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The Effects of Poverty on Crime in Uganda Case Study of Arua District

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The Effects of Poverty on Crime in Uganda Case Study of Arua District THE EFFECTS OF POVERTY ON CRIME IN UGANDA CASE STUDY OF ARUA DISTRICT WESTNILE REGION NORTHERN UGANDA MADIRAEZRA LD/41074/91/DU (KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY) SUPERVISOR: MS. TWIKIRIZE PARTON SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DIPLOMA OF LAWS JULY 2010 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission contains my work, that to the best of my knowledge and belief: it absolutely contains no material either published or written by another neither person nor material which to a great extent has been accepted for the award of a diploma or degree at Kampala International University or any other award at any learning institution. Name: Madira Ezra Signed: ~~~~ ~•~L- Dated: 2 qif;; / ()&.b.nto Supervisor: Ms. Twikirize Parton Signed: Dated DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my parents Margaret Bilezia, Onyivu Yuda and Nehernia Adeyia for the support throughout my studies. II ACKNOWLEDGMENT With the source of courage and help from God, let the Glory and honor go back to the Almighty for all the stress and frustration I have gone through this study. In accomplishment of this work. I would like to thank a group of people and extend my appreciation to them; ls due to the H.O.D diploma (K.1.U) and at the same time my supervisor Ms. Twikirize Parton for her support and guidance during research and study, heads of institution such as Her Worship Nabafu Agnes GI at Nakawa H.C, Mr. lzio tata of Mvara Secondary school, Mr. Ayeyo Kennedy of CEFORD Arua and Father Ayiko of Ediofe Youth Centre, Arua district for all their cooperation. I just can not forget my course mates at K.1.U, Ivan and Adam of M.U.K for the support in facilitating the study. Not forgetting my gratitude towards Adeyia Nehemiah and family, Aunt Molly Asibazuyo. Godfrey and wife Deborah and Yada for the timeless prayers, support and encouragement received from them. Friends like Eyotaru Christine, Kyomugisha Jacky of Mulago Hospital, coach Banit for the financial and support they awarded me in due course of my study. Thanks a lot to my closefriend Asianzu Grace for the consistent encouragement and prayer for my study. Above all, thanks go to my parents Ms. Bilezia Peggy and Mr. Charles Onyivu Yuda and relatives like L. Lois, O.Nema sisters (esp. Deborah who acted like a guardian at the campus for me) and brothers like Abel for the support and enthusiasm for helping me complete my study with a vision. II ACRONYMS CDW Community Development Workers DANIDA Danish International Development Agency GDP Gross Domestic Product GTZ German Technical Corporation KIU Kampala International University MFEP Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning NAADS National Agricultural Advisory Services NARO National Agricultural Research Organization NDP National Development Plan NEPAD New Partnership for Africa's Development NGO Non Governmental Organization NUSAF Northern Uganda Social Action Fund NRM National Resistance Movement PEAP Poverty Eradication Action Plan PFA Prosperity for All PMES Poverty Monitoring and Evaluation Strategy SAP Structural Adjustment Program Ill TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ......................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................................................................................. ii ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................. iii ·r ABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... iv CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................................................... 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ I 1.1 DEFINITION OF CRIME AND POVERTY ....................................................... 3 1.2 STi?JfEMENT PROBLEM ................................................................................... 3 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................ 5 1.4 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA ......................................................... 6 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ...................................................................... 7 1.6 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 7 1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................... 8 TWO .................................................................................................... 9 2.0 RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................. 9 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................ 18 3.0 THE EFFECTS OF POVERTY ON CRIMES IN UGANDA ........................... 18 CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................... 20 4.0 THE BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS ...... 20 CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................................................... 22 5.1 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................... 22 5.2 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 24 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................... 25 APPENDICES ......................................................................................................... 27 QUESTlONAIRES ................................................................................................. 30 IV CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Crime is a serious problem that manipulates developing countries amongst which Uganda is inclusive with a high rate of crimes from place to place, either rural or urban. There has long I been a belief that within developing countries, poverty favors crime. Although hard proof of this relationship is lacking, 1 am assertive that poverty favors crime in this geographical position of Uganda especially in rural areas. I I Evidence of related relationships in developed countries is easier to come by speculating for instance the effects of unemployment on crime. 1 Results suggest that decrease in propetiy crime rates can be explained in part to the decreases in unemployment rates. I Other evidences suggest that giving families the opportunity to move to other areas with lower levels of poverty reduces criminal behavior by teenagers.2 And other results find that inequality I~ has no effect on property crime but a strong result on violent crime.3 I i In contrast, evidence concerning the pove1ty and crime connection and related relationships in I developing countries like Uganda while still growing, is still relatively sparse due to lack of I I t ~ lf 1 Raphael S. & r Winter-Ember. "Identifying the effect of unemployment on crime "Journal of Law & Economics ' ..+4. :?59-83. 2 Ludwig. J. G. Duncan, and P. Hirschfield. "Urban Poverty & Juvenile Crime; Evidence from a Randomized Housing Mobility Experience" Quarterly Journal of Economics I 16, 6555-79. 'Kelly. M .. "Inequality and & Crime" The review of Economics & Statistics 82,530-39. available crime data because illustrations show that differences in crime rates can be I/inked to growth and poverty. 4 For instance in India, Dreze and Reetika (2000)5 find that murder rates are unrelated with poverty yet inquisitively in Uganda; it (murder) can connect with poverty. Therefore it should be noted that factors often associated with poverty could affect a community's crime rate more than simple income levels and these factors include; housing values and conditions, education levels and chronic unemployment. In general, evidence concerning the effects of poverty on crime is looked upon with skepticism. Several important issues arose when trying to determine if a relationship exists; first a reverse causation cou Id lead to the incorrect conclusion that a positive correlation between poverty and crime is verification that poverty levels determine criminal activity. In that truth, it may be that causality runs the other direction. That is; increasing rates of criminal activity within a community may lead to increase in poverty. Socially omitted variables may exist that jointly determine poverty levels and crime rates. For instance non metropolitan crime is to an extent a product of rural development processes that also lead to economic growth. 6 Lastly if there exists misreporting in crime data, then results can be biased. In studies where crime is the dependant variable, bias occurs when the measurement error is systematically related one or more of the regresses. 1 • Dreze J. & k. Reetika. "Crime, Gender & Local Society in India: Insights from Homicide Data" Population & Development Review 26, 335-52. '"Links between Rural Development & Crime" Papers in Regional Science 78, 365-86. '' D. Mark Anderson. The effect of Poverty on Crime in South Africa AGMM & IV Approach. 2 Across all model specifications such as monthly household expenditure per household member, a positive relationship between poverty and crime exists,7 that is; an increase in household wealth ceteris paribus, leads to an increase in the probability that the household will be robbed. I Therefore the magnitude of the impact poverty on crime is not large but the positive relationship i is statistically significant
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