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Remapping Insularity: Geographic Imagination in Medieval English Romance

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Remapping Insularity: Geographic Imagination in Medieval English Romance Paul Augustus Broyles III Charlottesville, Virginia A.B., Harvard University, 2007 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English University of Virginia August, 2014 ii ABSTRACT “Remapping Insularity: Geographic Imagination in Medieval English Romance” argues that Middle English romances generate inventive virtual spaces that imaginatively reshape the world of medieval Britain, imbuing its topography with meanings that can challenge culturally dominant configurations of the island and its people. This project adopts a geocritical approach, examining both the verbal techniques romances use to evoke place and the ways in which textual spaces interact with the solid world. It focuses on romances representing the insular past to challenge the dominance of the English nation in medieval literary studies, arguing that romances both resist the solidification of developing categories like the nation and challenge the modern geographic categories we apply to the medieval past. As freestanding stories outside the frameworks of chronicles and travelogues, romances are uniquely positioned to rewrite the world in ways that challenge the centrality of the developing English nation. Despite their apparent simplicity, romances like King Horn, Bevis of Hampton, and The Awntyrs off Arthure employ inventive forms of spatial representation to imagine the island of Britain as a space that enables new forms of community and history that, surprisingly, are not structured around a centralizing notion of “England,” but produce more sophisticated geographies than our retrospective focus on nationalism has allowed us to see. While space and geography in medieval narrative have chiefly been understood as a historical problem, this project argues that they must be approached formally, for spatial meaning arises from the literary techniques that generate the spaces. By identifying how lexical and narrative elements like toponyms, structural divisions, and differing levels of spatial detail produce interfaces between texts and the world, this project exposes romance as a key form for geographic imagination, able to process difficult questions about place and belonging precisely iii because of the qualities (apparent rhetorical simplicity, privileging plot over expression, fantastical elements, disregard for historical accuracy) that made them unappealing objects of study to earlier generations. “Remapping Insularity” excavates the indigenous spatial vocabularies of medieval romances in order to recover lost alternative geographies and demonstrate the importance of their often fantastical stories to the history of spatial thought. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures and Tables .............................................................................................................. ix List of Abbreviations....................................................................................................................... x INTRODUCTION. THE ROMANCE OF THE ISLAND ........................................................ 1 ROMANCE .................................................................................................................................. 10 SCENE-SPACE AND GEOGRAPHIC SPACE ..................................................................................... 16 TOPONYMS ................................................................................................................................. 24 PLAN OF THE DISSERTATION ....................................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 1. WRITING THE MARGINS OF THE WORLD: KING HORN .................... 34 GEOGRAPHIES: MANUSCRIPTS AND ANALOGUES ....................................................................... 42 ESTRANGEMENT AND RECLAMATION: STRUCTURAL GEOGRAPHY ............................................. 46 Making a King....................................................................................................................... 48 Horn as Machine................................................................................................................... 49 Estrangement ........................................................................................................................ 50 Reclamation .......................................................................................................................... 52 JOINING KINGDOMS ................................................................................................................... 55 Cultivating Loyalty................................................................................................................ 55 The Threat of Non-Territory .................................................................................................. 58 Community through King-Making ........................................................................................ 61 FANTASY OF INVASION: SARACENS AND THE LAND .................................................................... 66 Christian Territory under Assault ......................................................................................... 69 Religion in the Land .............................................................................................................. 74 Building Religious Community ............................................................................................. 80 THE PULL OF THE WEST: THE ARCHIPELAGO AT THE END OF THE WORLD ................................. 84 The West as Place ................................................................................................................. 86 Westernesse and Western-ness .............................................................................................. 88 Ireland in the West ................................................................................................................ 93 The Meaning of the West ..................................................................................................... 101 CONCLUSION: COMMUNITY WITHOUT PLACE ........................................................................... 107 Ireland and Conquest ........................................................................................................... 110 The Harley Manuscript and Ireland .................................................................................... 112 The English Vacuum ............................................................................................................. 113 Language and Conquest ...................................................................................................... 118 The Fantasy of Placelessness.............................................................................................. 123 CHAPTER 2. STRATIGRAPHIC NARRATIVE: THE MAN OF LAW’S TALE ............. 127 THE PLACE OF THE CANTERBURY TALES .................................................................................. 131 The Geography Effect ......................................................................................................... 133 Fabliau Presentism ............................................................................................................. 137 Negotiating People and Places ........................................................................................... 141 v LANGUAGE AND SPACE: THE MAN OF LAW’S TALE ................................................................. 142 The Saracen View ................................................................................................................ 146 Pronominal Communities ................................................................................................... 150 BRITONIZING THE ENGLISH PAST ............................................................................................. 160 CHAPTER 3. MODULAR GEOGRAPHIES: THE AWNTYRS OFF ARTHURE ............. 174 SETTING AND SUBJECT ............................................................................................................. 181 Cumbrian Setting ................................................................................................................ 183 Disputed Lands ................................................................................................................... 185 Spaces of History and Prophecy ......................................................................................... 188 Moral Abstractions ............................................................................................................. 192 STRUCTURE AND SPATIALITY ................................................................................................... 196 Land across the Diptych ..................................................................................................... 197 Critical Fictions .................................................................................................................. 202 Modularity........................................................................................................................... 204 PATHS AMONG SPACES ............................................................................................................
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