Chapter current current Temple and city developmentTemple of Heian-kyo Shijin-so-oh Development of Heian-kyo Shijin means four Gods: the Blue Dragon, the White Tiger, Tiger, White the Dragon, Blue the Gods: four means Shijin RedPeacock andTurtle/Snake. Black In the world of four for responsible were gods four each antiquity, People north. the and south the west, the east, the directions: believed that a land with following the four criteria is the in river a reside: to gods guardian the for appropriate In the early stages of Heian-kyo, the construction of of construction the Heian-kyo, of stages early the In weretotallyTemples, and Saiji temples,Toji except However, Buddhism. of influence the curtail to prohibited constructed were temples other century, 10th late the after the In increasing. started followers of their number the and aristocratscentury, 11th constructed private temples, villas, in emperors retired the for palaces detached and palaces the Thus, of Heian-kyo. suburbs the Toba, and Shirakawa expanded. was space urban and developed were suburbs As people began to adjust to the new life style, which is is which style, life new the to adjust to began people As concept original the changed gradually they in a city, living conditions the marshy, mostly Being city”. “designed the of Sakyo town while deteriorated, town gradually Ukyo in its and Heian-kyo of functions city the of centre the became of parts some converted People utilized. heavily was area parts These purposes. agricultural and housing for streets streets new constructed They also “Kosho”. called were city. in the blocks square into extended which ‘Zushi’ called the to contributed and space housing more created This people. the for convenience of increase . The History of Landscape and Town Town and Landscape of The History Era Early Meiji in before Kyoto Development Relocation of the capital of the capital Relocation The city development plans launched by the rulers in each period and those carried out by the residents themselves strongly strongly themselves residents the by out carried those and period each in rulers the by launched plans development city The Heian-kyo and the Present Kyoto superimposed. Kyoto Present and the Heian-kyo Since Emperor Kanmu relocated the capital to Heian-kyo Heian-kyo to capital the relocated Kanmu Emperor Since capital. or the ‘Miyako’ called was of Kyoto land the in 794, west the to east the from approx.4.5km extended Heian-kyo consisted It south. the to north the from approx.5.2km and was city The Ukyo. and Sakyo towns, symmetrical two of Jobosei called system the on based designed meticulously framework The pattern. on a grid out laid were streets where planning city The period. this in laid was Kyoto present of design. Chinese after modelled was Heian-kyo of concept The governmenttime at thatplaced importance the on it because chosen was Kyoto capital. the of location matched the condition of “Shijin-so-oh”, which is based on geomancy. Shui Feng the 1 Heian Period 1 Heian influenced each other; and frequently changed the landscape of Kyoto. During the long period, this landscape was enriched enriched was landscape this period, long the During Kyoto. of landscape the changed frequently and other; each influenced the how describe will chapter This residents. its of lifestyle the and city capital the of culture sophisticated the by deeply landscape was developed, starting from Heian Period to the early Meiji Era. Meiji early the to Period Heian from starting developed, was landscape Chapter 2 The History of Landscape formation and Town Development HistoryThe Chapter in Kyoto 2 of Landscape formationTown and ~Heian-kyo, a well-designed city well-designed a ~Heian-kyo, The landscape of Kyoto landscape The 21

The History of Landscape formation and Town Development in Kyoto The History of Landscape formation and Town Development in Kyoto 22 ) and) The landscape of Kyoto landscape The Transformation of Cho These changes were caused by the fact that streets For example, markets moved from the centre of blocs blocs of centre the from moved markets example, For Cho of side each increased, streets of importance the As The original plan of early Heian Period defined a square a square defined Period Heian of early plan original The Later during the warring states period, for the sake of sake the for period, states warring the during Later landscape of Kyoto on folding screens and fans became became fans and screens folding on Kyoto of landscape called were pictures Such popular. extremely “Rakuchu-rakugai-zu”. they Kyoto, of liveliness the reveal only not pictures These wholeheartedly tried who people of sentiment the manifest war the by caused ravage the from recover to west, Ogura Pond in the west and Mt. Funaoka in the north. north. the in Funaoka Mt. and west the in Pond Ogura west, also sides, three on mountains by surrounded Being capital. as Heian-kyo Kyoto choosing to contributed bloc of the city as “1-Cho” which was supposed to have have to supposed was which “1-Cho” as city the of bloc were they and only sides west the and east the on houses people Soon faces. two Cho with or a Nimencho called which block of the sides four on all houses build to began sides. four a Cho with or Shimencho called was people. for space living a became and streets the along area outer the to walls by surrounded the to according Thus, there. malls shopping formed Shimencho space, living as streets for need increasing Cho. became different (using Cho called was and independent became pronunciation same the with character Townscape in Muromachi Period (Model) Muromachi Period in Townscape ease in the defense, a new Cho system was created. In this this In created. was system Cho new a defense, the in ease system, the sides of two previous Cho facingeach other a Cho was Such 1-Cho. as defined were street the across single a as basic served later which Ryogawa-cho called of Kyoto community autonomic Yoncho-cho or four side Cho was formed. was formed. Cho side four or Yoncho-cho 2-1 The History of Landscape and Town Development in Kyoto before Early Meiji Era Early before in Kyoto Development Town and Landscape of History The 2-1 “Kyo-ezu”or picturesof Kyoto landscape The -Onin War and the establishmentthe and of Chogumi War The -Onin Popularity of visiting shrines and templesand shrines Popularity of visiting Kyoto in Muromachi Period Muromachi in Kyoto Kyoto in Kamakura Period Kamakura in Kyoto In order to maintain temples security, and Chogumi The northern part of Kyoto Basin met all the criteria, criteria, the all met Basin Kyoto of part northern The During the warring states period, drawing stateswarring period, pictures of the During In 1467, the Onin war broke out which destroyed and and destroyed which out broke war Onin the 1467, In Kyoto incited This ashes. to area urban the of most burnt protect and communities autonomous to develop citizens century, of 16th middle the In themselves. by lives their the established and together got communities several federation. or community “Chogumi”, gates wooden with mounds fortified or “Koh” constructed gates. the at guards placed and areas their around From Muromachi Period onwards, visiting shrines and and shrines visiting onwards, Period Muromachi From their and commoners, among popular more became temples People sightseeing. to faith from change to began purpose with blended sceneries attractive of value the sensing started Rakuchu in places notable in the environment natural the suburbs). (the Rakugai and centre) urban (the In Muromachi In Period, Kyoto regainedpower its and of division the for terminology The capital. a as importance “Kamigyo” and “Rakugai” “Rakuchu” as such city the Kamigyo districts, two The introduced. were “Shimogyo” for a venue Kamigyo functions. different had Shimogyo and and warriors and nobles court including officers government such businessmen and merchants for abode an as Shimogyo business. banking as 2 Kamakura to Muromachi Periods (the Rokuharatandai of vicinity the Period, Kamakura In urbanized. was Kyoto) in force military the of bastion in capital the as importance its lost had Kyoto Although and commercial a as prospering kept it Period, Kamakura the century, 13th of middle the In city. industrial around expanded districts industrial and commercial of north area The Street). Shinmachi (present Machikoji Nijo-oji Street wascalled “Kamino machi”(upper town) (down machi” “Shimono called was it of south area the and town). east, a wide street in the west, a plain or a pond in the south south the in pond a or plain a west, the in street wide a east, north. the in a hill and the in Road Trunk San-in east, the in River Kamo having were in fashion town. In order to develop Kyoto as a Hideyoshi castle city, of area central the surrounding mound the or “Odoi” built at gates wooden the or “Kidomon” of rid got and city the cho. of each entrance the Kyoto in the late Middle Ages Middle in the late Kyoto Renovation of Kyoto Hideyoshi by of Kyoto Renovation Hideyoshi:s Urban policy Urban Hideyoshi:s Unified administration in Kyoto in administration Unified In 1590, he implemented the “Shichu-machiwari” project project “Shichu-machiwari” the he implemented In 1590, First of all, he built Jurakudai, a full-scale castle in 1587 1587 in castle a full-scale Jurakudai, built he all, of First After establishing a powerful regime in Kyoto, Hideyoshi Hideyoshi Kyoto, in regime powerful a establishing After launched a full scale city renovation project. which “Tsukinuke” called streets narrow constructing by them divided and blocks square of center the into extended left spaces open the this, With blocks. rectangular two into used also were block square of center the at untouched effectively. he project, “Shichu-machiwari” with along Meanwhile, status, same of the residents for exclusively zones created “Kugemachi” town, warrior’s “Bukemachi”or instance, for town. temple or “Teramachi” and town, aristocrat’s or commoner the to move to had commoners Accordingly, Hideyoshi took over Nobunaga's agenda and carried out out carried and agenda Nobunaga's over took Hideyoshi renovation. town extensive of site palace old the or Daidairi of land unused the on Heian-kyo.This splendid castle symbolized Hideyoshi's power. enormous in lands on survey conducted he time, same the At land the reorganized and 1587, from twice Rakuchu, by conducted survey land the After rights. owner’s Hideyoshi, the tax collection by local lords wasabolished. strengthened. was Kyoto over ruling Hideyoshi's result, As a 3 Azuchi-Momoyama Period to Edo Period Edo to Period Azuchi-Momoyama 3 carried was War Onin the after Kyoto of restoration The Since TOYOTOMI. Hideyoshi and ODA Nobunaga by out and strata different with people between friction was there a under Kyoto reorganize to necessary was it interests, unifiedMoreover, in order authority. rule to entire the a for important very was it regime, unified a under country Japan. of capital the Kyoto, control to ruler Nijo (Old castle a constructed ODA Nobunaga 1569, In Castle) with stonewallsand donjon on Muromachi Street to to tried He areas. Shimogyo and Kamigyo connect strengthenthe military dominationRakuchu in orthe urban areas. Shimogyo and Kamigyo unify to attempted and area, down burning by project this completed Nobunaga project development new land a start to in 1573 Kamigyo control. his under 2-1 The History of Landscape and Town Development in Kyoto before Early Meiji Era Early before in Kyoto Development Town and Landscape of History The 2-1 The landscape of Kyoto landscape The 23

The History of Landscape formation and Town Development in Kyoto The History of Landscape formation and Town Development in Kyoto 24 The landscape of Kyoto landscape The Policies of Edo Shogunate The restoration of shrines and temples by Tokugawa Tokugawa and temples by of shrines restoration The The Kyoto. of landscape today's affected Shogunate destroyed been had which temples and shrines of restoration the of a symbol as served period states warring the during country. the throughout Shogunate Tokugawa of power the Kyoto’s promoted and protected government The textile, Nishijin as such industries Traditional too. industries, down handed are which wares bronze and ceramics pottery, Period. Edo in dramatically developed today until the surroundings, the with harmony maintain To size and height the law controlling a enforced government houses build to allowed not were Citizens houses. the of higherthan two stories and larger than threeKen (a unitof and organized an result, a As area). surface the measuring created. was landscape standardized es is still preserved in Nishijin area. Nishijin in preserved es still is 2-1 The History of Landscape and Town Development in Kyoto before Early Meiji Era Early before in Kyoto Development Town and Landscape of History The 2-1 the rules of community). A unified landscape of traditional town hous town of traditional landscape unified A The Life in Cho and Cho-shikimoku and Cho in Life The The Cho-shikimoku (community rules) was also called Choki, or Cho-sadame.These rules were formulated bythe the in environment a favorable maintaining and themselves for comfortable life making of purpose the for residents was offender of the the house offenses, of heavy case In pay penalty. had to rules the who broke Those community. community. the from expelled was person the even or confiscated in a residents the example, For life. daily communities’ of the of issues a wide range covered The Cho-shikimoku This stores. of façade the of design detailed the regulated also They jobs. certain from doing prohibited were community These doors. lattice and curtains long on using ban the and store, the inside shelves of installation obligatory included harmony in and matching were which landscape a formed and houses town the of façade orderly an created regulations community. the in businesses different with Kyoto in Edo Period Edo in Kyoto After Toyotomi regime, Tokugawa Shogunate took over over took Shogunate Tokugawa regime, Toyotomi After and created had Hideyoshi that system administrative the that was period this of significance The it. expand to tried Cho of way the by city the ruled government feudal the independence the respected government The communities. and community, Cho cooperative the or “Cho-kyodotai”, of allowed Chogumitocontinue theiractivities. On the other the informing of system a established Chogumi hand, government the of laws and regulations the about residents of Cho-shikimoku by way Kyoto in Edo Period was still one of the cultural centers centers cultural the of one still was Period Edo in Kyoto were cities three The Osaka. and Edo paralleling Japan of an was Kyoto cities. capital three the or “Santo” called the by supported was which center cultural and academic for manufacturing of city the also was It society. noble court famous a was time same the at and items luxury many scenic and temples shrines, numerous where spot tourist concentrated. were places 4 Meiji Era

25 Folding Screen of Rakuchu-Rakugai-zu (Momoyama Period)

26

cenic beauty district cenic beauty for the protection of cultural properties. A program program A properties. cultural of protection the for of repair and maintenance the for subsidy providing also was temples and shrines old of treasures and buildings established. Today's HigashiyamaToday's s area) (Okazaki Today's NishijinToday's District vation from Meiji to Showa Eras Footsteps of Kyoto Landscape Policies of Kyoto Landscape Footsteps Municipalized Kyoto and its landscape conservation landscape its and Kyoto Municipalized 1 Measures for landscape conser in time first the for system municipality the adopted Japan regarded were Kyoto and Osaka Tokyo, cities, Three 1889. central the supporting places important extremely as strictly were cities these this, of Because government. under stipulated as government national the by controlled system”. municipality the of case “Exceptional the Therefore, Kyoto city could not have a mayor or full-time staff his and Prefecture Kyoto of governor The staff. The city staff. and the the mayor actedconcurrently as Meiji the from independent becoming of movement intensified. was body autonomous an being and government the of case “Exceptional the 1898, in result a As city Kyoto and abolished, was system” municipality government was established. Kyoto, of mayor first the NAIKI, Jinzaburo 1900, June In presented the city concept to the city In his assembly. presentation,clearlyhe mentioned function the eachof cultural and beauty scenic of preservation and region beauty scenic of the “Preservation phrase the by properties the Nishijin, of quo status the needed; is region Eastern of of policy the and be maintained, should region northern should scenery historical and sights noteworthy preserving be abandoned”. never central the 1868, in Restoration Meiji the After “Haibutsu-kishaku” called new policy a adopted government cultural Buddhist Buddhism. eliminating proclaimed which destroyed. were Japan of places many in properties and Buddhism reviving started people 1887, after However, called for the preservation of old shrines and temples. Responding to this, the “Law for Preservation of Old law was the This 1897. in passed was Temples” and Shrines Landscape policy has been one of the important issues in the planning of Kyoto city for a long time. Measures taken to this this to taken Measures time. long a for city Kyoto of planning the in issues important the of one been has policy Landscape purpose the for activities of business intensification the and area urban of expansion the with cope to improving kept have end of modernization during Meiji, Taisho and Showa Eras. The economic recovery after the World War II and the following following the and II War World the after recovery economic The Eras. Showa and Taisho Meiji, during modernization of were who those by supported and achieved was progress The process. this in role a had also growth economic intensive of Kyoto. landscape the in interested The landscape of Kyoto landscape The 27

The History of Landscape formation and Town Development in Kyoto The History of Landscape formation and Town Development in Kyoto 28 The landscape of Kyoto landscape The The 4th time The 5th time The 6th time The 7th time The 2-2 Footsteps of Kyoto Landscape Policies Kyoto Landscape of Footsteps 2-2 July 8, 1950 8, July Construction Ministry Notice No.721 No.316 Notice Ministry Construction No.405 Notice Ministry Construction January 16, 1960 16, January No.89 Notice Ministry Construction February 23, 1967 15, 1967 April Legend areas, industrial areas and undesignated areas in 1924. The The 1924. in areas undesignated and areas industrial areas, heightofbuildings in the residential areas was limited to m. 30.3 than less to areas other the in m and 19.7 than less scenic historical and natural conserve to order in 1930, In of vicinity the including 3400ha about of area vast a beauty, as designated was Kitayama and Higashiyama River, Kamo District. Landscape Scenic the The Law ofPreservation ofOld Shrines andTemples and Natural and Scenic Historic, of Preservation of Law the cultural only preserving at aimed were Monuments cultural such where area entire the However, properties. by time first the for covered is located are properties District. Landscape as Scenic area the designating Designation time 1st The 2nd time The The 3rd time 3rd The Construction Ministry Notice No.537 Authorized in January 24, 1930 24, January in Authorized 1930 1, February in Notified 7, 1931 July in Authorized 1931 14, July in Notified 1932 28, November in Authorized 1932 2, December in Notified 10, 1949 June Legend Areas that are as Scenic designated Districts Landscape Special Scenic Districts Landscape Boundary of City Boundary Jurisdiction Planning Map of the stages of transition of Scenic landscape Districts landscape of Scenic of transition stages the Map of City planning and conservation of natural natural of conservation and planning City landscape in Taisho Era Taisho landscape in In Taisho Era,capitalistic the Taisho In economy developed 1914, in out broke I War World After phenomenally. the in concentrated intensely were population and industries for need the result, a As city. the of areas central felt. badly was law planning a city establishing In response to this need,Act was the City Planning district regional/ the law, this Under 1919. in promulgated also was district landscape scenic the as such system Urban the year, same the in Furthermore, established. Building the of predecessor the was which Law Building and zones law created This was enforced. Act Standard and district” prevention “fire zone”, “use as such districts building concerning regulations and district”, “aesthetic structure. and height of categories four designated city Kyoto law, the Under land on the basis of their use: residential areas, commercial Ancient Capitals Preservation Law was established was Preservation Law Capitals Ancient Birth of landscape policy of Kyoto, Kyoto, of policy of landscape Birth In 1956, the Local Autonomy Law was amended and amended was Law Autonomy Local the 1956, In a result, As city. designated government- a became Kyoto was landscape scenic the for authority administrative the city. Kyoto to prefecture Kyoto from transferred Outdoor on Ordinance City Kyoto the transfer, this After city the year, next the In established. was Advertisements advertise- outdoor on restrictions of kinds four imposed started also It area. city whole the covered which ments regulating advertising pillars on the streets and gave In on. so and lighting neon for used colors on the guidance 1958, putting advertisements electric the on were poles neon for system registry authorized the 1959, In banned. City Kyoto 1960, In established. was makers light amended were Advertisements Outdoor on Ordinances ban and on areas ban advertisement, on ban the which under standardized. were objects on of were which policies implemented City Kyoto Thus, Japan. in city other any than standards higher much Downtown Kyoto in 1950s Kyoto Downtown a government- designated city designated a government- Period between the post war era and the time when the

Actions after the Second World War World Second the after Actions 2 Compared with other Japanese cities, Kyoto city incurred less damage due to the war, and most of its historical assets fire. the survived the for project a initiated city the war, the After sites evacuation the been had which lands of redevelopment improved were parks and squares Roads, war. the during Streets Horikawa and Gojo Oike, including streets main and laid was city present the of foundation The widened. were project. this under governm- the damage, war the from recovery achieve To The Law in 1946. City Planning Special the established ent was vegetables of production the for system Zone Green to limited was ratio building-to-land where established also as a war-stricken regarded not was As Kyoto 10%. than less However, here. applied be not could Zone system Green city, the Law for Kyoto International Culture CityTourism and Zones Green apply Kyoto to allowed in 1950 established Green the as designated was city the of 15.4% Thus, system. be to happened areas designated the of Most 1955. in Zone natural conserve to Effort Districts. Landscape Scenic the landscape in the Scenic Landscape Districts was augmented Green in the ratio building-to-land of regulation strict the by Zone. after abolished was System Zone Green 1971, In Areas Urbanization and Promotion UrbanizationControl Act. Planning City new the under designated were Areas 2-2 Footsteps of Kyoto Landscape Policies Kyoto Landscape of Footsteps 2-2 All buildings on Horikawa Street were demolished demolished were Horikawa Street on All buildings war the policy during the evacuation under The landscape of Kyoto landscape The 29

The History of Landscape formation and Town Development in Kyoto The History of Landscape formation and Town Development in Kyoto 30 The landscape of Kyoto landscape The 2-2 Footsteps of Kyoto Landscape Policies Kyoto Landscape of Footsteps 2-2 Enactment of the Ancient Capitals Enactment of the Triggered by these movements and by the joint actions of of actions joint the by and movements these by Triggered the for movement the Kamakura, and Nara Kyoto, enforcementof a special law gained momentum. Public voices in favourof “protecting ancient capitals” arose. In enforced. was Law Preservation Capitals Ancient the 1966, areas where historically valuableUnder law, oldthis with harmony in are that monuments and temples shrines, theirvicinities were designated Historical as Climate PreservationAmong District. such districts, those ones that as designated were ones important most the considered were the Historical Climate SpecialPreservation District. In the Special Climate Historical the as designated areas This banned. was development land District, Preservation To areas. the in permitted is development land no means compensatelosses the causedregulations, by these the system allowed the land ownersto sell their propertiesthe to as such buildings, important system, this With government. stood which spots beauty and sites historic temples, shrines, outskirts the on mountains of togethernaturalthe with environment surrounding them, could be protected.This was in Japan. policy landscape regarding policy epoch-making an Sagano, a Historical Features Special Conservation District a Historical Special Features Sagano, Preservation Law Preservation Period of high economic growth and the movement movement the and growth economic high of Period From around 1955 to 1960s, Japan's economy grew grew economy Japan's 1960s, to 1955 around From Thedramatically. big wave of land development reached Kyoto and at the same time, that threatened the landscape of Kyoto. Kenko where hill, Narabigaoka September1964, In “Tsurezuregusa” for known essayist a famous YOSHIDA, construction the for allotted was a hermitage, built once had voice A controversy. of lot a caused project This a hotel. of was Narabigaoka” “Protect construction, the against system the However, residents. local the among intensified the stop to power no had Districts Landscape Scenic of city Kyoto voices, citizen's the by Motivated development. requested the cooperation of other concernedparties to the for need the government national the to appeal heavy include would that law special of enforcement and protection landscape of the violation on the penalties A government. national the by system purchasing land the behind mountain the on arose problem similar same the in Kamakura, in shrine Tsurugaoka-Hachimangu the demanded also there people local the and period the place. of protection Narabigaoka Hill Narabigaoka to establish the Ancient Capitals Preservation Law establishthe to Conservation Area Conservation Elegant Sc enic Area Conservation DevelopmentGeneral Area Development Area Promotion The mountainous area should be preserved as an important important aspreserved an be should area The mountainous along areas the area and mountainous of the landscape The The environment around important cultural properties has to in Urban landscape business and industrial areas be should background part for and a urban of as the natural center, landscape which is in harmony with historical properties. riversshould be improved while conserving their historical and natural environment. be preserved,and the height of the buildings has tobepartly limitedto conserve living environmentand perspective viewsin areas. central business some and residential the developed to cope with the demandsof new city functions. Symposium hosted byUNESCO and Conceptual map of Landscape Area based based Area of Landscape map Conceptual Landscape Conservation Area Conservation Landscape Area 1 Conservation 2 Area Conservation Scenic Elegant Area Development Landscape Area Development 1 General Area Promotion Development 2 on the “City Development Plan” in 1969 in Plan” Development “City the on In 1970, an “International Symposium on the Conserva- the on Symposium “International an 1970, In by held was Nara” and Kyoto in Cultures Traditional of tion The Affairs. Cultural for Agency the and UNESCO and conservation the recommended symposium Nara. and Kyoto of districts historical of development to decided city Kyoto recommendation, the Accepting policy. landscape urban its promote further the AgencyAffairs for Cultural the Formulation of Town DevelopmentFormulation Town ofPlan The early years of the implementation of urban landscape measures In 1969, Kyoto city formulated “Vision of the the of “Vision formulated city Kyoto 1969, In Development of Kyoto in the the firstcomingYears”, 20 various out pointed plan The war. the after plan long-term to a goal set and growth economic by high caused changes priority. given are citizens where city comfortable a create between balance a keeping of issue the address to Thus, decided was policy basic the development, and conservation which south” the developing and north the “Conserving as mountain and townscape historical the conserve to meant In south. the develop and north, the in sides of three views were rivers and mountains the along areas the addition, of sake the for Area Conservation Landscape as designated attractive an protect To environment. the natural preserving area residential the of view perspective and environment the with copes that landscape urban the improve to and was city entire the functions, urban new of demand the was This Area. Development Landscape as designated first time for the city to manifest its urban landscape policy. 3 Enactment of the Ordinance on UrbanLandscape Tower Kyoto of construction the of announcement The the on effect its regarding controversy a big created 1964 in conservation the about regulations time, At that landscape. urban the surrounds which landscape mountainous the of as areas mountainous designating by implemented was area Scenic Landscape Districts. However, there were no landscape, urban of the conservation the for rules systematic exceptthe for areas which had been designatedthe as on regulation the and District Landscape Scenic city Kyoto circumstances, these Under advertisements. perspective long-term a drawing of possibility the studied on investigations conducted also and plan, conceptual and Districts. Aesthetic of designation the 2-2 Footsteps of Kyoto Landscape Policies Kyoto Landscape of Footsteps 2-2 The landscape of Kyoto landscape The 31

The History of Landscape formation and Town Development in Kyoto The History of Landscape formation and Town Development in Kyoto 32 The landscape of Kyoto landscape The 2-2 Footsteps of Kyoto Landscape Policies Kyoto Landscape of Footsteps 2-2 Establishment of the comprehensive system system comprehensive the of Establishment Map of designation areas stipulated under Kyoto City under Kyoto stipulated areas designation Map of 1970, In adopting the floor-area-ratio system from Acts, thelimitation amended of building Building Standard was Era, Taisho sincebeen enforced had which height, abolished exceptAs a in the low-rise residential districts. result, tall buildings were constructed and the landscape of Kyotowas endangered. In 1973, in order to conservethe urban landscape and environment,living Kyoto city designated Height Control Districts in most of the urban areasto regulate building heights. The comprehensive landscape policyin the urban area was completed by the designation of Height Control District City Kyoto under stipulated districts regulated other and Ordinances on Urban Landscape. for landscape measures landscape for Ordinance on Urban Landscape (1973 ) (1973 Landscape on Urban Ordinance Enactment of Ordinance on Urban Landscape Urban on Ordinance of Enactment KyotoCity Ordinance Urbanon Landscapewas enacted in 1972 in which the following four districts promote to is District Aesthetic The were stipulated. harmony between historical sites and the scenery around appliedArea is to the them. ControlledStructure Aesthetic District to regulate buildings and structures and to assist the ownersdesigning in buildings that match the area. Meanwhile, StructureLarge Control District is appliedthe to wide area and Special Conserva- tion and Landscaping District is applied to San-neizaka area and Gion-Shinbashi area to conserve and improve the cluster of traditional buildings there. establishing in role a central played Kyoto 1973, In the Historical Landscape Liaison Councilwhich aimed at preserving historical landscapes in Japan. 13 cities worked togetherto appeal to the nationalgovernment for the authorization of the newAsAct a result, system. the on the Protection of Cultural Properties was amended in 1975 and the system ofPreservation District forGroups of Historical Buildings was established and groups of traditional buildings were defined as cultural properties. city Kyoto system, this under year, next the In designated San-neizaka Slope and Gion Shinbashi area Historical of Groups for Districts Preservation as Buildings. Creation revitalization Conservation Conservation of natural and historical the on Mountains the on landscape three sides of the city and their foothills To implementTo the measures suggested by thefirst and the Urbanization by the covered parts most year, The next by the Council for Kyoto City Development on Land Use Use on Land City Development Kyoto for Council by the second reports by the council, intensive discussions were were discussions intensive council, the by reports second of conservation including subjects wider on out carried urban the on and scenery, natural and surrounding historical landscape measures as well. In order to protect the views of from downtown viewed mountains the of beauty scenic the the properties, cultural important the of one is which area was Landscape” Natural of Conservation the for “Ordinance the preserve to ensures ordinance This 1995. in enacted natural landscape and to pass them down to the future generations. Conserva- Scenery Natural as designated were Areas Control tion District.The area The of Historical Features Special of most covering doubled, almost was District Conservation including Basin, Kyoto surrounding areas mountainous the Festival. Bonfire Daimonji of mountains five the and Landscape Measures and “Natural and Historical Landscape Conserva- Landscape Historical and “Natural Conservation, revitalization and creation of city development Controversy over landscape resumed In 1991, Kyoto city set up the “Council for Kyoto City City Kyoto for “Council the up set city Kyoto 1991, In In 1988, the city formulated the “Guideline for Compre- for “Guideline the formulated city the 1988, In 4 Conservation, revitalization and creation of city development city of creation and revitalization 4 Conservation, 2-2 Footsteps of Kyoto Landscape Policies Kyoto Landscape of Footsteps 2-2 Development on Measures for Land Use and Landscape” to to Landscape” and Use Land for Measures on Development and development city regarding guideline basic the draw report first its submitted council The future. the in landscape first The 1992. in report second the and 1991 in city the to report focused on the “conservation, revitalization and into Kyoto divide to proposed and theme its as creation” three regions hensive Design System”. The comprehensive design system system design comprehensive The System”. Design hensive and height building the of limitation the alleviate to allows in the space public by offering ratio floor-area to increase to plan the system, this of advantage Taking site. building to revealed was building Hotel Kyoto 60m tall a construct the addition, In issue. a controversy caused which public the the of a part was which plan, building Station Kyoto JR commemorating a project or project” 1200 “Heian-Kento another caused capital, Heiankyo of anniversary 1200th the building. the of height the especially problem, controversial construction the for plan the after surfaced controversy This 1990. in competition international at put was building this of tion Region” in the north and three mountainous areas, areas, mountainous three and north the in Region” tion “HarmonizedDowntown Revitalization Regions”in the central area and “New Urban Function Concentration Region” on the south.The second report proposed some measuresAesthetic includingsub classification of the roofs, intensifying of pitched promoting usage Districts, regula- the strengthening and buildings, large on guideline advertisements. outdoor of tion The landscape of Kyoto landscape The 33

The History of Landscape formation and Town Development in Kyoto The History of Landscape formation and Town Development in Kyoto 34 The landscape of Kyoto landscape The 2-2 Footsteps of Kyoto Landscape Policies Kyoto Landscape of Footsteps 2-2 Establishment of Kyoto Centre for for Centre Kyoto of Establishment Designation map defined by Kyoto City Ordinance on City Ordinance by Kyoto map defined Designation In 1997, the Kyoto Centre for Community Collaboration Collaboration Community for Centre Kyoto the 1997, In was established to support community activities and to promote excellentan landscape and comfortable living citizens, with partnership in communities in environment government. and enterprises Community Collaboration Development of Urban Landscape (1995) Landscape Urban of Development Development of outdoor advertisement policy Enactment of Kyoto City Ordinance on In addition, “Controlled Large Structure District” was was District” Structure Large “Controlled addition, In In 1996, Kyoto City Ordinance on Outdoor Advertise- Outdoor on Ordinance City Kyoto In 1996, ments was amended.The standard of height and dimensions Indoor amendment. this in revised was placards ad of advertisements displayed on the windows were also affected greatly This Japan. in time first the for regulated advertise- outdoor the as manner same the in townscape the scale location, including regulations other Several ments. each of characteristics the to according design structural and as such the areas in on advertisements imposed were region Buildings. Traditional of Group for District Preservation In 1995, Kyoto City Ordinance on Urban Landscape was entirely amended and renamedas“Kyoto CityOrdinance on ordinanceThis Development was Urban Landscape”. of aimed at maintaining the characteristics of old urban area which existed Under before this the amendment, war. the Aesthetic Districts, which had been divided into two catego- ries was further divided into fiveThe categories.. object was outto find the characteristics of eachdistrict andencour- to age community development. Furthermore, Structure Aesthetic Districts to Areawas applied on the Controlled later, year A structures. other and buildings both control more wideAestheticwere areas Districts. designated as changed to “StructureLandscape Improvement District” so notas to only target structures large but also buildings. It covered a wider area of the city and regulated and supervised the design of buildings. Other new systems were also formulated including Histori- cal Landscape ConservationAdjustment Districts and which were aimed at promoting the landscape of historical wooden buildings; Community Landscape Development Districts aimedat developing thecharacteristics of localcommunities; and a system for designating Structures of HistoricalDesign designate Kyo-machiyawhich to intended which houses form historical landscape. In addition, systems to encourage local activities including AgreementUrban and Landscape a subsidy to the groups of people working on community development were created. the Development of Urban Landscape the guideline, the business-residential districts are regarded as the leading area for the revitalization of the city center. The guideline also includes measures to be implemented for thedevelopment of thesedistrictstheir andgoals, based on the cooperation between citizens, enterprises and the govern- be more specific,To ment. the guideline includes 10 action planssuch as the Community Regional CooperationType Plan,a project to establish the system for the conservation and renovationKyo-machiyaof houses,a project and that secures residential space by opening up dead-end roads. 2 Creating a system thefor conservation and Kyo-machiya houses of renovation 4 Maintaining the charm of townscape 6 Developing unique residential districts in the urban area 8 Improving disaster preventionmeasures 10 Promoting urban-type industries and developing infrastructure to accommodate them Streets running from the north to the the north to from running Streets Goals of community development development community of Goals town> Kyo-machiya center and new city of energetic < creation Regional PlanBusiness-Residential in the District Business-residential districts are colored red. are colored districts Business-residential What is business-residential district district business-residential What is 3 Securingresidential up by opening space roads dead-end 5 Improvingspaces pleasant walking blocks city Restructuring 7 9 community Formingnetworks organizations and 1 Utilizing the Community Cooperation Type It is an area where business offices and residences coexist and play central and residences and play central an coexist area is where offices It business are districts The period. a long the city for of the vitality in supporting role Ebisugawa of (and a part Oike Street It covers roads: by trunk surrounded and the east running from to the west Street and Gojo Street Shijo Street), Horikawa and Karasuma Kawaramachi, 400%. set to is there area ratio floor of limit The upper south. Measures regarding landscape problems caused bythe construction of condominiums district residential business- the in Various businesses including traditional industries are Various To cope with this problem, Kyoto city formulated the the formulated city Kyoto problem, this with cope To 5 Measure for creating harmoniouslyrevitalized urban centers 2-2 Footsteps of Kyoto Landscape Policies Kyoto Landscape of Footsteps 2-2 concentrated in the urban area of Kyoto, the repository of traditionalThe area culture. maintains its unique landscape that consists of Kyo-machiya town houses. However, localand stagnant industries traditional because of the the numbereconomy, of unused or seldom-used pieces of land increasedAs a result, and people their prices declined. constructing high-rise condominiums started might that endanger the lifestyle and cultural assets of those localities. “Guideline on the Business-Residential Districts” in 1998. In The landscape of Kyoto landscape The 35

The History of Landscape formation and Town Development in Kyoto The History of Landscape formation and Town Development in Kyoto 36 al Height Height The landscape of Kyoto landscape The District Control District Aesthetic Aesthetic 2-2 Footsteps of Kyoto Landscape Policies Kyoto Landscape of Footsteps 2-2 and and Height Height Special Use District Special Change of of Change Business-Residential Aesthetic Districtsand Special Use Districtsin thecentral countermeasure. immediate an as city the of area between harmony to enhance intended were rules These to and center, city the of environment living and vividness business- the for appropriate quite plans building encourage districts. residential Control District Control cial center. In addition, running adult-entertainment businesses businesses adult-entertainment running addition, In cial center. that, the issue of sunlight and ventilation for the neighboring the for and ventilation neighboring of sunlight issue that, the have maintained a unique landscape with long strand of eaves of of eaves strand of a unique landscape have with long maintained Use District Use Control District Changes in Height Height in Changes Designation of Special of Special Designation In constructingIn buildings tall 20m consideration careful above, or should given be to keep harmony with theneighboring environment. Review of regulation on diagonal building lines Consideration must be given to the surrounding environment in constructing buildings with more Designation of Aesthetic District Aesthetic of Designation with with with central central In harmony harmony In In harmony harmony In In harmony harmony In environment surrounding houses and a space under them along the street. In order to positively develop such landscape, such areas were designated as were areas designated such landscape, such develop to positively order In the street. them along under and a space houses District. Aesthetic designed be carefully should of part the building the lower ratio, more than 300% floor-area a with In building condominium of commer with the atmosphere harmony in be that it should so there. environment living a healthy that it can maintain so were banned building lines was established to lessen the suffocating feeling seen from the street. the from seen feeling the suffocating to lessen established was lines building districts a of time, business-residential long Over period In the plans for con structing buildings 20m tall or above buildings con the plans In structing for on The regulation diagon landscape. overall street should the not disrupt The also construction be considered. should buildings Outline of the new building rules in the city center city the center in rules of new building the Outline business area business urban landscapeurban 3. Designation of Special Use District Use of Special 3. Designation 2. Designation of Aesthetic District District Aesthetic of 2. Designation 1. Changes in Height Control District Control in Height 1. Changes New rules for constructing new buildings Even after the enactment of the guideline and its action action its and guideline of the enactment the after Even deal To rapidly. changed center city of landscape the plans, Revitalization and on Conservation “Council the this, with was established Kyoto” of Center City the in Landscape of city Kyoto Council, of the the report on Based 2001. in entail that 2003 April in rules building new three established establishing and Districts Control Height reviewing in city center hould s Proper role sharing role Proper Local Local National National government governments governments establish and enforce policies to to policies enforce and establish harmony in landscape good create environment. social natural and with is responsible for comprehensive comprehensive for responsible is good of creation the on policy landscape. Basic philosophyAct ofLandscape Consequently, the Landscape Act was promulgated in in promulgated was Act Landscape the Consequently, as philosophy basic its articulates Act Landscape The June2004. In Decemberthe same apartyear, of the act was fully was act the year, next June in and enforced implemented.This was the first comprehensive law on philosophy basic the defines clearly It Japan. in landscape the and landscape of conservation and development the of governments. and enterprises citizens, of responsibilities “good landscape propertythe every is the citizen of in should characteristics “local that stipulates also It country”. It diversity. create to landscape developing in valued be landscape good of variety vast a is there that emphasizes influencedwhich naturalthe is by environment, history, culture climate and It also each of makes locality. its the of conservation only that mentions which clear intention high new create to but aim, the not is landscape present aims. the in included also is landscape quality Cooperating in the creation the creation in Cooperating good landscape. of Encouraging people to to people Encouraging the importance understand of landscapeconservation by education and dissemi- information. nating nd governments (both national andAct stipulatedlocal) under the Landscape Citizen Enterprises are expected to make efforts to to makeare efforts expected landscape in good create and buildings constructing activities. other conducting are expected to make efforts to to makeare efforts expected understanding better promote creating in active roles play and good landscape. Responsibilities ofResponsibilities citizens, a companies Periodfrom the establishment“Fundamental of Policy for the Development Background of establishment of Landscape Act of Landscape establishment of Background To cope with theseTo problems, the Ministry of Land, As the economic development reached maturity in the the in maturity reached development economic As the 6 21st century, the concept of value shifted from quantity to to quantity from shifted value of concept the century, 21st expect to began government national the a result, As quality. the improving through landscapes beautiful and unique govern- local other as as well Kyoto environment. living in interest showing started also citizens their and ments were measures of number a great result, a As landscape. of establishment the including governments local by taken However, landscape. to related ordinances 500 than more without the legal support from the national government, had governments Local effective. less were regulations such common no was there instance, For problems. such many for country the over all people among concept basic of support the Also landscape. conserving and maintaining for program subsidy and taxation on government the landscape developmentwas insufficient. the formulated Tourism and Transport Infrastructure, Beautiful a of Development the for Policy “Fundamental achieving for guideline a drew which 2003 in July Country” also outline policy The country. a beautiful make to how on law basic a enacting of necessity the out pointed landscape. 2-2 Footsteps of Kyoto Landscape Policies Kyoto Landscape of Footsteps 2-2 of a Beautiful Country” to the enactment of “Landscape Act” “Landscape of enactment the to Country” a Beautiful of The landscape of Kyoto landscape The 37

The History of Landscape formation and Town Development in Kyoto The History of Landscape formation and Town Development in Kyoto 38 plied. nents nents The landscape of Kyoto landscape The designated as “Structures of “Structures as designated em of landscape em of to agreement 2-2 Footsteps of Kyoto Landscape Policies Kyoto Landscape of Footsteps 2-2 3 : reference is on the end Measuresby Kyoto city after promulgated was Act Landscape the As stipulated under the Landscape Act, the city of of Kyoto city the Act, Landscape the under As stipulated people by establishing the syst by establishing people the costs of maintenance and purchase of buildings and trees and trees buildings of purchase and maintenance of the costs became a “Landscape Administrative Organization”. It It Organization”. Administrative “Landscape a became a as Collaboration Community for Center Kyoto designated This 2005. May in Organization” Management “Landscape landscape good implement to Japan in act such first the was creation projects. In December, the city formulated the the measures and systems included which Plan Landscape city had adopted by then to manifest the guideline for the landscape. good of creation as roads, rivers, ports and city parks are important compo are and city parks important ports rivers, as roads, nt components of good are nt components landscape truction is not allowed without getting permission fro getting permission without not allowed is truction some of them as Public Facilities of Landscape Importance. of Landscape Facilities as Public of them some s for the implementation of the landscape policies. policies. the landscape of the implementation for s able to designate Landscape Planning Areas and formulateAreas a landscape plan to able to designate Landscape Planning information and consultation for the citizens for the creation of good landscape, give give landscape, good of creation the for citizens the for and consultation information The Landscape Administration Organizations designates NPOs and other public welfare corporations as “Landscape “Landscape as corporations welfare public other and NPOs designates Organizations Administration Landscape The To enhance the creation of good landscape in a more positive manner, the able to use city is City the system the in of Planning manner, landscape in a more positive enhance the creation of good To and which are trees asIn addition, buildings importa regarded A Landscape Administrative Organization is is Organization Administrative Landscape A Outline of Landscape Act of Landscape Outline Administrative as measures, landscape the “Landscape that implemented local governments those Act defined Landscape enhance good local landscape. local enhance good Management Organizations”. They They provide Management Organizations”. of local landscape, there is also a system to designate to designate is a system also there local landscape, of local support and Organizations Administration Landscape advice to are covered by the national government. Since public facilities such facilities Since public government. are covered by the national Landscape Importance and Trees of Landscape Importance”. Part of of of Landscape Importance”. Part Trees and Landscape Importance designating Landscape Planning Area. In such areas, cons areas, such Area. In Landscape Planning designating The city is also able to impose fines on the offender. offender. on the fines able to impose also city is The Organization” and vested in them various authoritie in them various vested and Organization” are ap guidance and lenient and notifications are regulations landscape the districts where ofthe good in the creation promote The local governments found out that the absence of the absence of governments out that foundThe local basic concept of landscape among citizens and the lack of lack the and citizens among landscape of concept basic Therefore, problem. the was law national the from support implementa- to the greatly contributed Act Landscape the governments. local by policy landscape the of tion could governments local act, landscape the by Supported policy. landscape their achieve Revise building design building Revise design and standards, districts designated more Impose stringent regulations on regulations stringent advertisements outdoor design design Outdoor Building Building Building Building Outdoor advertisement advertisement Review building height limitation limitation height building Review Basic concept of landscape development Kyoto of city historical the in The New Landscape Policy has three basic concepts: (1) concepts: (1) basic has three Policy The New Landscape Landscape should be developed keeping in view the outlook in view the outlook keeping should be developed Landscape (2) years. 100 and years 50 coming the in city the of belong to private buildings owners, the landscapes Although they form belong to (3) Everyone public. is responsible for the landscape to preserve of Kyoto and the mission and has these on Based generations. future the to down it pass financial including support system comprehensive concepts, five following the implement to established was support to limitations height building review to projects: major standards for the design of and designated review buildings, of preservation the for measures implement to districts; stricter impose to landscape, borrowed and perspective and conserve to advertisements, outdoor on regulations buildings including historical houses. Kyo-machiya renovate and and height height Building Building Building Support system to enhance enhance to system Support Five major projects projects projects major major Five Five their support system support their their support system support their the five major projects major five the and and Historical Historical Borrowed Borrowed Perspective townscape townscape Landscape Landscape Perspective Measures forthe revitalization and Conservation including buildingsof historical houses. Kyo-machiya preservation perspective preservation landscape borrowed and Problems countermeasures related to the landscape Kyoto of the The strong fear of losing its heritages in the near future 7 Progress toward NewLandscape Policy of landscape the period, growth economic high the After irregular and rapid the to due deteriorating started Kyoto with dealt be to problem serious a was This urbanization. Kyoto unchecked, left were irregularities such if because by this Alarmed vitality. and attraction its lost have would Associa- “Kyoto and Architecture” of Institute “Japan fact, regarding proposal a made Executives” Corporate of tion city the proposal, the to response In of Kyoto. landscape the hope a in Revitalization” Kyoto for “Council the established 2002. in property national a as be recognized will Kyoto that Landscape on “Council the establish to Kyoto compelled the on Based 2005. in Forever” Shining Kyoto of Formation opinioncouncil,of this city the thoroughly revisedthe Policy New Landscape the a result, As policy. landscape 2007. in September established was 2-2 Footsteps of Kyoto Landscape Policies Kyoto Landscape of Footsteps 2-2 The landscape of Kyoto landscape The 39

The History of Landscape formation and Town Development in Kyoto The History of Landscape formation and Town Development in Kyoto 40

l e en nd ng s are prove- ordering ordering The landscape of Kyoto landscape The 2-2 Footsteps of Kyoto Landscape Policies Kyoto Landscape of Footsteps 2-2 rd was based on the traditional Japanese the traditional based on rd was maintain maintain beauty of the Blinki skylines. eep harmony with local characteristics and the local characteristics with eep harmony its environment. Kyoto city imposed stricter height Kyoto city building itsstricter imposed environment. g advisors for the reconstruction and renovation (2) providing providing (2) renovation and reconstruction the for advisors g ful visible scenery between the west side of the Kamo River a River Kamo the of side west between the scenery visible ful standards governing structures to protect visible views betwe views visible protect to structures governing standards improvement will extend along the whole street and from to and the whole street along there from will extend improvement Improvement District where building designs were regulated, wer were regulated, designs building where District Improvement paying more attention to local characters because feature these local characters to attention more paying as historical urban area and residential and industrial areas b areas industrial and residential area and urban historical as ng awarding good outdoor advertisements and the subsidy program so program the subsidy and advertisements outdoor good ng awarding of Landscape Importance, this will serve as a focal point of the im as a focal point will serve this Importance, Landscape of For example, the conventional design standa design example, the conventional For wever after the review, the classification so based on regions was as the loca to utilize classification wever after review, the op advertisements were prohibited so as to were prohibited op advertisements perspective landscape, Kyoto City Ordinance on the Creation of Perspective Landscape, Perspective of Creation the on Ordinance City Kyoto landscape, perspective ngs and designation of the regulated areas regulated of the and designation ngs dvertisements were reviewed in order to k in order were reviewed dvertisements perspective and borrowed landscape landscape and borrowed perspective The Five major projects and their support Policy system Landscape based the their on New and projects The major Five The New Landscape Policy supports Kyo-machiya houses by (1) dispatching specialists on quake-resistant design (2) providing (2) providing design on quake-resistant specialists dispatching by (1) houses Kyo-machiya supports The Policy New Landscape design. quake-resistant for subsidy dispatchin includes (1) condominiums Thefor system support reconstruction. loan for providing (3) design, quake-resistant for subsidy (1)Review of building height limitation limitation height building of (1)Review the urban landscape Theand height of building greatly affects limitation in mind in the with local characteristics suchlimitation areas mountainous area that account for 30% of city’s total area. total area. city’s of 30% for account area that mountainous buildi for standards design of (2)Review while in detail reviewed were buildings for standards Design also important components of the landscape. of the landscape. components important also Ho and types. divided into five design was Areas such as and Structure Landscape District characteristics. expanded. of the preservation Measures(3) for concerning measurecomprehensive As a was The for enacted ordinance timethe stipulates in Japan.first height and design of buildings there. Rooft there. buildings of design and height viewing viewing spot and the object to be instance, for viewed, the beauti Mt. Daimonji. advertisements on outdoor regulations stringent more (4)Imposing a outdoor related to regulations The neon lights and mobile advertisements were also prohibited in the entire city. the entire in prohibited also were advertisements and mobile neon lights includi systems the support the city improved addition, In landscape. good urban to develop as houses. Kyo-machiya including buildings of historical and revitalization Conservation (5) including buildings traditional of and improvement renovation the for system subsidy the use to people encourages city The in Kyoto. landscape of historical are the core which Kyo-machiya as designated Structures is In an area when a structure point the this From the local for community. ment of landscape townscape. historical and expand the revitalize on to working is of Kyoto the city a scheme This is community. the whole