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(Oysters and Mussels) in Korea

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(Oysters and Mussels) in Korea Journal of Radiation Protection and Research 2016;41(3):245-252 http://dx.doi.org/10.14407/jrpr.2016.41.3.245 pISSN 2508-1888 | eISSN 2466-2461 Annual Effective Dose of210 Po from Sea Food Origin (Oysters and Mussels) in Korea Boeun Cho1,2, Gi-Hoon Hong1, Suk Hyun Kim1,2,*, Hyunmi Lee1 1Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan; 2Department of Convergence Ocean Science and Technology Studies, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, Korea ABSTRACT Background: Ingestion of 210Po laden seafood accounts for a substantial amount of the effective dose of 210Po. Among seafood items, mollusks, especially domestically produced oysters and mussels, are highly enriched in 210Po and are consumed in large quantities in Korea. Materials and Methods: Oysters and mussels around the Korean coasts were collected from major farm areas in November 2013. Samples were spiked with an aliquot of 209Po as a yield -1 210 209 tracer, and they were digested with 6 mol·L HNO3 and H2O2. The Po and Po were spon- taneously deposited onto a silver disc in an acidic solution of 0.5 mol·L-1 HCl and measured us- ing an alpha spectrometer. The activity concentrations of210 Pb and 210Po were decay corrected to the sampling date, accounting for the possible in-growth and decay of 210Po. Results and Discussion: 210Po activity concentrations in oysters were in a range from 41.3 to 206 Bq·(kg-ww)-1 and mussels in a range from 42.9 to 46.7 Bq·(kg-ww)-1. The210 Po activity concentration of oysters in the turbid Western coast was higher than the Southern coast. The 210Po activity concentration of the oysters was positively correlated (R2 = 0.89) with those of the Original Research suspended particulate matter in the surface water. The calculated annual effective dose of210 Po from oysters and mussels consumed by the Korean population was 21-104 and 5.01-5.46 -1 Received February 23, 2016 μSv·y . The combined effective dose due to the consumption of oysters and mussels appears to Revision June 2, 2016 account for about 35 ± 19% of that arising from seafood consumption in the Korean population. Accepted June 7, 2016 Conclusion: The annual effective dose of210 Po for oysters in the Korean population was found Corresponding author: Suk Hyun Kim to be higher than other countries. The total annual effective dose of 210Po due to consumption of Korea Institute of Ocean Science & oysters and mussels consumed in Korea was found to be 76 ± 42 µSv·y-1 , accounting for Technology, 787 Hean-ro, Sangnok-gu, 210 Ansan 15627, Korea 28 ± 16% of the total effective dose of Po from food in Korea. Tel: +82-31-400-6181 210 Keywords: Po, Annual effective dose, Oyster, Mussel, Korea Fax: +82-31-408-4493 E-mail: [email protected] This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non- Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ Introduction licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non- commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly Polonium was discovered in 1898 by Marie and Pierre Curie during their studies of cited. thorium and uranium [1]. 210Po appears in the decay chain of 238U, emitting relatively Copyright © 2016 The Korean Association for Radiation Protection high alpha-ray energy of 5.3 MeV among its daughter nuclides and has a radioactive concentration of 1.66 TBq·g-1 [2, 3]. According to the hazard function (HF) model, daily intake of 210Po at 1 MBq per 1 kg of body weight may cause damage to the kidneys or other organs, and reduce the number of lymphocytes, leucocytes, erythrocytes, and hemoglobin in the body, generally causing death in 28 days or less [4]. In a marine environment, 210Po is produced by radioactive decay of 210Pb through ra- JRPR dioactive decay of 226Ra in seawater, or the fall of the daughter nuclides of inert gas 222Rn www.jrpr.org 245 JRPR Cho B, et al. emitted to the atmosphere in the decay chain of 238U from 6th raw data in 2013 of the Korea Centers for Disease Control the Earth's continental crust. After being emitted to air, 222Rn and Prevention reported that Koreans intake up to 244 g of changes into 210Pb, 210Bi, or 210Po with long half-lives from nu- oysters and 251 g of mussels per day. The country’s self-suffi- clides with shorter half-lives [5]. 210Po included in seawater is ciency ratio of shellfish is high at 84.6%, and a large part con- absorbed by phytoplankton and is biologically concentrated sists of domestically produced oysters and mussels [20]. as it travels through the upper food chain of the marine eco- Oysters and mussels contain a wide range of 210Po depend- system [6]. 210Po is then absorbed into the human body by ing on the region. Therefore, the annual effective dose of seafood intake. The annual effective dose of 210Po from sea- 210Po from oyster and mussel intake also varies largely by re- food consumption is reported to account for almost 87% of gion [21-27]. However, there has been no research conduct- its total annual effective dose through all food consumption ed within the Korea on annual effective dose of 210Po from [7]. Research shows that countries like Poland, Japan, Korea, oyster and mussel intake, although the country has high pro- and India have an especially high annual effective dose of duction and intake volume of both of the shellfish. This study 210Po through seafood intake [8-11]. In addition, mollusks are investigates the amount of 210Po contained in the edible parts known to have much higher 210Po concentration than fish of oysters and mussels produced in the Southern and West- among various other types of seafood by 1.7 times to 40 ern coasts of the Korean peninsula and estimates the annual times [12-15]. effective dose of 210Po from oyster and mussel intake. Most shellfish are filter feeders that clean up suspended organisms or plankton on seawater [16, 17]. During this pro- Materials and Methods cess, they intake dissolved 210Po along with other heavy met- als [18]. The level of metal contamination of sea water is of- 1. Sample preparation ten measured by the amount of metal included in oysters or Oysters and mussels are largely produced in the farms of mussels, which accumulates of metal inside thebody [19]. Seosan, Boryeong, Wando, Yeosu, and Tongyoung, located The data shown on fish statistics 2002-2012 by the Food on the Western and Southern coasts of Korea [28]. We pur- and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations put Ko- chased oysters (Crassostrea gigas) raised in Seosan, Bo- rea’s oyster production volume as the second highest among ryeong, Wando, Yeosu, and Tongyeong and mussels (Mytilis 49 nations, and that of mussels 8th among 50 nations. The coruscus) from Yeosu and Tongyeong in November 2013 to Fig. 1. Map of the sampling locations for oysters and mussels. 246 www.jrpr.org http://dx.doi.org/10.14407/jrpr.2016.41.3.245 210Po in Oysters and Mussels JRPR use as samples (Figure 1). The edible parts were used as collected and the analysis was carried out. samples and more than 10 kg per each region was collected To confirm the reliability of the analysis, we also measured in order to ensure reliability. The refrigerated samples were the reference material (IAEA-414) in mixed fish, which had transported to the lab and rinsed with distilled water to re- similar characteristics with the samples, and then conducted move the dirt. Then, the samples were freeze-dried, ground, the same experiment. The 210Po concentration of the refer- mixed, and divided into three pieces. Samples for analysis of ence material measured in this study was 2.2 ±0.1 Bq·(kg- 0.3 g were collected from each piece. The results were dw)-1(dry weight) (average±standard deviation). This was marked as the average±standard deviation after repeating within a 5% error range of the presented data of 2.1 Bq·(kg- the test three times. dw)-1 and within a confidence level of 1.8–2.5 Bq·(kg-dw)-1 (Table 1). 2. Analysis An amount of 0.3 g of the specimen was put into a 250 mL Results and Discussion Teflon beaker, and 17 mBq of 209Po was added as the yield -1 210 tracer. Next, 20 mL of 6 mol ·L HNO3 and 0.5 mL of H2O2 1. Po concentration in oysters and mussels were left at room temperature overnight then heated up to The 210Po concentrations in the edible parts of oysters col- 70°C on a heating plate to evaporate the HNO3 until the sam- lected in five regions of the Western and Southern coasts are ples were completely decomposed. If some substances re- presented in Table 2. The 210Po concentration was between mained undecomposed, we repeated the heating process af- 41.3±3.7 and 206±10 Bq·(kg-ww)-1, showing a wide range. 210 ter adding 4 mL of conc. HF and conc. HNO3. After the acid The Po concentrations in oysters collected from Tongyeong was evaporated at 70°C, we repeatedly added 2 mL of conc. and Yeosu, Southern coastal regions, were 41.3±3.7 Bq·(kg- -1 -1 HCl and heated it until the dissolvent turned from HNO3 to ww) and 55.8±21.2 Bq·(kg-ww) , respectively, lower than HCl. The completely dried samples were melted with 100 the oysters from Seosan, Boryeong, and Wando, the Western mL of 0.5 mol·L-1 HCl.
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