflicts over land and water in Santiago Tlatelolco, an indigenous community located in Mexico City, in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The specific purpose of this study is to analyze the strategies that the indigenous government and indigenous people in general followed in the defense of their natural resources in order to distinguish patterns of continuity and innovation. The analysis covers several topics; first, a comparison and contrast between Mesoamerican and colonial times of the adaptation to the lacustrine environment in which Santiago Tlatelolco was located. This is followed by an examination of the conflicts that Santiago Tlatelolco had with neighboring indigenous communities and individuals who allied themselves with Spaniards. The objective of this analysis is to discern how indigenous communities in the basin of central Mexico used the Spanish legal system to create a shift in power that benefitted their communities. The next part of the dissertation focuses on the conflicts over land and water experienced by a particular group: women. This perspective provides insight into the specific life experience of the inhabitants of Santiago Tlatelolco during Mesoamerican and colonial times. It also highlights the impact that indigenous people had in the Spanish colonial organization and the response of Spanish authorities to the increasing indigenous use of the legal system. The final part discusses the evolution of indigenous government in Santiago Tlatelolco from Mesoamerican to colonial rulership. This section focuses on the role of indigenous rulers in Mexico City public works, especially the hydraulic system, in the recollection of tribute, and, above all, in the legal conflicts over land and water. -
Manuscript Cultures Manuscript Cultures Manuscript
mc NO 10 2017 mc NO 10 2017 manuscript cultures manuscript Hamburg | Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures ISSN 1867–9617 cultures ISSN 1867–9617 © SFB 950 “Manuskriptkulturen in Asien, Afrika und Europa” Universität Hamburg Warburgstraße 26 www.manuscript-cultures.uni-hamburg.de D-20354 Hamburg N O 10 PUBLISHING INFORMATION | MANUSCRIPT CULTURES Publishing Information Forthcoming 10 - Dividing Texts: Visual Text-Organization in North Indian and Nepalese Manuscripts by Bidur Bhattarai The number of manuscripts produced in the Indian sub- Editors Editorial Office continent is astounding and is the result of a massive Prof Dr Michael Friedrich Dr Irina Wandrey enterprise that was carried out over a vast geographical area Universität Hamburg Universität Hamburg and over a vast stretch of time. Focusing on areas of Northern Asien-Afrika-Institut Sonderforschungsbereich 950 India and Nepal between 800 to 1300 ce and on manuscripts Edmund-Siemers-Allee 1/ Flügel Ost ‘Manuskriptkulturen in Asien, Afrika und Europa’ containing Sanskrit texts, the present study investigates a D-20146 Hamburg Warburgstraße 26 fundamental and so far rarely studied aspect of manuscript Tel. No.: +49 (0)40 42838 7127 D-20354 Hamburg production: visual organization. Scribes adopted a variety Fax No.: +49 (0)40 42838 4899 Tel. No.: +49 (0)40 42838 9420 of visual strategies to distinguish one text from another [email protected] Fax No.: +49 (0)40 42838 4899 and to differentiate the various sections within a single [email protected] text (chapters, sub-chapters, etc.). Their repertoire includes Prof Dr Jörg Quenzer the use of space(s) on the folio, the adoption of different Universität Hamburg Layout writing styles, the inclusion of symbols of various kind, Asien-Afrika-Institut Astrid Kajsa Nylander the application of colors (rubrication), or a combination of Edmund-Siemers-Allee 1/ Flügel Ost all these. -
Fighting with Femininity Gender and War in Aztec Mexico
FIGHTING WITH FEMININITY: GENDER AND WAR IN AZTEC MEXICO CECELlA F. KLEIN Aeeording to a historical manuseript written around 1580 by the Domi niean friar Diego Durán, a fifteenth eentury ruler of Tlatelolco had ernployed a memorable strategy after being vigorously attaeked by Te noehtitlan, the Aztee capital now buried beneath Mexieo City (Durán 1967, 2: 263).1 The TIate10lcan king responded to his desperate cireums tanees by ordering sorne women and srnall boys to strip naked and attaek the invaders. While the Httle boys threw burning sticks, the wornen approaehed with their prívate parts "shamefully" exposed, sorne slap ping their bellies and genitals, others squeezing their breasts and seatter ing milk on their enernies. Another version of the sarne event adds that the naked women had their heads gaudily feathered and their lips paintrd red, the color of harlots (Tezozómoc 1975: 392).2 According to this author, the aggressive women carned shidds and obsidian bladed clubs while loudly accusing the Aztecs of being cowards. As the obscene cont ingent advanced other women -still dressed- turned around, flung up their skirts, and showed their buttocks to the enemy, whi1e others flung frorn the top oí a pyramid brooms, cane staves, weavíngs, warping frames, spindles and battens. 1 N. B. This paper owes much to many people. Elizabeth Boone, TOn! Cummins, Joan Weinstein, Zena Pearlstone, and Constance Cortez read over or listened to earlier drafts and made many helpful commcnts. KarI Taube, Cecile Whiting, David: Kunzle, Susan Kane, Andrea Stone, Stacy Schaefer, Maria Rodri guez-Shadow, Christopher Couch and Geoffrey and SharÍl;se McCafferty all shared valuable information with me. -
The Collapse of the Aztec Empire Misconceptions and Some Useful General Knowledge the Inca (Tawantinsuyu)
The Collapse of the Aztec Empire Misconceptions and some useful general knowledge The Inca (Tawantinsuyu) Quipo Maya Mesoamerica Aztecs Origin Tenochtitlan “So large a market place and so full of people, and so well regulated and arranged, they had never beheld before” Foundations Itzcoatl Tlacaelel Religion Quetzalcoatl Huītzilōpōchtli Warfare Administration and Society Calendars and Writing Xiuhpohualli ‘Year count’ Hegemony The Spanish Conquest 1519-1521 The Spaniards Land in Mexico by Louis Storming of the Teocalli by Cortez and His Siqueira Campos Troops. By Emanuel Leutze in 1848 Important People Cortes Moctezuma II La Malinche Velazquez Alvarado Cuitlahuac Cortes Allies with the Natives Tlaxcala city. Palacio de Gobierno: Murals by Desiderio Hernandez Xochitiotzin - Discussions between Taxcaltecans and Hernan Cortes. The Spanish kill the natives pt.1 (Massacre of Cholula) Cortes In Tenochtitlan The Spanish kill the natives pt.2 (Massacre of Toxcatl) The Natives Kill the Spanish (The Night of Sorrow) The Siege of Tenochtitlan Conclusion “And all these misfortunes befell us. We saw them and wondered at them; we suffered this unhappy fate. Broken Spears lie in the roads; we have torn our hair with our grief. The houses are roofless now, and their walls are red with blood. Worms are swarming in the streets and plazas, and the walls are splattered with gore. The water has turned red, as if it were dyed, and when we drink it, it has the taste of brine. We have pounded our hands in despair against the adobe walls, for our inheritance, our city, is lost and dead. The shields of our warriors were its defence, but they could not save it We have chewed dry twigs and salt grasses; we have filled our mouths with dust and bits of adobe; we have eaten lizards, rats and worms… When we had meat, we ate it almost raw. -
The City on the Lake 1470–1518
3 The City on the Lake 1470–1518 Outside, the bright sun seared the stones of the patio; inside the thick adobe walls, all was coolness and shadow. One afternoon in 1479, Quecholcohuatl (Ke-chol- CO-wat), a young Chalcan nobleman, paused on the threshold of the Mexican tlatoani’s palace, letting his eyes adjust. “He was considering what judgment would come forth from the king,” a man from his altepetl explained many years later.1 Never had Quecholcohuatl felt such fear in his very gut, for he could tell from the looks passing between his compatriots that they thought he had been sum- moned inside to face a brutal punishment. They thought he would be escorted to one of the dreaded wooden cages the capital city was famous for; from there he would be taken to be burned to death. “Will we all be burned to death?” his friends wondered. Quecholcohuatl found it almost impossible to move forward, following the signals of the servants. But he did so. His name meant “Flamingo Snake”; it was a chosen name, in keeping with the gorgeously colored, finely embroidered clothing he wore when giving a musical performance before the king, as he had just dared to do.2 The tassels swayed as he walked. Here in Tenochtitlan, he rep- resented the greater altepetl of Chalco. He did not want these Mexica people to see his fear, only his pride. He steeled his nerves and put one foot in front of the other. *** Copyright © 2019. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. All rights reserved. All rights Press, Incorporated. -
135 Las Mujeres Reales Mexicas Según La Crónica
LAS MUJERES REALES MEXICAS SEGÚN LA CRÓNICA MEXICÁYOTL Yukitaka INOUE [email protected] INTRODUCCIÓN Sobre la “mujer azteca” existen pocas fuentes históricas y, por lo tanto, su estudio ha sido de extensión limitada. Los estudios publicados hasta el momento tienden a hablar de mujeres prehispánicas de manera colectiva en temas como la posición social de la mujer en las sociedades originarias y la función y significado de “lo femenino” en las sociedades prehispánicas, especialmente en ámbitos mitológicos o cosmológicos, mostrando a veces algún interés feminista.1 En esos estudios las mujeres no suelen aparecer como personas concretas precisamente por la limitación de fuentes históricas, aunque cada una de ellas sí debió vivir en cierto lugar de cierta época anterior a la conquista española. En este estudio intentaremos un acercamiento distinto a dicha tendencia. Utilizaremos la Crónica mexicáyotl, escrita por Hernando de Alvarado Tezozómoc hacia 1609, para obtener datos de mujeres, personas concretas, registradas en la abundante genealogía de la casa real “azteca”2 o mexica, principalmente de los siglos XV y XVI, que nos ofrece esta fuente. El objetivo de este artículo es, antes que nada, ordenar y presentar los datos que proporciona dicha crónica, no solamente de mujeres nobles sino de la genealogía de la casa real mexica en general, en vista de su uso para futuras investigaciones. Por el momento, trataremos de relacionar los datos sobre esas mujeres tanto con el proceso de crecimiento del poder mexica en la época prehispánica como con la continuidad que tuvo la casa real hasta ciertas décadas después de la conquista.