DOCSLIB.ORG

World Bank Document

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Thi5s laper in p): c;yrcd for t h Bank's internal use and is nxot for plbi,-to, Tho -viexws are Public Disclosure Authorized thoce of thoc awihorcts md ny1wt- nEocc ssnrwly thoc- of thkc 5Bmk.. MTERINATI0N1AtL 2AN.K Fil PLECONGTR.UCT I0J ADAimBIi1' IiJ'- I7AT ToI IL DAV.-I- . ,iT SASOCI&TION ll- L-.L ' -xt Tork}i.g ]Pc . To Public Disclosure Authorized ECOI:4 -'Y ' ('t 'v-v l t tiT)TJ 'TT2 5 .. tb S- a#z ,,' * -*.S *- . :. < I A -. '..- 1 1fC i;ol tK1 0WCr.t- I eJlE-frr "r ) ? '.wett'r, s on .fl--:.. Public Disclosure Authorized of I 1 C:( C e-- f" t;.''. t' t i '' H 4.. C,,^ ".,-'- an.1r aL'tiC t t.O. IC t.KLIra ! -. ::. , t 0 Public Disclosure Authorized TABLE OF COINENTS Page No. INTRODUCTION AND STJI4NARY CHPkPTER - MAR CIARACTERISTICS OF THE INDUSTRY The Market . l.a ae o * e * * e l 1 Yianufac-turing Processes .a e a .. e a. a e 2' - pulp o e * * * oa o * * o* ae a o . a4 .e 2 - Paper . a e . .e . .o . .4 . O * P 5 Integration C O . .O . O . e * . .e e e . 5 RaW aterials, Water and Power . e * o a G 7 Techlology . 6 aG * a e . .s *. a o a e 11 II - ECONOMIECS OF PULP AND PAPER 1%r,,AKIHrG Elemerxbs in Production Costs e . r a. * 17 -:Investment Costs .e . 18 - W1aterials, Water and Pow^Ser a . a o a o 21 - Labor . a o a& * 0 0 * 0e 0 4 0 9 314 E3co10noyrdes of Scal .C .o . 0o c . .o e 0 0 ela C 383 III - ORPLD WYTlS IN eov C)o RODUCTIOW A T,NMDrTFLADE Consumptioni by Regions and Countries . 0 . * . * . 44 - Woodpulp 4 G a e b 9 * e I 0 0 0 .a 0 r 0 c 4 144 - Paper 0 9 0 0 .0 4 * 0 .0 0 6 e 0 a0 o 4 4 C 146 Producrtion by Re i or and Count-rirs 0 *0 . .0 * 4 49 oOCipulp 0 .0 . * * * * S 49 - Papor 0 e a 0 * ao 9 0 e 51 Internationc)1 Trade . I0 0* * * * 0 9o 0 0 52 Per Cl):mit.a Consmption o-Pap3 * * * * G e G O 56 Intoe -tionazl Prices of Pulp and Pap= Prices * e* 9 58 APPEIT)TCI~S A Statistical Tables 68 B Wtorld',iclo PPulp arn P>aper Consuru t;:ion by RCg:Lori, 1 9198-1J. 5 II PoodpzT1pProcudu ctionwil' C1rL1.1,Pt.ionr1 . .* .. 4 II: Papcer P:roxiuciorl L'n .J Coinri uim.it:i; ,on * e o * t * C * v f* C The KiL't, P1l pi.p I.Y4c;cw^o *.* oe4 0 9 0eL * 86$ 836 B1BL1OC2RAPWll.' . 9 Ti- TABLES PaeNo. 6 1. Classification and Yields of Pulping Processes - Physical Inputs Per Air-Dried Metric Ton 2. Kraft Process 8 of Softwood Pulp 9 3. Wood Consumption per ton of Pulp in Selected Countries Average Water Requirements for the Production of Pulp and 4. 10 Paper Products 11 5. Energy Consu;Qption - kIJh per Ton of Pulp Developing Countries Fixed Investment Costs for Mills of 6. 20 25 to 200 Tons Daily Capacity Sample - Investment Costs for Pulp and Paper Mills 7. World-wide 22 of 25 to 750 Tons Daily Capacity Share of Capibal Costs in Total Production Cost for Various 8. 25 TypOs of IL;L1s of 100 Tons Daily Capacity Wood Consvm1-L-pt-iton Per Ton of Pulp ton of dry wood per 9. Pulp 26 ton of 90,5 pulp Average Age of Felling of Mvlain Softwood and HIardvood Species 10 27 Used for Pulping Prices in the United States, by Selected Species, 11. Pulpwood 28 1950-67 Pulpwood Prices, Delivered at Mill, in 1960 U.S.$ 12. Estimated 30 per ton of bone dry wood Average Prices of Major Inputs for the Production 13. Es-timated 32 of Pulp and Paper Products, 1966 14. Share of Matcrials and Power, Steam and Water in Total 33 Production Costs Labor Cost for Into,g-rtlcd and Nond-In,c-ratod Pulp 1. Direct 36 & Paper M4ills -iii TABT2S Page 1To1 45 16. Woodpulp Consumption by Areas, 1954i55 to 1964-65 48 17. Paper Conisumption by Areas, 1954-55 to 1964-65 50 18. Wboodpulp Production by Areas, 1954-55 and 1964-65 52 19. P,. ier Production by Areas 1954-55 and 1964-65 53 20. Comparison of WJorld Production and Ex-port Trade - 1913 to 1965 21. Regional Demand and Supply Balances of IWoodpulp and Paper,p 1954-55 and 1964-65 56 22. Per Capita Consumiption of Paper, 1964-65 from 23. Average Value Per Ton of United States Pulp Iq?pozts Canada, 1953-65 24. Domestic anld Thiport Prices of woodpiilp in the United States 60 and the UniUted KLn;>cii (US$ per iintric ton), 1;Iay-Jun-e 1968 of Q ; 25. United States - Avorage Vholesale Prices Per IMetric Ton 61 Selected Paper Products, 1964-163 CAPHS 23 I. Investment Costs for Various T-ypos of Integrated IYdlls 24. II. Investiment Costs for Various Types of Non-.Integrated hills and Paper I4illsq 50 to 200 Tons Daily Ca.-pacity III. Pulp 41 (Uniit hInestinent Required) IV. Pulp anid Paper Mis. 50 to 200 Tons Daily Capacity (Direct Unit THanu"La-CILw'-in.g Cost s) 42 V. Pulp c'1 Paper lls, 50 to 200 Tcn-is Daily C,ripacity 43 (Total Unit Prlcductio- Costs) iv- GRAPS Page Ndo Per Capita VI. ItRD - Relationship between Paper Consunaption 1965 62 1964-65 anad Gross National Product Per Capita. between VII. NORTH AFMIICA & W1ESTERN EUROPE - Relationship Capita 1964-65 and Gross National Paper Consumption Per 63 Product Per Capitba, 1965 A11HRICA - Relationship between Paper Consumption VIII. LATIN 1965 64 Per Capita 1964- 65 and G-ross lational Product Per Capita, between Paper Consumption Per Capita IX. AFRICA - Relationship 65 1964-65 and Gross National Product Per Capita, 1965 betwyeen Paper ConsumTption Per Capita Y. ASIA Relationsh.ip 66 1964-65 and Gross National Product Per Capita, 1965 XI. 1ORID (Regional Comparison) Relationship between Paper Per Capita 1964-65 and Gross National Product Consumption 67 Per Capita, 1965 -v IDTRODUCTIOIN AhlKD SUM'2'4AR Y 1. The object of this stuady is bo provide background information on the pulp and paper industry to facilitate an understanding of the ecollomic sspects which are relevant to establishment or expansion of the industry in developing counitries. 2. Chapter I review.s the major characteristics of the industry starting wzith a brief discussion of the nature of the demand for paper products followed by a review of the: main manufacturing processes and the importance of integrated mills producing concurrently both pulp and paper products. Chapter I also reviews the physical requiremerits o rcaw materials, water and power as well as techLnological changes in the industry. 3. Production of pulp and pap2rr requires large quantities of wood, chemicals, water and electricituy. Wood requirements represent the Iliaii item in terms -f both quantity and cost. Wood consumption per toni of pulp mlay vary i.-rn 25.ito 6 cubic meters of solid wood wnithout bark, depending on. the type of pulp produced. 4. TeclbnoloCical chair,o in t-he past t,wo decades has progresseda rapidly. Production is bcco-uitn incrc;easingly autonat-ed.-r- ::Ž2trj inl mmutl:lc:ing processes have been concc-ntrated in the use of soA:oo,v wiieb. are the species prodoiriThating in the C.evolopsd countriur- ic.uo:i c; on the ot'hor hand,, wfhichi prelodir nato in the cdr;,.;alopifg countries, are little used in pulpinf-, mainly because of theiLr in-feri.or physical :\L. uh in the prescntD state of the ar-ts., which m.-akes for greater costs co,_pite lower uniti pricCs. 5. Chapter II analyzcs imnv lrti;-e,nt costs, and thce omporti;ecf economies of scale., witht special referenrce to developing countlses. Production of pulp and paper has one of the highest capital-output ratios found in the industriael sector. Investm.,.nt costs per unit of ouLitpib are therefore high and they are also quite vuriable. Total investment per daily ton 1/ for a new 400 tons per day bIleached softwood sulphate pulp mill in NoFth Anmerica may va-wZr betwoen $87,500 ca-d $13'7.,500. 2/ Total invcstment, for a similar mill of 600 tons rer d;.ay would be in-the ordcnt' of $775,000 to $116,600 per ton daidL.r Capac:- f. 1/ Totoal invovL;trTic,-nt clof-in;- ao mii-.l Pc:.,;' Lnr,icncc,;i,t durinig conrttruc- tion, stL%rt-1zp CYvpon1.n2o financial Cl.T') L'Lo and worlklng capital. Thve,t.nu por daily ton equals total iaa-t .crt divrided by daily capacityO 2/ Thev total &t'mn:bs ar' ,in$35 *iIL' an-'. "$55 l,Udllion- vi- 6. Regarding integrated operations, total investment (defined as above) for a 400 tons per day linerboard mill could vary betwieen $75,000 and $125,000 per ton daily capacity. An integrated ndill of 100 tons per day of fine papers (wood-free wiriting and printing papers) requires a total in.restment froa $10 millIon to $30 million,, depe-nding upon the degree of integration with pulping facilities. 7. Total fixed investnmnt per daily ton (at 1960 prices) in a 100 tons per day mill operating in a developing country fluctuates between $135,000 for non-integrated unbleached chermical pulp, and $235,o00 -for irtegrated bleached paper. 8. Pulpwood is the principal material used in pulp and paper raw making anid accounts for approximately 80 per cent of total fibrous materials consumption.
Recommended publications
  • Simple Origami for Cub Scouts and Leaders

    Simple Origami for Cub Scouts and Leaders

    SIMPLE ORIGAMI FOR CUB SCOUTS AND LEADERS Sakiko Wehrman (408) 296-6376 [email protected] ORIGAMI means paper folding. Although it is best known by this Japanese name, the art of paper folding is found all over Asia. It is generally believed to have originated in China, where paper- making methods were first developed two thousand years ago. All you need is paper (and scissors, sometimes). You can use any kind of paper. Traditional origami patterns use square paper but there are some patterns using rectangular paper, paper strips, or even circle shaped paper. Typing paper works well for all these projects. Also try newspaper, gift-wrap paper, or magazine pages. You may even want to draw a design on the paper before folding it. If you want to buy origami paper, it is available at craft stores and stationary stores (or pick it up at Japan Town or China Town when you go there on a field trip). Teach the boys how to make a square piece from a rectangular sheet. Then they will soon figure out they can keep going, making smaller and smaller squares. Then they will be making small folded trees or cups! Standard origami paper sold at a store is 15cm x 15 cm (6”x6”) but they come as small as 4cm (1.5”) and as large as 24cm (almost 9.5”). They come in different colors either single sided or double sided. They also come in different patterns, varying from traditional Japanese patterns to sparkles. When you make an origami, take your time.
  • Crumple a Watershed

    Crumple a Watershed

    Crumple a Watershed Description: Students gain an intuitive knowledge of the physical aspects of watersheds by creating their own watershed models. Learning Objectives: This activity gives students an approachable perspective on watersheds by making simple watershed models. SCIENCE TOPICS PROCESS SKILLS GRADE LEVEL Geography Modeling 4 Geology Scale Watersheds Making Models TIME REQUIRED Advance Preparation Set Up Activity Clean Up 15 minutes 15 minutes 60 minutes 15 minutes SUPPLIES • One 8.5” x 11” sheet of paper per student, preferably graph paper. • One sheet of cardboard or tag board approximately 8.5” x 11”. (You do not have to be precise.) • Several different colors of water-soluble, non-permanent, felt markers (e.g. Crayola). The best colors are dark colors, such as black, brown, purple, blue and green. It is best for each student to have at least one blue marker. • Clean spray bottles. (You may want to have only one available.) • Scotch tape, one roll for every two students (can be shared). • Plastic relief map (if available). • One shaded, paper relief map. • Materials to photocopy: Science Background, Student Procedure, and Master A (1 each per student). Crumple a Watershed 1 Expedition Northwest 4th Grade Earth Science ©2006, OMSI ADVANCE PREPARATION • Fill clean spray bottles with tap water. • Cut the cardboard or tag board to size, approximately 8.5” x 11”. • Find a plastic relief map to use as an example, they are relatively inexpensive and can be found for every region of the state. • Find a paper, shaded relief map, also to be used as an example. You may want to cut one up to hand out a section to each student.
  • Waste Paper Derived Biochar for Sustainable Printing Products Staples Sustainable Innovation Laboratory Project SSIL16-002

    Waste Paper Derived Biochar for Sustainable Printing Products Staples Sustainable Innovation Laboratory Project SSIL16-002

    Waste Paper Derived Biochar for Sustainable Printing Products Staples Sustainable Innovation Laboratory Project SSIL16-002 Final Report Period of Performance: May 16, 2016 – December 31, 2017 Steven T. Barber and Thomas A. Trabold (PI) Golisano Institute for Sustainability Rochester Institute of Technology 1 A. Executive Summary Rationale for Research The Golisano Institute for Sustainability (GIS) at the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) performed a research and development assessment in conjunction with the Staples Sustainable Innovation Laboratory (SSIL) to determine the potential of pyrolyzed waste paper as a novel, cost- effective, environmentally friendly and sustainable black pigment for use in common consumer and commercial printing applications (e.g. inkjet, lithography and flexography). To do so, the primary focus of the project was the creation and testing of a stable form of elemental carbon called “biochar” (BC) to replace the heavy fuel oil derived “carbon black” (CB) pigment ubiquitously used in inks since the late 1800’s. Reducing the use of CB would lessen the demand for fossil fuels, decrease printing’s environmental impact and potentially save money since biochars are typically created from free or low cost waste feedstocks which would ordinarily be disposed. Prior published scientific research and patents demonstrated that biochars could be successfully made from box cardboard, paper towels and glossy paper. If paper waste biochars could then be successfully transformed into a sustainable black ink pigment replacement, significant commercial potential exists since the global printing ink market is forecasted to reach $23.8 billion by 2023 and consumers would like the option of a more ‘green’ alternative.
  • Viimeinen Päivitys 8

    Viimeinen Päivitys 8

    Versio 20.10.2012 (222 siv.). HÖYRY-, TEOLLISUUS- JA LIIKENNEHISTORIAA MAAILMALLA. INDUSTRIAL AND TRANSPORTATION HERITAGE IN THE WORLD. (http://www.steamengine.fi/) Suomen Höyrykoneyhdistys ry. The Steam Engine Society of Finland. © Erkki Härö [email protected] Sisältöryhmitys: Index: 1.A. Höyry-yhdistykset, verkostot. Societies, Associations, Networks related to the Steam Heritage. 1.B. Höyrymuseot. Steam Museums. 2. Teollisuusperinneyhdistykset ja verkostot. Industrial Heritage Associations and Networks. 3. Laajat teollisuusmuseot, tiedekeskukset. Main Industrial Museums, Science Centres. 4. Energiantuotanto, voimalat. Energy, Power Stations. 5.A. Paperi ja pahvi. Yhdistykset ja verkostot. Paper and Cardboard History. Associations and Networks. 5.B. Paperi ja pahvi. Museot. Paper and Cardboard. Museums. 6. Puusepänteollisuus, sahat ja uitto jne. Sawmills, Timber Floating, Woodworking, Carpentry etc. 7.A. Metalliruukit, metalliteollisuus. Yhdistykset ja verkostot. Ironworks, Metallurgy. Associations and Networks. 7.B. Ruukki- ja metalliteollisuusmuseot. Ironworks, Metallurgy. Museums. 1 8. Konepajateollisuus, koneet. Yhdistykset ja museot. Mechanical Works, Machinery. Associations and Museums. 9.A. Kaivokset ja louhokset (metallit, savi, kivi, kalkki). Yhdistykset ja verkostot. Mining, Quarrying, Peat etc. Associations and Networks. 9.B. Kaivosmuseot. Mining Museums. 10. Tiiliteollisuus. Brick Industry. 11. Lasiteollisuus, keramiikka. Glass, Clayware etc. 12.A. Tekstiiliteollisuus, nahka. Verkostot. Textile Industry, Leather. Networks.
  • Basics of Kraft Pulping

    Basics of Kraft Pulping

    Lignin Wood is composed of many chemical components, primarily extractives, carbohydrates, and lignin, which are distributed nonuniformly as the result of anatomical structure. Lignin is derived from the Latin term lignum, which means wood.1 Anselme Payen (1838) was the first to recognize the composite nature of wood and referred to a carbon- rich substance as the “encrusting material” which embedded cellulose in the wood. Schulze (1865) later defined this encrusting material as lignin. Lignin has been described as a random, three-dimensional network polymer comprised of variously linked phenylpropane units.2 Lignin is the second most abundant biological material on the planet, exceeded only by cellulose and hemicellulose, and comprises 15-25% of the dry weight of woody plants. This macromolecule plays a vital role in providing mechanical support to bind plant fibers together. Lignin also decreases the permeation of water through the cell walls of the xylem, thereby playing an intricate role in the transport of water and nutrients. Finally, lignin plays an important function in a plant’s natural defense against degradation by impeding penetration of destructive enzymes through the cell wall. Although lignin is necessary to trees, it is undesirable in most chemical papermaking fibers and is removed by pulping and bleaching processes. 1.1.1 Biosynthesis Plant lignins can be broadly divided into three classes: softwood (gymnosperm), hardwood (angiosperm) and grass or annual plant (graminaceous) lignin.3 Three different phenylpropane units, or monolignols, are responsible for lignin biosynthesis.4 Guaiacyl lignin is composed principally of coniferyl alcohol units, while guaiacyl-syringyl lignin contains monomeric units from coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol.
  • City of St. Louis Park Zero Waste Packaging Ordinance Chapter 12

    City of St. Louis Park Zero Waste Packaging Ordinance Chapter 12

    City of St. Louis Park Zero Waste Packaging Ordinance May 17, 2016 Zero Waste Packaging Background • Nov. 2014 to May 2015 – • December 21, 2015 – After Discussed research, goals, public hearings, adoption of process for considering ordinance policy • July to Nov. 2015 – Industry • January 1, 2017 – Ordinance and local stakeholder input, becomes effective draft ordinance discussion Legislative Purpose/Goals • Sec.12.201: To increase traditional recycling and organics recycling while reducing waste and environmental impact from non-reusable, non-recyclable, and non-compostable food and beverage packaging Ordinance Requirements 1. Food establishments required to use “Zero Waste Packaging” for food prepared and served on-site or packaged to-go Must be: Excludes: Reusable or Returnable . Foods pre-packaged by Recyclable * manufacturer/producer/distributor Compostable * . Plastic knives/forks/spoons . Plastic films less than ten mils thick *Recyclable and Compostable packaging require development of acceptable material lists by city Ordinance Requirements 2. Food establishments required to provide on-site recycling and/or organics recycling for customers dining-in Development of Acceptable Packaging Materials • Lists is reviewed and approved by Council annually – Recyclable and compostable packaging meeting definitions in 12.202 – Exemptions for packaging in 12.206 Acceptable Recyclable Packaging Materials Food or beverage containers that are: • Made of recyclable material • Accepted by local material recovery facilities • Marketed to existing
  • Brown Paper Goods Company 2016 STOCK PRODUCT CATALOG

    Brown Paper Goods Company 2016 STOCK PRODUCT CATALOG

    Page 1 Brown Paper Goods Company 2016 STOCK PRODUCT CATALOG Manufacturers of Specialty Bags & Sheets for the Food Service Industry Since 1918 3530 Birchwood Drive Waukegan, IL 60085-8334 Phone (800) 323-9099 Fax (847) 688-1458 www.brownpapergoods.com BROWN PAPER GOODS CATALOG 2015 Page 2 CONTENTS 2 CONTENTS GENERAL INFORMATION 3 TERMS AND CONDITIONS PAN LINER 4 BAKING PAN LINERS 5 PLAIN WRAPS FLAT WRAP 6 PRINTED WRAPS 7 FOIL WRAPS INTERFOLD 8 INTERFOLDED SHEETS 9 POPCORN BAGS 10 PIZZA BAGS 11 HOT DOG AND SUB BAGS BAGS - FAST FOOD 12 FOIL HOT DOG AND SANDWICH BAGS 13 FRENCH FRY BAGS 14 PLAIN SANDWICH BAGS 15 PRINTED SANDWICH BAGS 16 WHITE MG & WAXED BREAD BAGS BAGS - BAKERY BREAD 17 PRINTED BREAD BAGS 18 NATURAL PANEL BAGS 19 WAXSEAL AUTOMATIC BAKERY BAGS BAGS - S.O.S AUTOMATIC STYLE 20 CARRY OUT SACKS & SCHOOL LUNCH BAGS BAGS - COFFEE / CANDY 21 COFFEE / CANDY DUPLEX AUTOMATIC BAGS BAGS - DELI DUPLEX CARRY-OUT 22 A LA CARTE CARRY-OUT DELI BAGS 23 STEAK PAPER DISPLAY SHEETS 24 STEAK PAPER ROLLS 25 WHITE BUTCHER & TABLE COVER ROLLS ROLLS AND DELI SHEETS 26 FREEZER ROLLS 27 PATTY PAPERS - BUTCHER SHEETS 28 NATURAL BUTCHER, & MARKET ROLLS 29 DOGGIE - CANDY BAGS - GIBLET BAGS TABLE TOP - HOSPITALITY - GIBLET 30 NAPKIN RING BANDS 31 SILVERWARE BAGS - JAN SAN - HOSPITALITY ITEMS 32 GLASSINE BAGS GLASSINE & CELLOPHANE 33 CELLOPHANE BAGS & SHEETS PRODUCE BAGS 34 POLY MESH PRODUCE HARVEST BAGS 35 CATEGORY INDEX INDICES 36 NUMERICAL INDEX A 37 NUMERICAL INDEX B Brown Paper Goods Company 3530 Birchwood Drive Waukegan, IL 60085 (800) 323-9099 www.brownpapergoods.com Page 3 BROWN PAPER GOODS TERMS & CONDITIONS Terms of Sale Freight Full freight allowed on combined shipments of 1,000 pounds or more to all states except Alaska and Hawaii.
  • Kraft and Soda Pulping of White Rot Pretreated Betung Bamboo

    Kraft and Soda Pulping of White Rot Pretreated Betung Bamboo

    Kraft and Soda Pulping of White Rot Pretreated Betung Bamboo Widya Fatriasari, Riksfardini A Ermawar, Faizatul Falah, Dede HY Yanto, Deddy TN Adi, Sita H Anita, Euis Hermiati R&D Unit for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences Jl. Raya Bogor KM 46 Cibinong 16911. Corresponding author: [email protected] (Widya Fatriasari) Abstract This research was conducted to study the effects of pre-treatment with white-rot fungi on pulp properties of betung bamboo. Inoculum stocks of white-rot fungi (25 ml) were injected into polybags contained barkless fresh bamboo chips. Each polybag contained 214.9–286.8 g oven dry weight of chips. Bamboo chips in the polybags were inoculated by Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor. Both of them were then incubated for 30 and 45 days at room temperature. Bamboo chips were cooked using soda and Kraft processes. The cooked bamboo chips were then defiberize using disc refiner for 3 times. Pulp yield, kappa number and degree of freeness of the pulp were then analyzed. The treatment of two white rot fungi, gave different effects on the characteristic of betung bamboo pulp. The effects of fungi treatment on kappa number and degree of freeness can be seen only at samples cooked using kraft process. Incubation time did not affect pulp yield of bamboo treated with both fungi, but it affected kappa number and degree of freeness of bamboo pulp cooked using kraft process. Bamboo treated with T. versicolor incubated for 45 days and cooked using kraft process produced the best pulp quality with high pulp yield. Key words: betung bamboo, biopulping, degree of freeness, kappa number, pulp yield.
  • Lignin As a Source of Phenolic Compounds: from Lignin Extraction to Its Transformation by Different Routes

    Lignin As a Source of Phenolic Compounds: from Lignin Extraction to Its Transformation by Different Routes

    Lignin as a source of phenolic compounds: from lignin extraction to its transformation by different routes A dissertation presented by Javier Fernández Rodríguez In Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Renewable Materials Engineering by the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Under the supervision of Dr. Jalel Labidi Dr. María González Alriols Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department Engineering School of Gipuzkoa Donostia-San Sebastián 2020 (c)2020 JAVIER FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ “Dalli qui nu canta, verdi qui nu livanta” II Summary In the last decades, considerable interest has been put in using lignocellulosic streams, which have been traditionally considered as wastes, to be converted into value-added products, such as fuel, chemicals and biomaterials, which are currently obtained from fossil sources. Lignin, the most plenty polymer as an aromatic source in nature has been traditionally considered as a by-product or side stream from pulp and paper process, although lignin commercialization as a source of phenolic compounds has gained more and more relevance lately. However, several drawbacks have to be still overcome, such as the high polydispersity and high content in impurities of the obtained lignin samples, which lead to generate a recalcitrant behavior that hinders its transformation processes into high value- added chemical compounds. Lignin-based products must be competitive with their petroleum-derived counterparts. Hence, it is very important to design energetically efficient processes for lignin extraction and purification. For this purpose, lignin-based products have to be assumed as a section of an integrated biorefinery where multiple products are obtained and in this line being able to compete in a realistic scenario.
  • USE of NONWOOD PLANT FIBERS for PULP and PAPER INDUSTRY in ASIA: POTENTIAL in CHINA by Mudit Chandra Dr

    USE of NONWOOD PLANT FIBERS for PULP and PAPER INDUSTRY in ASIA: POTENTIAL in CHINA by Mudit Chandra Dr

    USE OF NONWOOD PLANT FIBERS FOR PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY IN ASIA: POTENTIAL IN CHINA By Mudit Chandra Degree Paper Submitted to the Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF FORESTRY IN WOOD SCIENCE AND FOREST PRODUCTS APPROVED: A. L. Hammett, Chairman J. D. Dolan C. D. West August, 1998 Blacksburg, Virginia USE OF NONWOOD PLANT FIBERS FOR PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY IN ASIA: POTENTIAL IN CHINA by Mudit Chandra Dr. A. L. Hammett, Chairman Department of Wood Science and Forest Products (ABSTRACT) The pulp and paper industry around the world has been growing rapidly. As a result there has been a huge demand for pulp and paper making raw material. Recent years have seen a spurt in use of nonwood fibers being used as a raw material for this purpose. Although some of the nonwood fibers used for papermaking are used because of their fine paper making qualities, majority of nonwood fibers is used to overcome the shortage of wood fibers. As a result their use is more widespread in countries with shortage of wood. The use of nonwood fibers in pulp and paper industry is fraught with problems. Right from supply of raw material to the properties of finished paper, majority of nonwood raw material has proven to be economically inferior to wood. But over the last few years, technological breakthrough in almost all the fields of papermaking have made nonwood more competitive with wood as a raw material for papermaking. Although till recently, use of nonwood fibers for pulp and paper making was concentrated in countries with limited wood supply, it is now showing an increasing trend even in countries with adequate wood supply due to environmental considerations.
  • Cyanotype Process

    Cyanotype Process

    CHAPTER 7 THE CYANOTYPE PROCESS ! Fig 7-1 here, (Christopher James, Foot of the Pyramid, 1994- toned cyanotype) OVERVIEW & EXPECTATIONS The cyanotype, or Ferro-Prussiate Process, is often the first technique that any of us learn in alternative process photography. Cyanotype is the proverbial “first kiss” that sinks the hook and makes us fall in love with all of the possibilities to come with alternative process image making… in much the same way that the wet lab darkroom experience did to all of the image makers who had the pleasure of that experience. The primary reason for this affection is the absolute simplicity of the process and chemistry, and the nearly fail-safe workflow. This is the process that is ideal for both © Christopher James, The Book of Alternative Photographic Processes: 3rd Edition, 2014 student and teacher alike as the opportunity of making a great print, and experiencing success the first time it is taught or attempted, is very high. As an example, I always begin a class or workshop with a 9’ x 18’ cyanotype mural on pre-sensitized fabric. This bonds a class and facilitates the student’s experience in making a beautiful giant size mural with nothing more than a piece of prepared cotton fabric, sunlight, themselves as the subject, a hose, an ocean, a stream or plastic trash can filled with water, and a dash of hydrogen peroxide for a cheap thrill finish. In the Cyanotype Variations chapter I will give you a step-by-step guide for making this project work as a class or for a family gathering at the beach.
  • Valorization of Kraft Lignin by Fractionation and Chemical Modifications for Different Applications

    Valorization of Kraft Lignin by Fractionation and Chemical Modifications for Different Applications

    Valorization of Kraft Lignin by Fractionation and Chemical Modifications for Different Applications Selda Aminzadeh Doctoral Thesis Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC) Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden 14th December 2018, Stockholm, Sweden I Principal Supervisor Prof. Mikael Lindström Co-supervisors Assoc.Prof. Olena Sevastyanova Prof. Gunnar Henriksson Copyright © Selda Aminzadeh, Stockholm, 2018 All rights reserved Paper I © 2017 Springer Paper II © 2017 Elsevier Paper III © 2018 Accepted to Nanomaterials Journal Paper IV © 2018 Elsevier Paper V © 2018 Springer Paper VI © 2018 Manuscript ISBN: 978-91-7873-046-9 TRITA-CBH-FOU-2018-61 ISSN:1654-1081 Tryck: US-AB, Stockholm 2018 Akademisk avhandling som med tillstånd av Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan framläggs till offentlig granskning för avläggande av teknisk doktorsexamen i fiber och polymerteknologi fredagen den 14:e december 2018, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, kl. 14:00 i sal F3. Avhandlingen försvaras på engelska. Opponent: Professor Hasan Jameel, North Carolina State University, USA II “Dedicated to my mother and father.” III Abstract Lignin is one of the most abundant biopolymers. Approximately 70 million tons of technical lignin is generated annually, but only little is used for products other than energy. The complexity of lignin hinders full utilization in high-value products and materials. In spite of the large recent progress of knowledge of lignin structure and biosynthesis, much is still not fully understood, including structural inhomogeneity. We made synthetic lignin at different pH’s and obtained structural differences that might explain the structural inhomogeneity of lignin.