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Addendum.Solubility
Addendum to Hebden: Chemistry 11 SOLUBILITY I. CALCULATING SOLUBILITY AND ION CONCENTRATIONS Once the mass of a substance present in 1 L of a solution has been experimentally measured, calculating the solubility of the substance is straightforward. EXAMPLE: It is experimentally found that 1.00 L of saturated AgBrO3(aq) contains 1.96 g of AgBrO3. What is the molar solubility of AgBrO3? (That is, what is the solubility expressed in moles per litre?) g 1mol –3 [AgBrO3] = 1.96 x = 8.31 x 10 M L 235 .8 g –3 EXAMPLE: The molar solubility of PbI2 is 1.37 x 10 M. Express this value in grams per litre. –3 mol 461.0 g g Solubility (g/L) = 1.37 x 10 x = 0.632 L 1mol L o EXAMPLE: It is experimentally found that 0.250 L of saturated CaCl2 contains 18.6 g of CaCl2 at 20 C. What is the molar solubility of CaCl2? 18.6 g 1mol [CaCl2] = x = 0.670 M 0 .250L 111 .1g Note: Unless otherwise indicated, assume all solutions are at a temperature of 25oC. EXERCISES: o 1. Aluminum fluoride, AlF3 , has a solubility of 5.59 g/L at 20 C. Express this solubility in moles per litre. o 2. Lead (II) chloride, PbCl2 , has a solubility of 0.99 g/100.0 mL at 20 C. Calculate the molar solubility of PbCl2 . –3 o 3. The molar solubility of MgCO3 is 1.26 x 10 M at 25 C. Express this value in grams per litre. –4 o 4. -
CCXL1.- the Electrochemistry of Solutions in Acetone. Part I
View Article Online / Journal Homepage / Table of Contents for this issue 2 I38 ROSHDESTWENSKY AND LEWlS THE CCXL1.- The Electrochemistry of Solutions in Acetone. Part I. By ALEXANDERROSHDESTWENSEY and WILLIAM CUDMORE MCCULLAGHLEWIS. WHILSTa considerable amount of attention has been directed to the electrochemical behaviour of methyl and ethyl alcohols, rela- tively few measurements are recorded in the caw of solutions in acetone. The present paper contains the resulk of an investigation undertaken to supply to a certain extent this deficiency. The solutes employed were lithium nitrate and silver nitrate, the latter being examined in greater detail. Before giving our own meamrements, it is necessary to indicate briefly some of the results obtained by other observers which bear directly on the results obtained by us.* As regards the electrolysis of saturated silver nitrate solutions in acetone, Kahlenberg (J. physicd C‘Aem., 1900,4, 349) found that the metal was precipitated in a coherent form, but “the solution conducts so poorly ” that it was impossible to verify Faxaday’s law. In the same paper Kahlenberg gives some results of electromotive force measurements of Ag i AgNO, concentration cells in pyridine and acetonitrile respectively, with regard to which he concludes that the Nernst expressions are inapplicable. Kahlenberg asumes that the liquid/liquid potential difference is negligible, which, in the case of acetone at least, we shall show later is not the case. The specific conductivity of acetone itself has been meamred by Dutoit and Levier (J. Chim. phys., 1905, 3,435), the value obtained Published on 01 January 1911. Downloaded by Freie Universitaet Berlin 09/04/2018 17:53:03. -
Sustainable Triazine-Based Dehydro-Condensation Agents for Amide Synthesis
molecules Article Sustainable Triazine-Based Dehydro-Condensation Agents for Amide Synthesis Roberto Sole 1 , Vanessa Gatto 2 , Silvia Conca 1 , Noemi Bardella 1, Andrea Morandini 1 and Valentina Beghetto 1,2,* 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia, Italy; [email protected] (R.S.); [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (N.B.); [email protected] (A.M.) 2 Crossing srl, Viale della Repubblica 193/b, 31100 Treviso, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-041-2348928 Abstract: Conventional methods employed today for the synthesis of amides often lack of economic and environmental sustainability. Triazine-derived quaternary ammonium salts, e.g., 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMTMM(Cl)), emerged as promising dehydro-condensation agents for amide synthesis, although suffering of limited stability and high costs. In the present work, a simple protocol for the synthesis of amides mediated by 2-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine (CDMT) and a tert-amine has been described and data are compared to DMTMM(Cl) and other CDMT-derived quaternary ammonium salts (DMT-Ams(X), X: − − Cl or ClO4 ). Different tert-amines (Ams) were tested for the synthesis of various DMT-Ams(Cl), but only DMTMM(Cl) could be isolated and employed for dehydro-condensation reactions, while all CDMT/tert-amine systems tested were efficient as dehydro-condensation agents. Interestingly, in best reaction conditions, CDMT and 1,4-dimethylpiperazine gave N-phenethyl benzamide in 93% yield in 15 min, with up to half the amount of tert-amine consumption. -
Kinetic Modeling and Mechanistic Investigations of Transesterification of Propylene Carbonate with Methanol Over Fe-Mn Double Metal Cyanide Catalyst
Reaction Chemistry & Engineering Kinetic Modeling and Mechanistic Investigations of Transesterification of Propylene Carbonate with Methanol over Fe-Mn Double Metal Cyanide Catalyst Journal: Reaction Chemistry & Engineering Manuscript ID RE-ART-09-2019-000372.R1 Article Type: Paper Date Submitted by the 21-Oct-2019 Author: Complete List of Authors: Song, Ziwei; Yanshan University, Subramaniam, Bala; University of Kansas, Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis Chaudhari, Raghunath; University of Kansas, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Page 1 of 23 Reaction Chemistry & Engineering Kinetic Modeling and Mechanistic Investigations of Transesterification of Propylene Carbonate with Methanol over Fe-Mn Double Metal Cyanide Catalyst Ziwei Song, a,b,c Bala Subramaniam, a,b and Raghunath V. Chaudhari* a,b aCenter for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, University of Kansas, 1501 Wakarusa Dr. Lawrence, KS 66047, United States bDepartment of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1503 W 15th St. Lawrence, KS 66045, United States cDepartment of Chemical Engineering, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China *Corresponding author: [email protected] KEYWORDS: double metal cyanide, transesterification, dimethyl carbonate, microkinetic modeling 1 Reaction Chemistry & Engineering Page 2 of 23 Abstract Kinetic modeling of transesterification of propylene carbonate with methanol using Fe-Mn double metal cyanide catalyst has been investigated based on experimental data obtained under kinetically controlled conditions in a batch slurry reactor in the 140-200 °C range. A simple two-step power law model was found to represent the experimental data well. In addition, a detailed kinetic model based on a molecular level description of the reaction mechanism is also evaluated to provide better insight into the reaction mechanism. -
Dimethyl Carbonate
SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY UNIFIED AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT Appendix B: OEHHA Final Revised Assessment November 18, 2010 APPENDIX B OEHHA FINAL REVISED HEALTH ASSESSMENT FOR DIMETHYL CARBONATE November 18, 2010 Draft Staff Report with Appendices for Draft Amendments to Rule 1020 SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY UNIFIED AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT Appendix B: OEHHA Final Revised Assessment November 18, 2010 This page intentionally blank. B-2 Draft Staff Report with Appendices for Draft Amendments to Rule 1020 Appendix B: OEHHA Assessment November 18, 2010 Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Joan E. Denton, Ph.D., Director Headquarters ••• 1001 I Street ••• Sacramento, California 95814 Mailing Address: P.O. Box 4010 ••• Sacramento, California 95812-4010 Oakland Office ••• Mailing Address: 1515 Clay Street, 16th Floor ••• Oakland, California 94612 Linda S. Adams Arnold Schwarzenegger Secretary for Environmental Protectiony Governor M E M O R A N D U M TO: Richard Corey, Chief Research and Economic Studies Branch Research Division Air Resources Board FROM: Melanie A. Marty, Ph.D., Chief Air Toxicology and Epidemiology Branch DATE: December 8, 2009 SUBJECT: REVISED ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO DIMETHYL CARBONATE, A CHEMICAL PETITIONED FOR EXEMPTION FROM VOC RULES Recently the Research Division sent the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) an application for VOC Exempt Status in the State of California for Dimethyl Carbonate. This was submitted by Kowa Corporation, who propose use of from 2 to possibly 5 million pounds of dimethyl carbonate per year as a niche solvent in California, if dimethyl carbonate is exempted from VOC regulations. In response to a request from the Division, OEHHA recently provided you a review of the health effects of dimethyl carbonate. -
Gas-Phase Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate from Methanol and Carbon Dioxide Over Co1.5PW12O40 Keggin-Type Heteropolyanion
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 1343-1351; doi:10.3390/ijms11041343 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Article Gas-Phase Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate from Methanol and Carbon Dioxide Over Co1.5PW12O40 Keggin-Type Heteropolyanion Ahmed Aouissi *, Zeid Abdullah Al-Othman and Amro Al-Amro Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]. Received: 22 January 2010; in revised form: 9 March 2010 / Accepted: 29 March 2010 / Published: 31 March 2010 Abstract: The reactivity of Co1.5PW12O40 in the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from CO2 and CH3OH was investigated. The synthesized catalyst has been characterized by means of FTIR, XRD, TG, and DTA and tested in gas phase under atmospheric pressure. The effects of the reaction temperature, time on stream, and methanol weight hourly space velocity (MWHSV) on the conversion and DMC selectivity were investigated. The highest conversion (7.6%) and highest DMC selectivity (86.5%) were obtained at the lowest temperature used (200 °C). Increasing the space velocity MWHSV increased the selectivity of DMC, but decreased the conversion. A gain of 18.4% of DMC selectivity was obtained when the MWHSV was increased from 0.65 h-1 to 3.2 h-1. Keywords: heteropolyanion; Keggin structure; methanol; dimethyl carbonate; direct synthesis; carbon dioxide 1. Introduction Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) has drawn much attention in recent years as an environmentally friendly versatile intermediate. It has been used as a good solvent [1], an alkylation agent [2], and a substitute for highly toxic phosgene and dimethyl sulfate in many chemical processes [3,4]. -
A Convenient and Safe O-Methylation of Flavonoids with Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC)
Molecules 2011, 16, 1418-1425; doi:10.3390/molecules16021418 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Article A Convenient and Safe O-Methylation of Flavonoids with Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC) Roberta Bernini *, Fernanda Crisante and Maria Cristina Ginnasi Dipartimento di Agrobiologia e Agrochimica, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]. Received: 16 November 2010; in revised form: 23 January 2011 / Accepted: 27 January 2011 / Published: 9 February 2011 Abstract: Dietary flavonoids exhibit beneficial health effects. Several epidemiological studies have focused on their biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular properties. More recently, these compounds have shown to be promising cancer chemopreventive agents in cell culture studies. In particular, O-methylated flavonoids exhibited a superior anticancer activity than the corresponding hydroxylated derivatives being more resistant to the hepatic metabolism and showing a higher intestinal absorption. In this communication we describe a convenient and efficient procedure in order to prepare a large panel of mono- and dimethylated flavonoids by using dimethyl carbonate (DMC), an ecofriendly and non toxic chemical, which plays the role of both solvent and reagent. In order to promote the methylation reaction under mild and practical conditions, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7- ene (DBU) was added in the solution; methylated flavonoids were isolated in high yields and with a high degree of purity. This methylation protocol avoids the use of hazardous and high toxic reagents (diazomethane, dimethyl sulfate, methyl iodide). Keywords: methylated flavonoids; ecofriendly methylation reaction; dimethyl carbonate (DMC); green chemistry 1. -
Chemistry Curriculum L1
1 CHEMISTRY The Nature of Chemistry Topic(s) Concepts Competencies (Eligible Anchor Descriptions Vocabulary Textbook Duration (with Standards) Content) Pages (in days) The Scientific 3.2.10.A6: CHEM.A.1.1.1: CHEM.A.1.1: The Nature of Chemistry L1: Ch 1 (p3-27) 2-5 Method • Compare and contrast • Classify physical or • Identify and describe how Analytical chemistry scientific theories. chemical changes within a observable and measurable Biochemistry Laboratory • Know that both direct system in terms of matter properties can be used to Chemistry Procedure(s) and indirect observations and/or energy. classify and describe matter Inorganic chemistry and Safety are used by scientists to and energy. Organic chemistry study the natural world CHEM.A.1.1.2: Physical chemistry The Metric and universe. • Classify observations as Science System, • Identify questions and qualitative and/or Technology Significant concepts that guide quantitative. Figures, and scientific investigations. Scientific Methods and L1 and L2: 2-5 Measurement • Formulate and revise CHEM.A.1.1.3: Laboratory Safety & Teacher and explanations and models • Utilize significant figures to Procedures department using logic and evidence. communicate the Control generated • Recognize and analyze uncertainty in a quantitative Control experiment materials; Flinn alternative explanations observation. Dependent variable Scientific Safetly and models. Erlenmeyer flask (E-flask) Contract • Explain the importance of Graduated cylinder accuracy and precision in Hypothesis making valid Independent variable measurements. Laboratory balance Laboratory burner 3.2.C.A6: Law • Examine the status of Observation existing theories. Science Scientific method • Evaluate experimental Theory information for relevance Variable and adherence to Laboratory equipment science processes. -
Propylene Carbonate Extraction for Recovery of Poly-3-Hydroxybutryate
1 Propylene Carbonate Extraction for Recovery of Poly-3-hydroxybutryate Abstract Propylene Carbonate Distillation Poly -3-hydroxybutryate (PHB) is a biopolymer produced Propylene Carbonate is an organic solvent produced as a storage molecule for energy and carbon under • Waste solution recovered after PHB by combining propylene oxide with carbon dioxide. It is poor growth conditions in certain organisms. PHB is a precipitation consisted of Propylene considered a polar aprotic solvent (no proton to donate) class of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), which have Carbonate and Ethanol Due to its characteristics (low vapor pressure, stability, similar properties to plastics derived from petroleum. PHB provides an environmentally friendly alternative to and high polarity) it is used in many applications. These include • Through distillation, both the Ethanol production of fibers and textiles, dyeing, personal care agents petroleum -based plastics due to its biodegradability and and Propylene Carbonate have been and cosmetics, and a component of some adhesives. It is also method of production. It can be produced by recovered. considered non-toxic making it more suitable to use at larger recombinant Escherichia coli, harvested from the cell, scales. and recovered. One of the major expenses of • Recovered 70% Propylene producing PHB is the extraction of the PHB from the Carbonate and nearly all Ethanol biomass. This study focused on evaluating different methods of PHB extraction for their ability to effectively • Preliminary experiments show no extract PHB from E. coli biomass and the feasibility of Propylene Carbonate Extraction Procedure Distillation apparatus to recover Propylene difference in the yield of PHB scaling up those processes. These processes provide a Carbonate and Ethanol from waste stream extracted with distilled Propylene 125 L Bioreactor way to produce PHB from growing E. -
101 Lime Solvent
Sure Klean® CLEANING & PROTECTIVE TREATMENTS 101 Lime Solvent Sure Klean® 101 Lime Solvent is a concentrated acidic cleaner for dark-colored brick and tile REGULATORY COMPLIANCE surfaces which are not subject to metallic oxidation. VOC Compliance Safely removes excess mortar and construction dirt. Sure Klean® 101 Lime Solvent is compliant with all national, state and district VOC regulations. ADVANTAGES • Removes construction dirt and excess mortar with TYPICAL TECHNICAL DATA simple cold water rinse. Clear, brown liquid • Removes efflorescence from new brick and new FORM Pungent odor stone construction. SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1.12 • Safer than muriatic acid on colored mortar and dark-colored new masonry surfaces. pH 0.50 @ 1:6 dilution • Proven effective since 1954. WT/GAL 9.39 lbs Limitations ACTIVE CONTENT not applicable • Not generally effective in removal of atmospheric TOTAL SOLIDS not applicable stains and black carbon found on older masonry VOC CONTENT not applicable surfaces. Use the appropriate Sure Klean® FLASH POINT not applicable restoration cleaner to remove atmospheric staining from older masonry surfaces. FREEZE POINT <–22° F (<–30° C) • Not for use on polished natural stone. SHELF LIFE 3 years in tightly sealed, • Not for use on treated low-E glass; acrylic and unopened container polycarbonate sheet glazing; and glazing with surface-applied reflective, metallic or other synthetic coatings and films. SAFETY INFORMATION Always read full label and SDS for precautionary instructions before use. Use appropriate safety equipment and job site controls during application and handling. 24-Hour Emergency Information: INFOTRAC at 800-535-5053 Product Data Sheet • Page 1 of 4 • Item #10010 – 102715 • ©2015 PROSOCO, Inc. -
US5349077.Pdf
|||||||||||||||| USOO5349077A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,349,077 Doya et al. 45 Date of Patent: Sep. 20, 1994 54 PROCESS FOR PRODUCING ALKYLENE 5,003,084 3/1991 Su et al. .............................. 549/230 CARBONATES FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 75 Inventors: Masaharu Doya; Takashi Ohkawa; Yutaka Kanbara; Aksushi Okamoto; 0443758 8/1991 European Pat. Off. Kenichi Kimizuka, all of Niigata, OTHER PUBLICATIONS Japan Chemical Abstracts, vol. 82, No. 23, Jun. 9, 1975, Co 73 Assignee: Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, lumbus, Ohio; Sergio Fumasoni et al. Inc., Tokyo, Japan Primary Examiner-José G. Dees 21 Appl. No.: 99,461 Assistant Examiner-Joseph M. Conrad, III 22 Filed: Jul. 30, 1993 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Wenderoth, Lind & Ponack (30) Foreign Application Priority Data (57) ABSTRACT Jul. 31, 1992 JP Japan .................................. 4-205362 A process for producing alkylene carbonates which Jul. 31, 1992 (JP) Japan .......................... ... 4-205363 comprises reacting urea and glycols described by the Jul. 31, 1992 JP Japan .......................... ... 4-205364 general formula RCH(OH) CH2OH; wherein R repre Jun. 30, 1993 JP Japan .................................. 5-161857 sents hydrogen or an alkyl group containing 1 to 4 51) Int. Cl. .............................................. CO7C 69/96 carbons, using a catalyst containing zinc, magnesium, 52 U.S. Cl. .................................... 558/260; 549/229; lead or calcium at reduced pressures. The alkylene 549/230 carbonates are produced with high yield easily using 58 Field of Search ................. 558/260; 549/229, 230 raw materials which are comparatively inexpensive with a mild reaction that does not involve explosive or 56) References Cited hazardous materials. U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 2,773,881 12/1956 Dunn et al. -
Solvent Effects on the Thermodynamic Functions of Dissociation of Anilines and Phenols
University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 1982 Solvent effects on the thermodynamic functions of dissociation of anilines and phenols Barkat A. Khawaja University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Khawaja, Barkat A., Solvent effects on the thermodynamic functions of dissociation of anilines and phenols, Master of Science thesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, 1982.