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Raices Del Municipio Mexicano Jose Luis Melgarejo Vivanco RAICES DEL MUNICIPIO MEXICANO Bibliote. ca Universidati Veracru z-ana RAICES DEL MUNICIPIO MEXICANO Jose Luis Melgarejo Vivanco RAICES DEL MUNICIPIO MEXICANO FULVQ HW BI.BI.IOTECA INST. ANTROPOLOGIA Bibltoteca Universidad Veracruzana Xalapa 1988 Mexico Primera edicitfn: mayo de 1988 ©Universidad Veracruzana Direcci6n Editorial Zamora 25 Xalapa, Ver. Mexico ISBN 968-834-136-3 Impreso en M6xico EXPLICACIONES PRELIMINARIES Fue seleccionado el tftulo Raices del Municipio, sin mexi- cano, por parecer obvio, dentro del pais, ni ambicionar cruce de frontera; sin embargo, termini agregdndose, para delimi- tarlo. Solo rafces, en orden a no rebasar la consumacidn de la independencia ni su constitution en Reptiblica Federal, nacimieiito de lo mexicano. Se utilizo municipio, atendiendo a la mayor difusi6n del vocablo, sin olvidar su origen latino (municipium) aplicado a la ciudad bajo dominio romano, aun cuando gozara similares derechos, ni entrar en la clasi- ficacion de Plinio para los 16 municipios espanoles con ciu- dadania plena, y 6 sin derecho a sufragio. Tambi6n se tuvo presente al ayuntamiento en su acepcion de gobierno mu- nicipal, sin conato de sinonimia. El visible predominio del ayuntamiento solo fue circunstancial en las noticias acopia- das; el municipio era tacito. Se ha propugnado, por criterio propio, en la formation de las ideas; pero, en Mexico, y mas en provincia, no se dispone de suficiente recurso para no ser aplastado por la egocentrica cultura europea, mas en el trasplante que geneticamente, de ahf la temeridad formulatoria de un capftulo sobre Io nativo espanol y lo retrasmitido. En la Peninsula deben existir his- torias escritas de mano maestra; ignorarlas no disculpa; en cambio, puede ser paliativo el buen proposito de ir mas alia del machacon "municipio romano" en labios de no promo- vidos escolapios, a quienes, de seguro, el maestro instruyo generosamente; no se trata de atizar insurgencias hispanas, pero si de respetar la recia personalidad ibera, sobreviviente a todos los influjos. En cualquier forma, conviene dejar cons- tancia de no pretender invadir campos vedados. Hasta dondc se pudo saber, el tema del municipio me- soamericano y de su ay\mtaraiento, no habla sido tocado en forma concreta. Existen investigaciones muy dignas de aplauso en torno a las formas de gobierno indigena, como la mas amplia de Gonzalo Aguirre Beltran, la Incursion de Ricardo Pozas, el trabajo de Manuel M. Moreno, de Alfonso Caso y tantos mas, de tipo general; por eso, aqul se realizo el esfuerzo de abrir una brecha de tanteo en la selva virgen a riesgo de los extravxos impKcitos, mas, con el auxilio va- ltoso de la brujula humana, igualitarla en lo fundamental, desentendida de pigmentaciones, vocabularios o grafias; el hombre como unidad biologica en la sociologfa del planeta; sin mas, pero sin menos. Un capftulo fue dedicado al "Impacto de la Conquista", espanola, por supuesto. Cualquiera el juicio en torno a ese acontecimiento, no puede perder importancia; su marca, no solo quemo la piel, lleg6 a la came de las instituciones, y no fue injerto, sino polen a un mestizaje no por menor a lo supuesto, menos digno de investigation. La lfnea divisoria entre conquista y colonization fue decidida por el estableci- miento municipal en Tenochtitlan el ano 1524, ya con plena jerarqufa; y se hizo un apartado a la "Estratigrafia Munici- pal" por no haber explicacion mds extensa y reunida para esta cronologia, lo cual ha propiciado al falso dato, insu- flando localismos a destiempo. De manera franca circula el criterio de haber muerto, casi de manera instantanea, toda forma de cultura indigena, y mas la estructura polltica de su gobierno, sin poder diag- nosticar despues, las magicas apariciones en el cuerpo social de la Republica, incluso al choque de la camisa de fuerza y el cuerdo apego a lo propio; de ahi tambien un empecinado se- guir al municipio indigena por el tiempo de la Colonia; y en el caso de los negros africanos, la osadfa de su resurrecci6n arqueologica y de su importancia creciente, por lo abundante de la "trata" y por su contribucion a la qufmica sangufnea y a la fisica social, gubernativa; mas en el momento de con- seguirla. Ya es hora de ir valorando esta donaci6n, por el niimero superior a la espanola. Un intento de cronica municipal espanola durante la Co- Ionia fue dividido en tres partes. La primera, para ejemplifi- car el primer siglo, al detalle, desde las actas del cabildo de la ciudad de Mexico; la segunda, comprendiendo la mues- tra, el rubro de las Ordenanzas, o tarea legisladora rumbo a germenes cons tit ucionales; y la tercera, el relato general con el producto de busca y encuentro. Labores tan eminentes como la de' Silvio Zavala, Manuel Orozco y Berra, o Vicente Riva Palacio, para s61o citar a tres, han dado titil cosecha; de modo especial no se detuvieron en el municipio, sin dejar de tocarlo, y bien. Por tiltimo, el perfodo de 1803 a 1824, prologo, lucha y comienzo, no del Mexico Independiente, sino del pueblo mexicano, a secas. To do ello, mantuvo la constante del documento. Habria sido facil una redacci6n para borrarlo; en este primer intento, se prefirio presentar a los testigos. CAPITULO I LA RETRASMISION ESPANOLA En cualquier tipo de agrupamiento humano, hay un princi- pio de autoridad manteniendo la cohesion",en la familia en un conjunto de familias; en el poblado, no importa el numero de habitantes o su extension territorial; su propia existen- cia presupone normas traducibles a derecho, y al ejercerse autoridad, hay gobernante auxiliado por algunas personas; de otra manera, no funcionarfa la organization social cohe- rent©. La vida nomada, radicandose por acciones cada vez m£s' frecuentes, hasta llegar al sedentarismo y al poblado, cuyo crecimiento, al establecer parametros, cre6 palabras para cada dimensi6n conventional, incluso separ6 a la po- blacion en rural y urbana con el relativismo de todas las etapas historicas. ^A partir de cuantos habitantes un po- blado es urbano? El numero lo ha fijado el crecimiento de la humanidad, y sus formas de gobierno han corrido parejas con el progreso. Ya no es valedero considerar las inexisten- tes entre los Uamados pueblos primitivos, ni en un pasado relativamente remoto. Antes de la escritura, tales formas de gobierno funcionaron recogiendo la herencia del pasado por tradici6n oral y anadiendo su propia contribution; despues, ha venido siendo escrita la transmision de sus Iegados. De meditar con humildad, el hombre terminara conviniendo en la existencia de las formas de gobierno antiguas, en todos los pueblos de la tierra y en todas las etapas de la historia; y aun pareciendo distintas resultan mas las coincidencias que las discrepancias. Consecuentemente, ayuntamiento y mu- nicipio deben ser investigados retrospectivamente, cada vez mas atras; para la experiencia, todo comenz<5 antes, y es el caso de la instituci6n municipal romana. Los romanos, el primltivo pueblo asentado en esas co- linas de la margen izquierda del no Tiber, a 24 kU6metros de su desembocadura en el mar Tirreno, abierto al Medi- terraneo, ahora no han podido ser analizados en su compo- sici6n biologica, porque si la fundaci6n de Roma tuvo lugar en el siglo VIII, siglo antes de la Era presente, para los prime- ros poblamientos de la peninsula italica, existen testimonios muy anteriores al ano 2000 A.E., cuando ya qued<5 registrada la invasion transalpina con el uso del bronce; despues, quie- nes utilizaban armas de hierro y dejaron en la futura Roma un cementerio. Cuando mas tardios, por el ano mil antes de la Era, los etruscos iniciarian su dominio y de quienes los romanos parecen haber heredado directamente, mucho de su patrimonio cultural hasta suplantarlos poh'ticamente. Ahora parece no tener importancia determinar si efectiva- mente fueron si'culos esos habitantes de Italia empujados al sur y a Sicilia, por los grupos italicos propiamente dichos (samnitas, latinos, umbros), aun cuando si no se antoja des- proposito la posibilidad para hermanar a sfculos y vascos, dentro de la gran familia iberica, por el substrato cultural en ellos vigente. Para la fecha reconocida en la fundacidn de Roma (753 a.E.) ya era una ciudad, pequena pero ciudad, comercial, en cierta forma cabeza del Lacio aun cuando gobernada por etruscos, hablando latin. Sin embargo, el osco y el umbro, copartfcipes del grupo, fueron desplazados por la variante latina, no sin cargar con los respectivos legados, e ir incor- porando palabras de todas las lenguas con las cuales man- tuvo contactos de alguna importancia, y aun cuando las muy numerosas inscripciones etruscas resultan avaras de secretos filologicos, es posible senalar a los nombres de Roma y de Romulo, tornados de Ruma, en la dinastia etrusca y, dice Prompolini: "El regimen aristocritico, propio de los etrus- cos, sobrevivio en la republica que se fundo despues de arro- jar a los reyes" el ano 510 a.E., es decir, la insurrection de la plebe fue, verdaderamente, la insurgencia nacionalista del pueblo latino, aun cuando posteriorraente, los romanos ven- cieran y sometieran al resto de latinos, el ano 341 a.E., como lo senalo Hertzberg. En cuanto a influencias, cada dfa sera mas preciso de- tenerse a senalar la etrusca. Pallottino ha escrito: " El fun- dador de la cuestion etrusca fue Dionisio de Halicarnaso, historiador griego del tiempo de Augusto, quien dedico seis capftulos (XXV-XXXI) del primer libro de sus Antiguedades Romanas al estudio del problema. Hoy, en los propios restos culturales etruscos, es visible la infiuencia de
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