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INTRODUCTION Experimental Protocol References Conclusions Initial Evaporation Results N Solubility Determination Results Future EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF NITROGEN DISSOLUTION IN METHANE- ETHANE MIXTURES UNDER TITAN SURFACE CONDITIONS V. F. Chevrier1, A. Luspay-Kuti2, S. Singh1 1Arkansas Center for Space and Planetary Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA. [email protected] 2South West Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas. INTRODUCTION In the past few years there have been significant advances in determining the composition of Titan’s lakes, using vapor-liquid equilibrium calculations with activity models [1], Regular Solution Theory [2,3] and Statistical Associating Fluid Theory [4]. Though, in the absence of relevant datasets at Titan temperature and pressure conditions, the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters are extrapolated values, thus carrying high uncertainty. Using our recent work on experimental measurements of evaporation rates of liquid methane-ethane mixtures [5,6], we present preliminary results on the solubility of N2 in liquid mixtures under conditions relevant to Titan’s surface. Experimental Protocol • The plateau zone at the beginning of the experiment increases with increasing CH4 concentration (Fig. 1). • Titan simulation chamber • Steady-state slope correction removes the hydrocarbon • Temperature: 92-94 K evaporation (Fig. 2A). • The residual mass increase is due to N dissolution (Fig. 2B). • 1.5 bar N2 atmosphere 2 • C2H6 then CH4 condensation Results • Mass loss measurements • N2 solubility is not detected at initial CH4 mole ratio below 0.7 • Continuous P, T, measurements • Time to reach steady state decreases with increasing XCH4 (Fig. 3) • Above XCH4 ~ 0.7 exponential increase of N2 solubility (Table 1, Initial Evaporation Results Fig. 4). Figure 4. Calculated mole fraction of nitrogen in the sample as a function of the initial mole fraction of methane in the methane – ethane liquid (e.g. Table 1). arv Conclusions • Solubility of nitrogen is strongly dependent on the liquid composition. • Favored in methane-rich liquid ponds or lakes. • May affect the freezing point of methane and act as antifreeze (Fig. 5). • Should not affect ethane-rich liquids. • The experiments provide values for thermodynamic models of lakes composition. Figure 1. Evaporation data of methane – ethane binary mixtures (from [6]). Top: Mass measurements. Bottom: Associated temperatures in the atmosphere (blue) and A B liquid sample (red). A. Pure Ethane, increasing methane molar ratio: B: XCH4 = 0.23, C: XCH4 = 0.68, D: XCH4 = 0.85. N solubility determination A Figure 3. Mass versus time 2 after correction for initial mass dumped in the sample pan. A. Pure methane; B. Initial CH4 molar mass of 0.75. Table 1. N2 solubility in liquid methane – ethane mixtures under Titan surface conditions. Figure 5. Comparison between sample images of ethane (A) and methane (B) taken at 87 K in our chamber. The ethane sample shows clear evidence of freezing and ice formation while the sample methane remains transparent suggesting liquid. The B CH4 N2 1.00 0.34 orange arrow shows the methane level in the petri dish. The brown material is tholins. 1.00 0.14 Future work 0.86 0.11 • Add more data to refine ternary diagram. Figure 2. Corrected mass versus time curves for the same sample (pure methane) • Determine kinetics of N2 solubility (is it limited by diffusion illustrating the method for extracting N2 solubility from methane-ethane evaporation rates. 0.85 0.09 A. Mass of sample corrected to 0 after the pour of liquid sample. B. Same sample after in the liquid or by solubility kinetics). steady-state slope correction based on data acquired beyond 3000 s. 0.80 0.02 0.74 0.01 • Determine frost-point depression for processes like evaporative cooling and ice formation. References [1] Thompson W. R. et al (1992) Icarus 97,187-199. [2] Dubouloz N. et al. (1989) Icarus 82, 81-96. [3 Acknowledgements This work is funded by Cordier D. et al. (2009) ApJL 707, L128-131. [4] Tan S. P. et al (2012) Icarus 222, 53-72. [5] Luspay-Kuti NASA grant #NNX10AN81G A. et al. (2012) GRL 39, L23203. [6] Luspay-Kuti A. et al. (2014) EPSL 410, 75-83..
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