9 Days/8 Nights Japan Essentials
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Tokyo: the Birth of an Imperial Capital
1 Ben-Ami Shillony Tokyo: The Birth of an Imperial Capital Ben-Ami Shillony Introduction By the middle of the nineteenth century Edo was the political, military and administrative capital of Japan, the largest city in the country, one of the largest cities in the world, and the seat of the shogun and his government. Nevertheless, until 1868 it had never been an imperial capital, the city in which the emperor resides. In the seventh century, when Japan adopted the Chinese model of a capital, the first imperial capital, Fujiwara, lasted for only 16 years, from 694 until 710. The second imperial capital, Nara, lasted for 74 years, from 710 until 784. The third capital, Nagaoka, lasted for only 10 years, from 784 until 794. But then the fourth capital, Heian-kyō (Kyoto), lasted for more than a thousand years, from 794 until 1868. During this long period, the emperors stayed in Kyoto, despite the fact that from the twelfth century political power shifted to the shoguns and the samurai class, and for almost half of that time the wielders of real power resided in the eastern part of Japan, in Kamakura and later in Edo. No one of the military rulers tried to move the emperor out of Kyoto to the place where they resided. Kyoto remained the "capital" (miyako) although its primacy was only nominal. The imperial palace stayed in Kyoto even when the city was torn by internal warfare and the palace was impoverished. Going to Kyoto was all the time called "going up" (noboru) and going from Kyoto was all the time called "going down" (sagaru). -
Emperor Hirohito (1)” of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R
The original documents are located in Box 27, folder “State Visits - Emperor Hirohito (1)” of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Ron Nessen donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Digitized from Box 27 of The Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN ~ . .,1. THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN A Profile On the Occasion of The Visit by The Emperor and Empress to the United States September 30th to October 13th, 1975 by Edwin 0. Reischauer The Emperor and Empress of japan on a quiet stroll in the gardens of the Imperial Palace in Tokyo. Few events in the long history of international relations carry the significance of the first visit to the United States of the Em peror and Empress of Japan. Only once before has the reigning Emperor of Japan ventured forth from his beautiful island realm to travel abroad. On that occasion, his visit to a number of Euro pean countries resulted in an immediate strengthening of the bonds linking Japan and Europe. -
Living on the Edge: Buraku in Kyoto, Japan
Nataša Visočnik: Living on the edge: Buraku in Kyoto, Japan Living on the edge: Buraku in Kyoto,- Japan Nata{a Viso~nik University of Ljubljana, [email protected] Abstract This article deals with the two districts in the southeast of the Kyōto city, which are known to have been settled by people who are marginalised for various reasons. The research is based on a short fieldwork focuses on two main groups living in the Kyōto buraku and near it: burakumin (eta people) and zainichi Koreans. It also presents their ways of living as marginal communities and the ways they cope with discrimination. The article also considers in greater detail the developments within the life in buraku, focusing particularly on the critical role of machi-zukuri in liberation movements over the course of the 20th to the 21st century. KEYWORDS: marginality, buraku, burakumin (eta people), zainichi Koreans, machi- zukuri Introduction As we move into the 21st century, we might ponder the pithy and insightful epigram by Talleyrand, who asserted that the more things changed, the more they remained the same (in Dennis 2005), which means that despite the ideological and social structural tendencies of the evolving 21st century, where many of the inequities against the weak would weaken or disappear, not much has changed since previous centuries. In this fractured world, many remain unprotected or semi-protected: members of oppressed ethnic groups, women, the young, the old, the impoverished, the lower castes, outcastes or members of suppressed religions, and those who are otherwise persecuted. Marginalised communities face problems all over the world, including in Japan. -
YOKOHAMA and KOBE, JAPAN
YOKOHAMA and KOBE, JAPAN Arrive Yokohama: 0800 Sunday, January 27 Onboard Yokohama: 2100 Monday, January 28 Arrive Kobe: 0800 Wednesday, January 30 Onboard Kobe: 1800 Thursday, January 31 Brief Overview: The "Land of the Rising Sun" is a country where the past meets the future. Japanese culture stretches back millennia, yet has created some of the latest modern technology and trends. Japan is a study in contrasts and contradictions; in the middle of a modern skyscraper you might discover a sliding wooden door which leads to a traditional chamber with tatami mats, calligraphy, and tea ceremony. These juxtapositions mean you may often be surprised and rarely bored by your travels in Japan. Voyagers will have the opportunity to experience Japanese hospitality first-hand by participating in a formal tea ceremony, visiting with a family in their home in Yokohama or staying overnight at a traditional ryokan. Japan has one of the world's best transport systems, which makes getting around convenient, especially by train. It should be noted, however, that travel in Japan is much more expensive when compared to other Asian countries. Japan is famous for its gardens, known for its unique aesthetics both in landscape gardens and Zen rock/sand gardens. Rock and sand gardens can typically be found in temples, specifically those of Zen Buddhism. Buddhist and Shinto sites are among the most common religious sites, sure to leave one in awe. From Yokohama: Nature lovers will bask in the splendor of Japan’s iconic Mount Fuji and the Silver Frost Festival. Kamakura and Tokyo are also nearby and offer opportunities to explore Zen temples and be led in meditation by Zen monks. -
Alma M. Karlin's Visits to Temples and Shrines in Japan
ALMA M. KARLIN’S VISITS TO TEMPLES AND SHRINES IN JAPAN Chikako Shigemori Bučar Introduction Alma M. Karlin (1889-1950), born in Celje, went on a journey around the world between 1919 and 1928, and stayed in Japan for a lit- tle more than a year, from June 1922 to July 1923. There is a large col- lection of postcards from her journey archived in the Regional Museum of Celje. Among them are quite a number of postcards from Japan (528 pieces), and among these, about 100 of temples and shrines, including tombs of emperors and other historical persons - i.e., postcards related to religions and folk traditions of Japan. Karlin almost always wrote on the reverse of these postcards some lines of explanation about each picture in German. On the other hand, the Japanese part of her trav- elogue is very short, only about 40 pages of 700. (Einsame Weltreise / Im Banne der Südsee, both published in Germany in 1930). In order to understand Alma Karlin’s observation and interpretation of matters related to religions in Japan and beliefs of Japanese people, we depend on her memos on the postcards and her rather subjective impressions in her travelogue. This paper presents facts on the religious sights which Karlin is thought to have visited, and an analysis of Karlin’s understand- ing and interpretation of the Japanese religious life based on her memos on the postcards and the Japanese part of her travelogue. In the following section, Alma Karlin and her journey around the world are briefly presented, with a specific focus on the year of her stay in Japan, 1922-1923. -
Political and Ritual Usages of Portraits of Japanese
POLITICAL AND RITUAL USAGES OF PORTRAITS OF JAPANESE EMPERORS IN EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES by Yuki Morishima B.A., University of Washington, 1996 B.F.A., University of Washington, 1996 M.S., Boston University, 1999 M.A., University of Pittsburgh, 2007 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Yuki Morishima It was defended on November 13, 2013 and approved by Katheryn Linduff, Professor, Art and Architecture Evelyn Rawski, Professor, History Kirk Savage, Professor, Art and Architecture Dissertation Advisor: Karen Gerhart, Professor, Art and Architecture ii Copyright © by Yuki Morishima 2013 iii POLITICAL AND RITUAL USAGES OF PORTRAITS OF JAPANESE EMPERORS IN EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES Yuki Morishima, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2013 This dissertation examines portraits of Japanese emperors from the pre-modern Edo period (1603-1868) through the modern Meiji period (1868-1912) by questioning how the socio- political context influenced the production of imperial portraits. Prior to Western influence, pre- modern Japanese society viewed imperial portraits as religious objects for private, commemorative use; only imperial family members and close supporters viewed these portraits. The Confucian notion of filial piety and the Buddhist tradition of tsuizen influenced the production of these commemorative or mortuary portraits. By the Meiji period, however, Western portrait practice had affected how Japan perceived its imperial portraiture. Because the Meiji government socially and politically constructed the ideal role of Emperor Meiji and used the portrait as a means of propaganda to elevate the emperor to the status of a divinity, it instituted controlled public viewing of the images of Japanese emperors. -
京都時代祭りkyoto’S Festival of the Ages
京都時代祭りKyoto’s Festival of the Ages The Kyoto Festival of the Ages (Jidai Matsuri) is held every year on 22 October during Kyoto’s autumn sight- seeing period and it is one of the city’s three main festivals. The long and solemn procession of people depicts famous historical figures wearing authentic costumes of the day and has something of a triumphal air about it. However, the parade’s origins are not to be found in some great victory. The Jidai Matsuri was inaugurated after the capital moved in 1868 from Kyoto to Tokyo; an association of Kyoto residents made a conscious decision to preserve the history and the future of their city. There was good reason to be participants wear well researched and concerned for the future of the city historically accurate costumes from when Emperor Komei moved the the 8th through to the 19th century, capital to Edo, as Tokyo was then the period that Kyoto was the imperial known. In 1873, five years after the capital of Japan. Equipment and capital’s move to Tokyo, the accessories are also true to the times. population of Kyoto had fallen to Leading the Jidai Matsuri procession around 220,000, down from around are people dressed as the Edo-period 350,000 during the Edo Period (1600- warriors who supported the Meiji 1867). Emperor in overthrowing the shogunal As part of an effort to slow this government. The parade then works decline, the Heian Shrine with its eye- its way back through history. catching giant vermillion torii gate was built in 1895 to commemorate the 1,100th anniversary of the founding of Kyoto. -
Local Governments(193KB)
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS There are no “states” or “provinces” in Japan, because Japan is not a federal system but a unitary state with a two-tier local government system. “Shi” (city), “Machi” or “Cho” (town), and “Mura” or “Son” (village) are the basic municipalities that offer basic administrative services to residents. “To”, “Do”, “Fu” and “Ken” cover wider areas of local government, i.e., prefectures. However, there are some important points to know. (1) Tokyo There are 47 prefectures in Japan: 1 “to” (Tokyo-to), 1 “do” (Hokkai-do), 2 “fu” (Osaka-fu and Kyoto-fu), and 43 “ken.” “Do,” “Fu,” and “Ken” have the same functions. The nominal differences exist for historical reasons, but a “to” has special function. Because Tokyo is the capital of Japan and has a large population in a small area, the Tokyo Prefectural (Metropolitan) Government has the same authority as that exercised by cities in other prefectures. As a result, there are no cities, towns, or villages in within the Tokyo downtown district, but there are 23 “Ku” (wards) that have limited administrative authorities. (2) Large Cities 19 large cities, including Saitama, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Sagamihara, Chiba (these 5 are located near Tokyo), Sapporo, Sendai, Nagoya, Kyoto, and Osaka, are government-ordinance-designated cities that have special authority that is equivalent to the authority exercised by prefectures in other areas. In these cities, there are also “ku” districts. Their authority is more limited compared to “ku” in Tokyo. (3) Pronunciation of “Machi” or “Cho” / “Mura” or “Son” Many Japanese “Kanji” (Chinese characters) have 2 or 3 different readings or pronunciations. -
The Economic Development of Japan
The Economic Development of Japan The Path Traveled by Japan as a Developing Country Kenichi Ohno Translated from Kenichi Ohno, Tojokoku Nippon no Ayumi: Edo kara Heisei madeno Keizai Hatten (The Path Traveled by Japan as a Developing Country: Economic Growth from Edo to Heisei), Yuhikaku Publishing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, 2005. Copyright © 2006 by GRIPS Development Forum GRIPS Development Forum National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies 7-22-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-8677, Japan Phone: 81-3-6439-6000 Fax: 81-3-6439-6010 Email: [email protected] I would like to thank my students at GRIPS for giving me the opportunity to write this book, and Ms. Azko Hayashida for compiling the English edition. Contents ————————————————— Preface to the English Edition Foreword to the Japanese Edition Chapter 1 Modernization for Latecomers ······ 1 Chapter 2 The Edo Period: Pre-conditions for Industrialization ······ 21 Chapter 3 Meiji (1): Key Goals of the New Government ······ 39 Chapter 4 Meiji (2): Importing and Absorbing Technology ······ 55 Chapter 5 Meiji (3): Development of Major Industries ······ 71 Chapter 6 Meiji (4): Budget, Finance and the Macroeconomy ······ 85 Chapter 7 World War I and the 1920s: Export-led Boom and Recession ······ 99 Chapter 8 The Showa Financial Crisis of 1927 ······ 113 Chapter 9 The 1930s and the War Economy ······ 125 Chapter 10 Postwar Recovery, 1945-49 ······ 143 Chapter 11 The High Growth Era ······ 161 Chapter 12 Economic Maturity and Slowdown ······ 183 Chapter 13 The Bubble Burst and Recession ······ 199 Final Exams ······ 217 Questions Asked by Students ······ 221 References ······ 233 Preface to the English Edition Materials contained in this book were initially made available on the English- language website for a Master’s program at the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS) in Tokyo. -
Facts About Tokyo Fun & Interesting Facts About Tokyo
Facts About Tokyo One of the busiest and the most commercial cities in the world, Tokyo is a prime tourist destination and is located in the heart of Japan. Tokyo, the capital of Japan, is one of the 47 prefectures of the country. Previously known as Edo, Tokyo was given its name in 1867. One of the most developed areas in Japan; the tapestry of Tokyo laces itself with soaring skyscrapers, cosmopolitan industries, outsized shopping arcades and extravagant bars and lounges. Nevertheless, amid its modern flourishes, the city also espouses its time-honored tradition, in the form of its shrines, ryokans (guesthouses) and many museums. Country: Japan Continent: Asia Established In: 1457 Population: 13,216,221 (2012) Area: 2,187.66 km2 Fun & Interesting Facts about Tokyo Tokyo is the seat of the Japanese government, home of the Emperor of Japan and is the capital of the country. Earlier, Tokyo was a small fishing village named ‘Edo’, meaning estuary. Later, when it became the imperial capital of Japan, in 1868, its name was changed to Tokyo. The name ‘Tokyo’ literally translates to ‘Eastern Capital’. The 23 wards of Tokyo collectively constitute the ‘City of Tokyo’, which is one of the largest cities in the world. Tokyo is one of the three world finance ‘command centers’, apart from New York and London. The Greater Tokyo Area that includes Tokyo, Chiba, Kanagawa, and Saitama, is the most densely populated metropolitan area in the world. According to a 2010 consensus, five of the 25 world’s greatest amusement parks are located in and around Tokyo. -
Japan Under the Shoguns
Unit 2 The Asia–Pacific world – Option Japan under the shoguns Japan first became united as a country under an emperor at the end of the 6th century. Ever since then, Japan has been ruled by a long line of emperors. However, for almost 700 years – from 1185 to 1867 – the emperor of Japan had no real power. Instead, Japan was controlled by a series of military leaders, known as shoguns. The title shogun comes from the Japanese words sho (meaning ‘commander’) and gun (meaning ‘troops’). In 1868, the last shogun was overthrown and power was returned to the emperor. At this time, the capital was moved to a new location in Edo – now known as Tokyo. chapter Source 1 Matsumoto Castle was built in 1504 and is typical of most Japanese15 castles built during the rule of the shoguns in Japan. 15A 15B DRAFT15C What led to the rise of the How was Japanese society How did Japan change during shoguns? organised during the rule of the the rule of the shoguns? 1 Japan is a chain of islands, many of which are shoguns? 1 For a long period of time, Japan effectively shut so mountainous that only about 15 per cent of 1 Shoguns were military leaders and the heads of itself off from all contact with other countries, but the land can be farmed. How do you think these powerful Japanese clans. How do you think they in 1854 a trade agreement was reached between geographical features might have affected the way became more powerful than Japanese emperors, Japan and the USA. -
Sightseeing Around Kobe
Sightseeing around Kobe Kobe City: http://plus.feel-kobe.jp http://www.city.himeji.lg.jp/guide/castle/Kobe Weathercock House built in 1909 Night View of Kobe Port Area Kobe was one of the cities opened to foreign countries in 1853 at the end of the national isolation in Shogun’s era. In addition to its cosmopolitan feel, the city is famous for being the origin of Kobe beef (which is also the inspiration for the name of basketball player Kobe Bryant). Additional must-see attractions include Sake Breweries (located in the Nada District), the hot springs in Arima, and a few others noted below. As you will already be for IUS 2018, what reason is there not to explore such a unique city? Kobe City Bus Services (Japanese Only) Himeji Castle (World Helitage): http://www.city.himeji.lg.jp/guide/castle/ Himeji Castle Reachable in 37 min. by JR Rapid Service Train from Sannomiya Himeji Castle known as White Heron Castle was built in 1609, and is recognized as the most beautiful castle in Japan. Unlike other Japanese castles, it was never destroyed by war or natural disaster. The castle was renovated and re-opened in 2015. Kyoto (World Helitage): https://kyoto.travel/de Katsura Rikyu Kingaku-ji temple, September Arashiyama, October Reachable in 46 min. by JR Rapid Service Train from Sannomiya Kyoto has been the Imperial capital of Japan from 794 to 1868. Due to its rich histories, there are an incredible number of old but beautiful temples, shrines and other historical structures in addition to plenty of invaluable treasures.