DOCSLIB.ORG

London and the Constitution of Homosexuality, 1885- 1914 Cook, Matthew David

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
London and the Constitution of Homosexuality, 1885- 1914 Cook, Matthew David The Inverted City: London and the Constitution of Homosexuality, 1885- 1914 Cook, Matthew David The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author For additional information about this publication click this link. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/jspui/handle/123456789/1620 Information about this research object was correct at the time of download; we occasionally make corrections to records, please therefore check the published record when citing. For more information contact [email protected] 1. The Inverted City London and the Constitution of Homosexuality, 1885-1914 Thesis submitted to the University of London for the degree of PhD by: Matthew David Cook Queen Mary and Westfield College, UTIp, University of London. 2. Abstract This thesis examines the ways in which male homosexuality came to be closely associated with urban life between 1885 and 1914. It focuses on London and argues that particular aspects of the city's history and reputation were integral to the social, sexual and political aspects of emerging homosexual identities. The thesis draws on literature, sexology, the largely overlooked diaries and scrapbooks of George Ives (an early campaigner for homosexual law reform), and previously unexamined newspaper reports. The first chapter outlines changes to London during the period, and examines the intensification of concerns about poverty, degeneracy, decadence and sexual profligacy. The chapters that follow show how these changes and concerns informed understanding and expressions of homosexuality. Chapter two looks at the history of homosexuality in London, and indicates the significance of urban change in shaping patterns of behaviour. Chapter three examines legislation, the ways in which men were policed and surveyed in London, and newspaper accounts of court cases. Chapter four shows how sexology strengthened and elaborated this connection between homosexuality and the city. The last two chapters consider material written by, and explicitly or implicitly concerning, men involved in homosexual activity. Chapter five discusses how the city provided an ideal locale for a decadent understanding of desire, and the final chapter focuses on writing that attempted to counter this decadence with an appeal to Hellenism and pastoralism. It shows how the city was envisaged as a locus for the formation of political and sexual identities that might initiate a process of social change. 3. Contents List of figures 4 Acknowledgements 5 Abbreviations 6 Introduction . 7 1.The Disorderly City: London, 1885-1914 23 2. London and the Cities of the Plain: Mapping Homosexuality in the Metropolis 59 3. The 'Grossly Indecent' City: Courts, Newspapers, and the Homo sexual' Criminal 90 4. The Inverted City: Kraflt-Ebing, Havelock Ellis, Bloch and the Metropolis 126 5. The Decadent City: London, Paris and The Orient' 149 6. The Hellenic City: London, 'Greek love' and Pastoralism 187 Conclusion 217 Appendix: Arrest and conviction figures for 'sodomy', 'intent to commit sodomy', and 'gross indecency between males', 1880-1915 223 Bibliography 225 4. Figures i. George Ives in old age 22 ii. Ordinance survey map of the West End in 1870, before the construction of Shaftesbury Avenue, Charing Cross and Piccadilly Circus 25 iii. Ordinance survey map of the West End in 1894, after the construction of Shaftesbury Avenue, Charing Cross and Piccadilly Circus 26 iv. Ordinance survey map of Holborn in 1873, before the construction of Kingsway 27 v. Ordinance survey map of Holborn in 1914, after the construction of Kingsway 28 vi Frontispiece of The Lives of Boulton and Park 72 vii.'The West End Scandal Case: Severe Sentence on Mr Parke', The Illustrated Police News, Jan.25, 1890 107 5. Acknowledgements This thesis was funded in part by the British Academy. I am grateful to them and to Gwladys Cook and Nick Bridgmont who provided additional financial assistance. I owe special thanks to Daniel Pick and Comelia Cook for their expert supervision and for their unstinting encouragement and support. Sarah Waters also supervised the early stages of the thesis, and read a final draft. Her help and advice were invaluable. Gareth Stedman Jones and Katharina Rowild read parts of the thesis, and Nick Bridgmont, Anna Davin and Sadie Wearing read the whole thing; I am extremely grateful for their insights and comments. Discussions with Laurel Brake, Christopher Breward, Lesley Hall, Lynda Nead, Miles Ogborn, and members of the QMW postgraduate critical theory reading group all proved very helpful. The librarians and staff at the Bodleian Library, British Library, Colindale Newspaper Library, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center (especially Pat Fox), London Library, London Metropolitan Archive, and Weilcome Institute all smoothed the research process. Ed Maggs at Maggs & Co. Booksellers allowed me extensive access to George Ives's scrapbooks before they were sold to the Beinecke Library. Finally, I have been very fortunate to have the support of Gwladys Cook, John Daniel, Amber Jacobs, Madeline Joinson, Allegra Madgwick, Matthew Weait and Sadie Wearing. Nick Bridgmont has been there for me throughout. 6. Abbreviations BLY Beinecke Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Yale University. HREIRC Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, The University of Texas at AUstin. JJC The John Johnson Collection, Bodleian Library, Oxford. LCC London County Council Archive, London Metropolitan Archives, London. 7. Introduction This thesis examines the ways in which male homosexuality came to be closely associated with urban life between 1885 and 1914.1 It is in part a history of male homosexuality in London during this period, though its focus is more particularly on the way ideas of homosexual behaviour developed in dialogue with contemporary hopes and fears about the city. The figure of the male homosexual, the thesis argues, was positioned consistently within an urban framework in a range of different writings, from the newspaper press and sexology to fiction and poetry. As a result the city became integral to the social, sexual and political aspects of emerging homosexual identities. Raymond Williams has fhmously described the years 1880-1914 as an interregnum, the time between all that is associated with the term Victorian and all that went with the war and modernism. He notes of the writers of this period: 'We shall not find in them [...] anything very new: a working out, rather, of unfinished lines; a tentative redirection. Such work requires notice, but suggests brevity'. 2 Since this partial dismissal, however, and particularly in the last ten years, the period has attracted much critical attention, largely because it has been identified as a time of transition. It was, argues José Harris: a unique period in the development of British society, when opinion had been emancipated from an ancient Church-State establishment but in which the homogenising forces of the new mass media were still in their inuhncy. The result was a bewildering diversity of beiei and styles of life.3 These years have featured especially in the analysis of shifts in conceptions of gender and sexuality. Judith Walkowitz, for example, sees a change at this time in the ways women used public space,4 whilst Michael Roper and John Tosh identiIr a 'marked 1 This thesis centres on male homosexuality in order not to collapse the specificities of the relationship between men and the city with that between women and the city. For a discussion of women and the late-nineteenth century city see Judith Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late Victorian London (London,1992); Lynda Nead, Myths of Sexuality:. Representation of Women in Victorian Britain (Oxford, 1988); Deborah Epstein Nord, Walking the Victorian Streets: Womea. Representation and the City (London, 1995); Elizabeth Wilson, The Sphinx and the City: Urban Life, the Control of Disorder. and Women (London, 1991). 2Raymond Williams, Culture and Society Coleridge to Orwell (London, 1987), p.161. José Harris, Private Lives, Public Spirit: A Social History of Britain, 1870-19 14 (Oxford, 1993), pp.38-39. 'Walkowitz, op.cit., ch.2. Lynda Nead has challenged Walkowitz's assertions by showing how women were using public space independently and confidently in the 1860s. Lynda Nead, '"The Rape of Glances": Men Women and Streets in Victorian London' (unpublished paper presented at the 'Viewing London' seminar series, BFI/Birkbeck College, 2 Mar.1998); Nead, 'Mapping the Se1f 8. shift in the codes of manliness' from 'the evangelicals and Dr Arnold to the respect for muscle and might at the close of the Victorian era'. 5 Catherine Hall describes a similar trajectory, and notes a concomitant late nineteenth-century repositioning within the middle class to a fuller embrace of ideas of order, hierarchy, and popular imperialism.6 Michel Foucault, Jeffrey Weeks, Alan Sinfleld, Ed Cohen, Regenia Gagnier and Linda Dowling (amongst others) have meanwhile indicated significant changes in ideas about male homosexual behaviour, associated with the rise of sexology, changes in the law, the Wilde trials, the aesthetic and decadent movements, and the renewed interest in Hellenic social and sexual systems.7 During the same period greater London grew by around fifty per cent in terms of population, from 4.7 million to just over seven million. 8 During this time the city saw significant if piecemeal change. The suburbs grew dramatically and the West End was transformed with the development of leisure and shopping fhcilities, thoroughkes, and imposing public buildings. Urban poverty was meanwhile gaining extensive exposure in the work of the 'urban explorers'. As London became grander and more visibly imperial, it seemed that it was also becoming more cosmopolitan, more socially divided, more degraded and disordered. The changes in ideas about gender, sexuality, and class mentioned above can each be seen in the intensifring concerns about the state of the city and the condition of its residents.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Admiralty Arch, Commissioned
    RAFAEL SERRANO Beyond Indulgence THE MAN WHO BOUGHT THE ARCH commissioned We produced a video of how the building will look once restored and by Edward VII in why we would be better than the other bidders. We explained how Admiralty Arch, memory of his mother, Queen Victoria, and designed by Sir Aston the new hotel will look within London and how it would compete Webb, is an architectural feat and one of the most iconic buildings against other iconic hotels in the capital. in London. Finally, we presented our record of accountability and track record. It is the gateway between Buckingham Palace and Trafalgar Square, but few of those driving through the arch come to appreciate its We assembled a team that has sterling experience and track record: harmony and elegance for the simple reason that they see very little Blair Associates Architecture, who have several landmark hotels in of it. Londoners also take it for granted to the extent that they simply London to their credit and Sir Robert McAlpine, as well as lighting, drive through without giving it further thought. design and security experts. We demonstrated we are able to put a lot of effort in the restoration of public spaces, in conservation and This is all set to change within the next two years and the man who sustainability. has taken on the challenge is financier-turned-developer Rafael I have learned two things from my investment banking days: Serrano. 1. The importance of team work. When JP Morgan was first founded When the UK coalition government resolved to introduce more they attracted the best talent available.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the Commonwealth
    Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in The Commonwealth Struggles for Decriminalisation and Change Edited by Corinne Lennox and Matthew Waites Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in The Commonwealth: Struggles for Decriminalisation and Change Edited by Corinne Lennox and Matthew Waites © Human Rights Consortium, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London, 2013 This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NCND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities-digital-library.org ISBN 978-1-912250-13-4 (2018 PDF edition) DOI 10.14296/518.9781912250134 Institute of Commonwealth Studies School of Advanced Study University of London Senate House Malet Street London WC1E 7HU Cover image: Activists at Pride in Entebbe, Uganda, August 2012. Photo © D. David Robinson 2013. Photo originally published in The Advocate (8 August 2012) with approval of Sexual Minorities Uganda (SMUG) and Freedom and Roam Uganda (FARUG). Approval renewed here from SMUG and FARUG, and PRIDE founder Kasha Jacqueline Nabagesera. Published with direct informed consent of the main pictured activist. Contents Abbreviations vii Contributors xi 1 Human rights, sexual orientation and gender identity in the Commonwealth: from history and law to developing activism and transnational dialogues 1 Corinne Lennox and Matthew Waites 2
    [Show full text]
  • HARDWICK and Historiographyt
    HARDWICK AND HISTORIOGRAPHYt William N. Eskridge, Jr.* In this article, originally presented as a David C. Baum Me- morial Lecture on Civil Liberties and Civil Rights at the University of Illinois College of Law, Professor William Eskridge critically examines the holding of the United States Supreme Court in Bow- ers v. Hardwick, where the Court held, in a 5-4 opinion, that "ho- mosexual sodomy" between consenting adults in the home did not enjoy a constitutionalprotection of privacy and could be criminal- ized by state statute. Because the Court's opinion critically relied on an originalistinterpretation of the Constitution, Professor Es- kridge reconstructs the history and jurisprudence of sodomy laws in the United States until the present day. He argues that the Hard- wick ruling rested upon an anachronistictreatment of sodomy reg- ulation at the time of the Fifth (1791) or Fourteenth (1868) Amendments. Specifically, the Framersof those amendments could not have understood sodomy laws as regulating oral intercourse (Michael Hardwick's crime) or as focusing on "homosexual sod- omy" (the Court's focus). Moreover, the goal of sodomy regula- tion before this century was to assure that sexual intimacy occur in the context of procreative marriage,an unconstitutional basis for criminal law under the Court's privacy jurisprudence. In short, Professor Eskridge suggests that the Court's analysis of sodomy laws had virtually no connection with the historical understanding of eighteenth or mid-nineteenth century regulators. Rather, the Court's analysis reflected the Justices' own preoccupation with "homosexual sodomy" and their own nervousness about the right of privacy previous Justices had found in the penumbras of the Constitution.
    [Show full text]
  • Detestable Offenses: an Examination of Sodomy Laws from Colonial America to the Nineteenth Century”
    “Detestable Offenses: An Examination of Sodomy Laws from Colonial America to the Nineteenth Century” Taylor Runquist Western Illinois University 1 The act of sodomy has a long history of illegality, beginning in England during the reign of Henry VIII in 1533. The view of sodomy as a crime was brought to British America by colonists and was recorded in newspapers and law books alike. Sodomy laws would continue to adapt and change after their initial creation in the colonial era, from a common law offense to a clearly defined criminal act. Sodomy laws were not meant to persecute homosexuals specifically; they were meant to prevent the moral corruption and degradation of society. The definition of homosexuality also continued to adapt and change as the laws changed. Although sodomites had been treated differently in America and England, being a sodomite had the same social effects for the persecuted individual in both countries. The study of homosexuals throughout history is a fairly young field, but those who attempt to study this topic are often faced with the same issues. There are not many historical accounts from homosexuals themselves. This lack of sources can be attributed to their writings being censored, destroyed, or simply not withstanding the test of time. Another problem faced by historians of homosexuality is that a clear identity for homosexuals did not exist until the early 1900s. There are two approaches to trying to handle this lack of identity: the first is to only treat sodomy as an act and not an identity and the other is to attempt to create a homosexual identity for those convicted of sodomy.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Woman Criminal in British Culture at the Fin De Siècle
    FRAMED DIGITALCULTUREBOOKS is a collaborative imprint of the University of Michigan Press and the University of Michigan Library. FRAMED The New Woman Criminal in British Culture at the Fin de Siècle ELIZABETH CAROLYN MILLER The University of Michigan Press AND The University of Michigan Library ANN ARBOR Copyright © 2008 by Elizabeth Carolyn Miller All rights reserved Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press and the University of Michigan Library Manufactured in the United States of America c Printed on acid-free paper 2011 2010 2009 2008 4321 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Miller, Elizabeth Carolyn, 1974– Framed : the new woman criminal in British culture at the fin de siècle / Elizabeth Carolyn Miller. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-472-07044-2 (acid-free paper) ISBN-10: 0-472-07044-4 (acid-free paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-472-05044-4 (pbk. : acid-free paper) ISBN-10: 0-472-05044-3 (pbk. : acid-free paper) 1. Detective and mystery stories, English—History and criticism. 2. English fiction—19th century—History and criticism. 3. Female offenders in literature. 4. Terrorism in literature. 5. Consumption (Economics) in literature. 6. Feminism and literature— Great Britain—History—19th century. 7. Literature and society— Great Britain—History—19th century.
    [Show full text]
  • FACE to FACE Gallery News Issue No
    P FACE TO FACE Gallery News Issue no. 6 Autumn 2003 Writing in this issue: Julian Fellowes, Bruce Oldfield and Gerald Scarfe FROM THE DIRECTOR The autumn exhibition Below Stairs: 400 Years of Servants’ Portraits offers an unusual opportunity to see fascinating images of those who usually remain invisible. The exhibition offers intriguing stories of the particular individuals at the centre of great houses, colleges or business institutions and reveals the admiration and affection that caused the commissioning of a portrait or photograph. We are also celebrating the completion of the new scheme for Trafalgar Square with the young people’s education project and exhibition, Circling the Square, which features photographs that record the moments when the Square has acted as a touchstone in history – politicians, activists, philosophers and film stars have all been photographed in the Square. Photographic portraits also feature in the DJs display in the Bookshop Gallery, the Terry O’Neill display in the Balcony Gallery and the Schweppes Photographic Portrait Prize launched in November in the Porter Gallery. Gerald Scarfe’s rather particular view of the men and women selected for the Portrait Gallery is published at the end of September. Heroes & Villains, is a light hearted and occasionally outrageous view of those who have made history, from Elizabeth I and Oliver Cromwell to Delia Smith and George Best. The Gallery is very grateful for the support of all of its Patrons and Members – please do encourage others to become Members and enjoy an association with us, or consider becoming a Patron, giving significant extra help to the Gallery’s work and joining a special circle of supporters.
    [Show full text]
  • Different Faces of One ‘Idea’ Jean-Yves Blaise, Iwona Dudek
    Different faces of one ‘idea’ Jean-Yves Blaise, Iwona Dudek To cite this version: Jean-Yves Blaise, Iwona Dudek. Different faces of one ‘idea’. Architectural transformations on the Market Square in Krakow. A systematic visual catalogue, AFM Publishing House / Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2016, 978-83-65208-47-7. halshs-01951624 HAL Id: halshs-01951624 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01951624 Submitted on 20 Dec 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Architectural transformations on the Market Square in Krakow A systematic visual catalogue Jean-Yves BLAISE Iwona DUDEK Different faces of one ‘idea’ Section three, presents a selection of analogous examples (European public use and commercial buildings) so as to help the reader weigh to which extent the layout of Krakow’s marketplace, as well as its architectures, can be related to other sites. Market Square in Krakow is paradoxically at the same time a typical example of medieval marketplace and a unique site. But the frontline between what is common and what is unique can be seen as “somewhat fuzzy”. Among these examples readers should observe a number of unexpected similarities, as well as sharp contrasts in terms of form, usage and layout of buildings.
    [Show full text]
  • The Burlington Arcade Would Like to Welcome You to a VIP Invitation with One of London’S Luxury Must-See Shopping Destinations
    The Burlington Arcade would like to welcome you to a VIP Invitation with one of London’s luxury must-see shopping destinations BEST OF BRITISH SUPERIOR LUXURY SHOPPING SERVICE & England’s oldest and longest shopping BEADLES arcade, open since 1819, The Burlington TOURS Arcade is a true luxury landmark in London. The Burlington Beadles Housing over 40 specialist shops and are the knowledgeable designer brands including Lulu Guinness uniformed guards and Jimmy Choo’s only UK menswear of the Arcade ȂƤǡ since 1819. They vintage watches, bespoke footwear and the conduct pre-booked Ƥ Ǥ historical tours of the Located discreetly between Bond Street Arcade for visitors and and Piccadilly, the Arcade has long been uphold the rules of the favoured by Royalty, celebrities and the arcade which include prohibiting the opening of cream of British society. umbrellas, bicycles and whistling. The only person who has been given permission to whistle in the Arcade is Sir Paul McCartney. HOTEL GUEST BENEFITS ǤǡƤ the details below and hand to the Burlington Beadles when you visit. They will provide you with the Burlington VIP Card. COMPLIMENTARY VIP EXPERIENCES ơ Ǥ Pre-booked at least 24 hours in advance. Ƥǣ ǡ the expert consultants match your personality to a fragrance. This takes 45 minutes and available to 1-6 persons per session. LADURÉE MACAROONS ǣ Group tea tasting sessions at LupondeTea shop can Internationally famed for its macaroons, Ǧ ơ Parisian tearoom Ladurée, lets you rest and Organic Tea Estate. revive whilst enjoying the surroundings of the To Pre-book simply contact Ellen Lewis directly on: beautiful Arcade.
    [Show full text]
  • Gay Legal Theatre, 1895-2015 Todd Barry University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected]
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 3-24-2016 From Wilde to Obergefell: Gay Legal Theatre, 1895-2015 Todd Barry University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Barry, Todd, "From Wilde to Obergefell: Gay Legal Theatre, 1895-2015" (2016). Doctoral Dissertations. 1041. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/1041 From Wilde to Obergefell: Gay Legal Theatre, 1895-2015 Todd Barry, PhD University of Connecticut, 2016 This dissertation examines how theatre and law have worked together to produce and regulate gay male lives since the 1895 Oscar Wilde trials. I use the term “gay legal theatre” to label an interdisciplinary body of texts and performances that include legal trials and theatrical productions. Since the Wilde trials, gay legal theatre has entrenched conceptions of gay men in transatlantic culture and influenced the laws governing gay lives and same-sex activity. I explore crucial moments in the history of this unique genre: the Wilde trials; the British theatrical productions performed on the cusp of the 1967 Sexual Offences Act; mainstream gay American theatre in the period preceding the Stonewall Riots and during the AIDS crisis; and finally, the contemporary same-sex marriage debate and the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Obergefell v. Hodges (2015). The study shows that gay drama has always been in part a legal drama, and legal trials involving gay and lesbian lives have often been infused with crucial theatrical elements in order to legitimize legal gains for LGBT people.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ecumenical Movement and the Origins of the League Of
    IN SEARCH OF A GLOBAL, GODLY ORDER: THE ECUMENICAL MOVEMENT AND THE ORIGINS OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS, 1908-1918 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Notre Dame in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by James M. Donahue __________________________ Mark A. Noll, Director Graduate Program in History Notre Dame, Indiana April 2015 © Copyright 2015 James M. Donahue IN SEARCH OF A GLOBAL, GODLY ORDER: THE ECUMENICAL MOVEMENT AND THE ORIGINS OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS, 1908-1918 Abstract by James M. Donahue This dissertation traces the origins of the League of Nations movement during the First World War to a coalescent international network of ecumenical figures and Protestant politicians. Its primary focus rests on the World Alliance for International Friendship Through the Churches, an organization that drew Protestant social activists and ecumenical leaders from Europe and North America. The World Alliance officially began on August 1, 1914 in southern Germany to the sounds of the first shots of the war. Within the next three months, World Alliance members began League of Nations societies in Holland, Switzerland, Germany, Great Britain and the United States. The World Alliance then enlisted other Christian institutions in its campaign, such as the International Missionary Council, the Y.M.C.A., the Y.W.C.A., the Blue Cross and the Student Volunteer Movement. Key figures include John Mott, Charles Macfarland, Adolf Deissmann, W. H. Dickinson, James Allen Baker, Nathan Söderblom, Andrew James M. Donahue Carnegie, Wilfred Monod, Prince Max von Baden and Lord Robert Cecil.
    [Show full text]
  • Reaching the Last Mile Innovative Business Models for Inclusive Development Public Disclosure Authorized Editors Elaine Tinsley and Natalia Agapitova
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Reaching the Last Mile Innovative Business Models for Inclusive Development Public Disclosure Authorized Editors Elaine Tinsley and Natalia Agapitova Reaching the Last Mile Social Enterprise Business Models for Inclusive Development Editors Elaine Tinsley and Natalia Agapitova © Copyright March 2018 The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20433 All rights reserved Photos: cover-bottom middle (Anvar Ilyasov/World Bank); p. 4, cover-top middle (AishaFaquir/ World Bank); p. 17 (egwestcentre.com); p. 32 (Text2Teach); p. 34, cover-bottom left (Jonathan Ernst/World Bank); p. 70 (ABBAS Farzami-Runi Consultancy/World Bank); p. 71 (Huong Lan Vu/World Bank); p. 86 (Trevor Samson/World Bank); p. 87 (Merck for Mothers); p. 100 (Arogya Triage@Home); p. 103, 182 (Living Goods); p. 121 (thebetterindia.com); p. 134 (LV Prasad Eye Institute); p. 137 (salaUno); p. 148 (Dominic Chavez/World Bank); p. 149 (AFRIpads); p. 163 (Jayashree Industries); p. 167 (Elmvh/Wikimedia Commons); p. 185 (ABN AMRO); p. 188 (Dana Smillie/World Bank); p. 189 (www.thinkindia.net.in); p. 200 (Mobisol); p. 204 (Onergy India); p. 217 (Devergy); p. 222, cover-top left (Graham Crouch/ World Bank); p. 223 (Allison Kweseli/World Bank); pp. 225, 238 (Ghana Wash Project); pp. 235, 265 (Safe Water Network India); p. 240, cover-bottom right (Curt Carnemark/ World Bank); pp. 241, 255 (Sanergy); p. 252 (Clean Team Ghana); p. 258 (Fresh Life); p. 259 (Almin Zrno/World Bank); p. 261 (WeCyclers); p. 286 (Farhana Asnap/World Bank); p. 287 (Simgas); p. 314 (Peter Kapuscinski/World Bank); p.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Sanitation – a Case Study in Yasmine and Awda Informal Settlements (Lebanon)
    Master's Thesis 2019 30 ECTS Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Sustainable sanitation – A case study in Yasmine and Awda informal settlements (Lebanon) Elisa Winger Eggen Master of Science in Water and Environmental Technology (M-VM) PREFACE This MSc thesis is my final work of the Master of Science in Water- and Environmental Technology at Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). The research is based on fieldwork undertaken from the 27th of January until the 3rd of March 2019 in Bekaa Valley, Bar Elias, Lebanon, aimed to find sustainable sanitation solutions in two refugee camps. The study has been carried out in close collaboration with Norwegian Church Aid (NCA), International Orthodox Christian Charities (IOCC) and Multiconsult. My motivation for this thesis was based on a desire to choose a research topic that could be meaningful for others, and my interest in water and sanitation in developing countries. I sincerely hope this will contribute to improvements and implementation of a holistic sanitation system which will benefit the people in the studied camps. Ås, May 14th, 2019 Elisa Winger Eggen I II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Working on this thesis has been exciting, challenging and educational. There is a lot of effort invested in the final version of the thesis, and the learning process to this point has been invaluable. Many have contributed to this work, whom I will like to thank; First and foremost, my deepest gratitude goes to my main supervisor, Professor Petter D. Jenssen, for his enormous inspiration, engagement, valuable feedback and support along the way. I would also like to thank Tor Valla (Multiconsult), Ioannis Georgiadis (NCA) and Manfred Arlt (NCA) for introducing me to this project in Lebanese refugee camps, where my education would be relevant and applied in practice.
    [Show full text]