Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal (AIIRJ) PEER REVIEW IMPACT FACTOR ISSN VOL- VIII ISSUE- IV APRIL 2021 e-JOURNAL 7.149 2349-638x

Linux: An Open Source Technology Tool

S. L. Nalawade1, A. M. Joshi2 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, K.G.D.B.L.M., Kundal, Maharashtra, India 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, K.G.D.B.L.M., Kundal, Maharashtra, India

Abstract – The dynamic and responsive nature of 'open source' software and the existence of freely available documentation and online communities offers an opportunity for educators, network administrators and software developers to participate in the development of resources appropriate to local needs while developing their own skills. In this paper we study the history of open source, learning using open source technology and digitization education tools through various sectors like courseware, smart class, education portals and virtual university. In this paper we can discuss the impact of open source system tools through services and problems on learning management in education as well as Use of various open source management tools to create and manage learning content on the web. In this paper we also move towards student centered learning in creating blogs and other interactive web applications to enhance peer communication in and outside the classroom. Educational institutions have rushed to put their academic resources and services online, bringing the global community onto a common platform and awakening the interest of investors. Despite continuing technical challenges, online education shows great promise. Open source software offers one approach to addressing the technical problems in providing optimal delivery of online learning. Keywords- Open Source, Technology, Education, Digitization, Learning Management tools.

I. Introduction • Author’s source code integrity. If the license allows patch file distribution along with the Many features distinguish open source original source code, a user cannot modify the code and distribute it2 except by giving software from closed or proprietary software. The the new version a new name. Open Source Initiative (OSI) has set a standard— • No personal discrimination. No person or the “open source definition”—by which software group shall be discriminated against during qualifies for an open source license.[1] open source product distribution.

• No restriction on application. Open source The software must meet the following criteria: software can be used in any field and for any • Unrestricted distribution. Users can purpose. distribute or sell the software without paying • License distribution. The privileges attached royalties. to the original program extend to all who • Source code distribution. The source code of receive the program, so recipients do not the entire open source product must be easily need to apply for a separate license. modifiable. In the absence of the source • License must not be product-specific. The code, the product must cite a low- cost rights associated with a license extend to resource where users can obtain it. products extracted from larger software • Modifications. The license allows aggregate. modifications, and its terms remain • No restriction on other software. No unchanged for distribution of improved restrictions are allowed on distribution of versions.

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open source products bundled with products license. The GNU lacked a kernel, developed on other software platforms. however, until Linus Torvalds developed the • Technology neutrality. Licenses should not kernel. In 1992, the Linux kernel was integrated be issued on the basis of the specific within the GNU operating system. technology involved Linux become more sophisticated over time with the help of programmers who worked to II. History of Open Source improve the kernel and create Linux-adapted The development of three operating software. The following years witnessed the systems— , GNU, and Linux—formed the introduction of many commercial and enhanced foundation of the open source movement.3 From its versions of the Linux operating system by vendors inception, open source has been closely associated such as Red Hat, Mandriva, and Novell. Linux is still with academia. available as free open source software. UNIX had its roots in the joint venture launched in the late 1960s by Bell Labs and MIT to III. Learning and Digitization create a new operating system named Multics. Based The digitization of education is a relatively on that work, some of the programmers developed a new phenomenon that has transformed the education new operating system, which they named UNIX, to sector. Corporations and academic institutions have provide more flexibility to users. Academic joined forces to further explore the potential for institutions could purchase UNIX source codes at digitizing education through a price considerably lower than that paid by • Virtual universities corporations and government agencies. In 1975, • Online courses Ken Thompson joined the University of California, • Education portals Berkeley, along with two other graduate students, • Courseware Bill Joy and Chuck Haley. In 1977 the trio began • Coursera distributing an open source version of UNIX called • Smartclass BSD. The following year saw the release of a revised edition called 2BSD. Virtual universities are the best-known form The MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab launched of online education. Accredited virtual universities a similar endeavor in which the code was enhanced such as the University of Phoenix offer degrees in by passing it among the programmers. The venture mainly professional courses taught largely by part- lost momentum in face of advances in computer time faculty members from different universities. science. The movement was launched Online consortia of academic institutions integrate in 1983. In 1998, a group of individuals advocated related courses into programs delivered via a single that the term free software should be replaced by virtual university. open source software (OSS) as an expression which Online courses are offered in a variety of is less ambiguous and more comfortable for the forms by various sources. Some courses are offered corporate world11. Software developers may want to by subsidiaries of renowned traditional universities, publish their software with an open source license, so although many such courses are not accredited. The that anybody may also develop the same software or parent universities’ names act as a powerful draw for understand its internal functioning. Open source online students. Courses are also offered by software generally allows anyone to organizations that create digital collections of study create modifications of the software, port it to new material culled from different academic sources. operating systems and processor architectures, share Education portals, although not directly it with others or market it. connected to the curriculum, have become an Programmer Richard Stallman founded the integral part of education. Since the late 1990s, some GNU Project in 1984. The GNU General Public U.S. universities have outsourced e-mail and other License allows users to modify the code and Web services, site administrative functions, distribute the improved version under the same courseware, and other computer administrative

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services to software development and application IV.Open Source and Its Impact on Learning companies. As college administrators strive to strike a Courseware is used in both the academic and balance between resources and requirements, open corporate sectors, with development often source e-learning software has emerged as a viable outsourced to companies that provide study solution. Many universities have opted for open material for both online and offline purposes. source learning management systems, in particular. Many companies use sophisticated computerized [18] courses in their employee training programs. Advantages that have tipped the balance Coursera is an educational technology toward open source include the following: [17] company which works with universities to make some of their courses available online. E-learning or 1. Stability: If you have used other operating computer- based training includes all forms of systems, once you have made the switch to electronically supported learning and teaching. It Linux, you will notice that Linux has an edge also includes educational technology. Online over Windows here. I can remember rebooting education is a type of distance learning. There is no Windows many times over the years, because need to attend the college or university in person. an application crashed, and I couldn't continue [22] working. Linux can crash also, but it is much Smartclass is basically a digital content harder to do. If an application crashes in Linux, library of mapped curriculum, multimedia and 3D it will usually not harm the kernel or other content. It also facilitates lecturers to speedily judge processes. how much of a certain lesson students have been able 2. Free Software: Most software can be obtained to adapt during the class. There is improved without cost for Linux. Linux was one of the notebook need for students and educational first open-source technologies, but many institutions. Digital programme platforms in schools, programmers have contributed and added colleges and universities are some of the new trends. software that’s completely open-source for any Educomp Solutions’ Take Smartclass is one of the user. This means that you can download the first Indian companies in this space. [22] source code and change it any way you like. Following a period of intense competition, Some developers have restrictions on how you the higher education software domain is dominated can distribute the code. For instance, some by a few major vendors,4 with the risk of developers allow you to change the code, but monopolization in the future.[5] This leaves you cannot distribute it for money. academic institutions with one obvious option: to 3. Runs on old hardware: If you have an old 386 or develop in-house systems to fulfill their IT 486 lying around collecting dust, you can use requirements. Unfortunately, such projects often are this to run Linux. I remember running Linux isolated endeavors riddled with flaws or prohibitively just fine on a Pentium 100 with a 1 GB disk expensive—or both. drive, and 16 MB of memory. One use of an old Another option is to adopt the collaborative machine like that could be a file server. Just go model of open source software development, which to your computer store, buy a large hard disk (as enables educational institution s to pool their long as your old stuff can support it), and you financial and technical resources. In addition, a huge can make a great storage server. With all the user community provides a variety of testing digital pictures and movies around today, this environments for the new software. could be a great use for Linux. Look into using Open source software products tend to be Samba, a server application for Linux that more reliable and benefit from continuous allows you to make your machine share the disk development. This is one reason to invest liberally in as a Windows share. developing open source application software—to 4. Security: Linux has the advantage of the code work out a more cost-effective way of meeting e- being in the public domain. This can be a learning software challenges. double- edged sword; while you can look at the

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code, and developers can fix holes rapidly, it Disadvantage also means hackers can find bad code. I have 1. Learning curve : been very impressed with the security of Linux, I won't lie to you; Linux is going to take some and the programs that run on it. I think having time to learn. I know that our society likes to the code out in the open, and the ability to fix be instantly gratified. Learning Linux is things yourself if necessary is a big plus. Who definitely worth your time, but to really master likes to work blind? With some distributions, on it, you will need to spend some good time in installation the computer will ask you what front of your machine tinkering with things. levels of security you would like for your Don't expect to be an expert after reading system. You can be very trusting, or you can be something like "Linux for Dummies". If you paranoid. Linux gives you this flexibility. are contemplating this for your company, you 5. Flexibility: So many people have access to the will need to budget some money for training code. This means that there are a large number and learning time. of sources for support. Trying to find support 2. Equivalent programs: for an "out of the box" piece of software means While I gave the example before of an office contacting the software company looking for suite of programs that is working well, there support, however open source developers are are still applications that do not exist in Linux. everywhere and theoretically any number of Thankfully, this list has become much them could offer support. narrower in recent months. You will want to think carefully when you switch to Linux Possibly the biggest advantage of open about what programs you currently use, and if source software is the fact that everybody has the they have Linux support for them. It may not right to modify and tweak the source code. This make sense for you to switch if you are going means the code can be implemented in other pieces to spend tons of time converting databases and of software and adapted to changing environments. application data. 6.Tax benefits: Governments of many 3. More technical ability needed: countries have implemented tax exemption policies You will want to make sure that you train to boost open source projects, although the someone in Linux really well. Alternately, you governmental role in promoting open source could hire someone who has experience with software is controversial.6 Linux. A good Linux administrator needs to be The main potential drawback of open source on hand as you start to migrate your systems projects for education becomes evident during their over. This is a disadvantage financially, at least implementation. Using the software to its full in the beginning. You may find over time, potential may prove challenging for beginners, and however, that you only need a temporary the availability of the source code is irrelevant for administrator to handle the routine tasks. end users if they do not find the product useful. Also, 4. Not all hardware compatible: open source products are not always compatible with Some of the latest and greatest hardware that is existing software components. being produced is not compatible with Linux. Open source development has other potential At least, not yet. The people that contribute disadvantages. [22] There are no guarantees that a program code and drivers to the Linux kernel project will reach completion and deliver the desired are great at including support fairly quickly. results, for example. Progress depends on the interest Until that time, not everything you buy for and time of the collaborative workforce, and lack hardware in your system may work. I've had to of resources or funding can derail a project. Most rely on third-party drivers and other means to commercial open source products, however, are self- make hardware like a new Ethernet card work. sufficient.[7] Eventually, the support will be built in. One thing you can do is before your purchase; ask if the hardware vendor has support for Linux.

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Some manufacturers do write their own Linux Resources, Choices, Surveys, Assignments, Chats, drivers and distribute them with your purchase, Workshops. You can install Moodle on any computer making it very easy to integrate with your that can run PHP and use MYSQL for database. existing system. Moodle emphasizes making students a Open source resources are available from the contributing factor in learning; its features invite following initiatives: Curriki, the Global active participation from students. A growing Education and Learning Community, is a community of over 200,000 registered users in more nonprofit body dedicated to the creation of than 175 countries supports Moodle. In numerous free, open source curricula for all users and forums and other interactive centers, developers from one of the most popular OSC online all over the world contribute to the software’s overall resources.9Curriki provides course materials development. for primary and secondary education, primarily Bodington. This Java-based virtual learning focusing on the creation of complete curricula environment was developed by the University of for courses distributed and used globally. Leeds in the United Kingdom. Bodington aims to provide a flexible, durable learning environment for V.Open Source Learning Management System large, complex institutions with numerous Tools departments. It allows quick upload and management Another aspect of the impact of the open of learning content, and the multilayered source movement on education is the rapid administrative model effectively meets varied proliferation of open source learning management administrative challenges. system (LMS) tools and other learning applications. Bodington conforms to World Wide Web LMS tools are used mostly to create and manage Consortium (W3C) recommendations. It also learning content on the web. Some of the most complies with the Special Education Needs and widely used LMS tools are briefly described in Table Disability Act 2001, 13 allowing people with 1 and summarized next.14 physical and visual impairments people to take part Moodle. is an open source Learning in digital courses supported by the Bodington VLE. Management System (LMS), also known as a Course A huge community supports Bodington, continually Management System (CMS).The word Moodle was contributing to the software’s sophistication. Some originally an acronym for Modular Object-Oriented Bodington projects have received JISC funding. Dynamic Learning Environment, which is mostly Bodington has been implemented at academic useful to programmers and education theorists. institutions including the University of Leeds and the Moodle integrates pedagogical features missing in University of Oxford, along with further education many LMS tools, allowing instructors to construct colleges. (Further education in the U.K.refers to customizable, online courses or a wide range of education received after secondary school, similar to course modules on a flexible platform. Moodle can community colleges in the United States.) be downloaded to any computer and used to support Claroline. Built on free technologies such a single instructor site or a system of thousands of as PHP and MySQL, Claroline addresses the students. It is licensed by the Open Source Initiative pedagogical needs of teachers and learners, under a general public license (GPL). emphasizing training technologies and well- Many plug -ins are available to enhance structured online courses. Claroline developers focus existing features. MySQL and PostgreSQL databases on enhancing existing tools to give both instructors can be used with Moodle, and developers are and students a refined learning environment. working to make the system compatible with Oracle, Claroline is supported by a huge user and Microsoft SQL Servers, and other databases. Moodle contributor community that continuously enriches is free web application that educators can use to the software. The nonprofit Claroline con sortium, create Internet-based courses and web sites for their founded in May 2007, is dedicated to enhancing students. It comes with, Flexible array of course and promoting the software. It is licensed under the activities - Such as Forums, Quizzes, Glossaries, GNU GPL.

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eConf .eConf is an open source e-learning software, your lesson structure and add content, build online- written in Java. It allows to easily record web tests, communicate with others, track user’s history sessions and has been used to record multiple and progress, conduct surveys, assign projects, and computer science courses. eConf is an add-on to an create certifications. HTTP proxy that is able to capture the web pages Dokeos. Dokeos is a web-based application shown during the session and the voice of the developed on free technologies such as PHP and presenter. The audio and the web pages are then MySQL. Designed to facilitate e-learning and course synchronized to allow the students to listen to the management, it provides a flexible, user friendly recorded course. platform to simplify the e-learning process. Dokeos ATutor. ATutor is an Open Source Web- is a open source online learning management system. based Learning Management System (LMS), It provides all the features needed for e-learning and designed with accessibility and adaptability in mind. blended learning management: From Authoring to Administrators or web master can easily install or Reporting. Dokeos is a multilingual supported update ATutor in minutes, and develop custom system which offers translations for over 34 templates to give ATutor a new look. languages and helping more than 1.000 A Tutor is a first Learning Management organizations worldwide to manage learning and System, which complying with the W3C WCAG 1.0 collaboration activities. accessibility specifications at the AA+ level and it Dokeos was developed with the help of also adopted the IMS/SCORM Content Packaging global contributions made by universities, specifications ,that allow content developer to create organizations, and individual programmers. It reusable content which easily swapped between integrates open source ideas, especially those different e-learning systems. highlighted in “The Cathedral and the Bazaar.”[10] OLAT (Online Learning and Training) began The Dokeos forum facilitates the exchange of ideas in 1999 at the University of Zurich, where a team among programmers worldwide, with development of developers continues to enhance the software. details available on the Internet. Contributors may Much of it is written in Java. OLAT is registered send their revised codes via e- mail, wikis, or forums. under Apache License 2.0. Dokeos is licensed under the GNU GPL. , which its developers call a collaboration and learning environment for Table 1 education, is built and maintained by the Sakai Open Source LMS Tools community. The core software consists of generic With Dokeos , user can manage courses, collaboration tools, with tools designed for specific students, documents, forums and exercises, and applications (such as teaching and portfolio tools) import SCORM content and PowerPoint available. The Sakai Project is registered under an presentations directly into your learning paths, Educational Community License. making it a wonderful solution in terms of Open e-LMS. Open e-LMS is the first open interoperability. source SCORM Learning Management System LRN. Pronounced “dot learn,” .LRN is a designed for business by business. Open e-LMS is a popular tool developed at MIT and based on very simple to understand and easy to operate, AOLserver and OpenACS. It supports online Thanks to its simple and intuitive web interface. learning and other interactive digital systems. Open Elms also provides a Content Management Originally designed to meet the needs of System which enables the creation of professional e- universities, it was later implemented in schools, learning content from scratch. organizations, and corporations. Its flexible eFront. eFront is an easy to use, visually framework allows easy customization. LRN is attractive, SCORM compatible, E-learning and supported by an expanding user community and the Human Capital Development system. It is suitable .LRN consortium. The consortium institutions help for both company and educational usage. It includes each other deploy and enhance the software. The a wide variety of components that help you to create consortium also provides quality assurance by

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certifying software components as .LRN http://ww commercial reputable w. software like universities compatible. The software is licensed under the GNU sakaiproj WebCT, worldwide. GPL. ect Blackboard, .org ANGEL Learning LMS Tool Compatibility Usage and Desire2Learn.

Moodle Linux,UNIX, Downloaded about http://www. Windows, Mac OS 500 times a day. VI. Moving To Student-Centered Learning moodle.org X, FreeBSD, and More than 28,000 “Teachers all over the world encourage their any other system registered sites, that supports PHP over a million students to get more involved in creating blogs and courses, a learning other interactive web applications to enhance peer community of 10 communication in and outside the classroom “ million. Bodington Shibboleth, Linux, Implemented at Student-centered instruction [SCI] is an http://www Microsoft, Mac OS University of instructional approach in which students influence . X, Leeds,UHI the content, activities, materials, and pace of bodington. or UNIX Millennium o rg Institute,and learning. This learning model places the student University of (learner) in the center of the learning process. The Oxford. Provides services to 15,000 instructor provides students with opportunities to users with a single learn independently and from one another and server. coaches those in the skills they need to do so Claroline Microsoft, Available in 35 effectively. The SCI approach includes such http://www. Linux/GNU,Mac languages and has claroline.ne OS X; complies users in more than techniques as substituting active learning experiences t with SCORM and 80 countries. for lectures, assigning open-ended problems and IMS/QTI. problems requiring critical or creative thinking that

cannot be solved by following text examples, Dokeos Supports SCORM In 30 languages involving students in simulations and role plays, and http://ww import and LDAP. and more than a w. Data can be thousand using self-paced and/or cooperative (team-based) dokeos.co imported using organizations. learning. Properly implemented SCI can lead to m CSV or XML files. Implemented at Ghent University increased motivation to learn, greater retention of and Vrije knowledge, deeper understanding, and more positive UniversiteitBr ussel. More than 28,000 attitudes towards the subject being taught (Collins & users and O'Brien, 2003).[19] 3,600 courses. LRN LORS Central, Almost half a Student-centered learning can also be viewed http://www Curriculum, LORS million users in 18 from the perspective of an influential report from the . Management, .LRN countries. dotlrn.com Ecommerce, Project National Research Council (1999) that synthesized Manager,Page research on learning and recommended organizing Editor, Staff List, Syllabus, learning environments around four foci: knowledge- Expense Tracking centered, learner-centered, assessment-centered, and ATutor Complies with W3C More than 17,000 http://www WCAG 1.0 and registered community-centered. Knowledge-centered learning . atutor.ca W3C XHTML 1.0; installations approaches grow out of the research on novices and supports content worldwide. developed in IMS experts that has revealed that experts have organized or SCORM. their knowledge very differently than novices. So knowledge-centered learning stresses learners OLAT MS Windows, Popular within developing their knowledge to facilitate transfer of Mac the their learning to new contexts and application of their http://ww OS X, Linux, Solaris European higher w. and UNIX.Conforms education learning to open-ended challenges such as problem- olat.org to SCORM, IMS community. solving, critical thinking, and design. In a learner- QTI and IMS centered learning environment, McCombs and Content Packaging. Whistler (1997) state that ―learners are treated as Sakai Complements Adopted by many co-creators in the learning process, as individuals

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with ideas and issues that deserve attention and • Just-in-Time Teaching consideration.‖ Learner-centered learning • Small Group Learning environments recognize that the prior knowledge of • Project-based Learning learners powerfully influences future learning and • Question-directed Instruction thus attempt to build on prior knowledge. Assessment-centered learning environments Faculty members often have many questions provide opportunities for feedback and improvement about student-centered learning approaches and throughout the learning process leading to evaluation implications for how they might teach. Several of and judgment at the end of the learning process. these questions will be addressed in this document: Assessment for feedback and improvement is • Why would you adopt a student-centered referred to as formative assessment while assessment learning approach in your course? for conclusive evaluation and judgment is referred to • Can I cover the content in my syllabus using as summative assessment. Nicol and Macfarlane- student-centered learning Dick (2006) indicate that formative assessment can approaches? promote the development of capacities and attitudes • Can I use student-centered learning used in lifelong learning. Assessment-centered approaches when teaching large classes? learning environments also emphasize congruence • Is it possible to move from teacher- centered between learning goals and what is assessed to student-centered in stages? How? (National Research Council, 1999). Finally, • How do I respond to student resistance when community-centered environments recognize that I start using student-centered learning individual learners take many cues and insights from approaches? learners around them, so that community-centered • How do I respond to students who really like learning environments facilitate purposeful being entrusted with their own learning when interactions among learners to promote and sustain I start using student- centered learning learning. For the purposes of this essay, learning approaches? environments are student-centered to the degree to which they are concurrently knowledge-centered, Also, many student-centered learning learner-centered, assessment-centered, and approaches involve faculty forming students into community-centered. Many different faculty small groups or teams for learning activities. members have developed and used approaches to Prospects of working with student teams raise teaching that fit the criteria for student-centered another set of questions, which are addressed in the learning. Many of these developers have created last portion of the document. original names for their approaches. • How should I form the teams? • How do I get teams off to a good start? As a result, there is a broad spectrum of named • How do I grade team assignments? approaches, which include • How can I help students develop their • Active Learning (Bonwell&Eison, 1991) teamwork capabilities? • Collaborative Learning (Bruffee, 1984) • Inquiry-based Learning With Web 2. 0, the concept of student- • Cooperative Learning (Johnson, Johnson, & centered learning has acquired a new dimension. Smith, 1991) Previously, the greatest critique of student-centered • Problem-based Learning learning was the lack of resources and the isolation • Peer Led Team Learning (Tien, Roth, of each student from other learners. Web 2.0 has &Kampmeier, 2001) provided a means through which both collective and • Team-based Learning (Michaelson, Knight, individual intelligence can be harnessed, while & Fink, 2004) students bond in stronger, redefined ways. • Peer Instruction (Mazur, 1997) This dissolution of distinctive parameters is • Inquiry Guided Learning in line with open source or free software, open

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access, and Creative Commons licensing. As Ian Media-sharing sites have emerged as powerful tools Davis wrote: for the learning community. Many teachers use still Web 2.0 is an attitude, not a technology. It’s images and video, especially those registered under about enabling and encouraging participation Creative Commons licenses, for both offline and through open applications and services. By open, we online courses. Media-sharing sites can also be used mean technically open with appropriate APIs but to publish student-generated video or photographs, also, more importantly, socially open, with rights shared with peers and teachers to receive critical granted to use the content in new and exciting feedback. Some photo-sharing sites allow the contexts.1 8 addition of annotations to an image, facilitating distance learning. Media-sharing and other social VII.Common Web Tools networking sites such as Elgg, Slashdot, and The Web 2.0 tools most commonly used in AROUNDMe can serve as important interactive education are blogs and wikis, although podcasting learning tools. These social-networking tools were and media-sharing sites are becoming more not created exclusively for educational purposes, common. Teachers all over the world encourage their however, and might contain objectionable materials, students to get more involved in creating blogs and raising ethical concerns regarding students’ exposure other interactive web applications to enhance peer to and use of the sites. communication in and outside the classroom. One concern about the extensive use of Web Blogs are the most extensively used Web 2.0 2.0 applications, especially wikis, 20 is access. tools. Open source blogging platforms such as Developers can assign content development rights to WordPress, LifeType, and Roller allow the free limited users, and some have done so as Web 2.0 creation of blogs (as do many commercial services). tools slowly gain the sophistication needed to Open online portals permit keeping content and provide much-needed security features. This trend feedback on the same platform. Teachers and goes against the fundamental Web 2.0 idea of students can collect, create, and share their own liberating content, however, and rouses objections online knowledge resources. from many users. Wiki technology allows site visitors to edit It is highly likely that digital education will the site’s content, accelerating content generation. depart from current Web 2.0 practices and use Web The most common example is Wikipedia, the online 2.0 tools in entirely different ways. This free encyclopedia. Both closed and open source movement—making information available to a larger LMSs in corporate wikis, and much open source section of the global learning community through the wiki software is available, including XWiki, TWiki, Internet and Web 2.0—has introduced greater SWik, and Trac. democracy in the education system as a whole and is Podcasting has been adopted by many one of the strongest arguments for digitization of institutions to make content available to students in education. audio form. Stanford University, for example, joined forces with Apple to develop the podcast-based VIII.Destructuring Education With Open Source iTunes University. Other universities have followed, The use of open source has enabled signing up for iTunes U. Some of the content universities to create courses easily available to the available is freely available to the public; while global education community. The concept of open others are restricted (to students).Podcasting access and the proliferation of academic blogs have technologies have encouraged an increase in learner- broken down many barriers in the education sector. generated content, enhancing learner participation in Pundits have propounded various theories of digital digital education. Open source podcasting software education in response to these changes. such as Audacity and Juice is widely employed by Many people believe, for example, that the user community. digitization of education has loosened the bureaucratic framework of traditional learning. The administrative body is less involved—in the sense

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that teachers and students are more involved—in factor attracting students and influencing employers the direct conduit of e-learning. in evaluating online degrees. Others believe the role of the digital medium Nonetheless, the commercial model of in disintermediation is overemphasized. (In education has made education more learner oriented, economics the term disintermediation refers to the with courses structured according to what learners removal of mediators, giving users direct access to need or want. This has led to the decentralization of products.) The traditional teacher or administrator education. As Chris Werry wrote, using digital media now has various roles—as The Internet is allowing entrepreneurial content creator, reviewer, technician, and companies and innovative colleges to unbundle administrator. These hierarchies can be more learning and credentialing services from the confusing and no less stern than those found in whole campus- based industry with its high cost of traditional education. According to Downes and Mui, research and residential services and to deliver these “In many sectors intermediaries have proven to be services to a growing marketplace. The learning remarkably robust. Long chains are being taken revolution has only just begun to capture the promise apart, but they are also being put back together in of the democratization of knowledge made possible new configurations.”[13] with Internet technologies.2 3 The redefined hierarchy may include Market demand will foster the emergence of components that are not part of the university, such numerous courses and modules not available in the as agents representing corporations with an economic traditional learning framework. This will give rise to interest in e-learning projects. External agencies a highly flexible learning process, with a greater could be involved in course development, scope for mass customization. instructional design, LMS development, LMS hosting, and software support. Outside involvement IX. Conclusion might not directly affect learners, except in case of Open source products have gained course fees. Nevertheless, this cross-linking between considerable currency in the realm of higher various agencies is no less complicated than the education. The question remains, nevertheless: What traditional educational architecture. is the future of open source software in higher Online learning makes education available to education? From a commercial perspective, open the global community. Students almost everywhere source projects are taking their first tentative steps have access to quality education through the Internet. into the marketplace. This might be good news for Open access is an initiative to give worldwide access universities because it would remove the threat of to peer-created and reviewed journal content. The market monopolization, but to measure up to core idea behind such projects is best embodied in industry standards, open source projects need more the words of the Budapest Open Access Initiative: sophistication. If collaborative contributions Accelerate research, enrich education, share continue at their current pace, this might not be the learning of the rich with the poor and the poor difficult to achieve. with the rich, make this literature as useful as it can The nature of collaborative contribution be, and lay the foundation for uniting humanity in a could cause some concern. Although the community- common intellectual conversation and quest for based model agrees with the culture and values of knowledge.[2 2] higher education, enthusiasm cannot be the sole A large chunk of digital education is guided incentive. Some other form of encouragement is by e- commerce goals, however. Some online needed to avoid the “forking” of codes,14 which is courses cost as much as on-campus courses, making modifying the technology of the vendor one has been higher education financially inaccessible to many working with and developing a new business model students. In addition, mass-marketing of education around it by rebranding the technology. Forking is a might decrease the brand value of prestigious online common problem for open source technology courses, undercutting the commercial goals for companies. Probably only a few large communities online education. The university’s status is a major

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with considerable commercial backing will survive 3. A Brief History of Open-Source Software,” after a few years. http://eu.conecta.it/paper/brief_history_open_sou Moreover, the development of open source rce.h tml. software is largely dependent on the requirements 4. Brad Wheeler, “Open Source 2010: Reflections on 2007,” EDUCAUSE Review, Vol. 42, No.1 of the e-learning industry, which itself has to (January/February 2007), p. 52, endure the test of time. Nearly 20 percent of http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/erm0712. students who enroll for higher study in the United pdf. States opt for e-courses, and the e-learning growth 5. Paul N. Courant and Rebecca J. Griffiths, rate exceeds that of the traditional education sector, “Software and Collaboration in Higher but the emphasis is more on quantity than Education: A Study of Open Source quality.2 Software,” July 26, 2006, 5 Getting qualified instructors could prove http://www.ithaka.org/about- difficult, for example. Sometimes existing ithaka/announcements/ooss-study-final-report. instructors have to double or even triple their 6. Robert W. Hahn (ed.), James Bessen, David S. Evans, Lawrence Lessig, and Bradford L. Smith, workload to manage online teaching. This can have “Government Policy Toward Open Source an adverse effect on the quality of online courses. Software ,” AEI-Brookings Joint Center Also, e-learning has yet to gain the confidence of for Regulatory Studies, Washington, D.C, employers. December 2002, A study conducted by internet websites like http://www.aei.brookings.org/publications/abstra Vault.com found that around 77 percent of ct.ph p?pid=296. employers prefer online degrees from accredited, 7. “Perceived Disadvantages of Open Source established universities.15 The existence of multiple Models,” accreditation agencies (regional, national, and http://eu.conecta.it/paper/Perceived_disadvantage specialized) is a bit confusing, however.16 s_op e.html. 8. “Making High-Quality Educational Con-tent and Centralized accreditation might more effectively Tools Freely Available on the Web,” Open convince prospective employers of the quality of an Educational Resources, online program. Open source and digital education 9. William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, and learning, separately and together, aim to reach http://www.hewlett.org/Programs/Education/OE everyone. Although both movements have gained R/open EdResources.htm. considerable maturity, a need for greater 10. Curriki Global Education and Learning coordination exists. A cohesive plan must bring Community, together open source principles and technologies, http://www.curriki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Web educational institutions, and economic factors so that Ho me. each component’s role is clearly defined. Both open 11. Eric S. Raymond, “The Cathedral and the Bazaar,” First Monday, vol. 3, no. 3, Mar. 2, source and digital education projects are taking their 1998, first tentative steps into the consumer world. They http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue3_3/raym have a long way to go before they enter the ond/#d1. mainstream, but together they have great potential to 12. Ian Davis, “Talis, Web 2.0, and All That,” change forever the face of education. Internet Alche my blog, July4,2005, http://iandavis.com/blog/2005/07/talis-web-20- References and-all- that. 13. Brian Lamb, “Wide Open Spaces: Wikis, Ready 1. Ken Coar, “The Open Source Definition,” July 7, or Not,” EDUCAUSE Review, vol. 39, no. 5 2006, http://opensource.org/docs/osd. (September/October 2004), pp. 36–48, 2. A patch file is a collection of changes made to http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ERM045 enhance a program, compiled in a way that 2.pdf another user could easily implement when 14. Larry Downes and ChunkaMui, Unleashing the working on the same program. Killer App: Digital Strategies for Market

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Dominance (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1998), p. 152. 15. Shamus McGillicuddy, “Vendors Duke It Out over open source ‘forking’ CIO news June 7, 2007,

http://searchcio.techtarget.com/originalContent/0,

28914 2,sid19gci1259981,00.html. 16. AhessWellens, “Degrees of Acceptance”,New York Times, July 30, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/30/ education/edlife/conted.html. 17. Evan T. Robinson,“Accreditation of Distance education programs:a primer,“American Journalof Pharmaceutical Education, vol. 68, no. 4,October 15, 2004, http://www.ajpe.org/aj6804/aj680495/aj680495.p df. 18. Advantages and disadvantages of open source technology by opensourcetechnologies blogspot in June 17, 2008. 19. Advantages and disadvantages of open source technology by Jennifer Marsh Sept 13, 2013. http://www.storagecraft.com/blog/linux- advantages-disadvantages-open-source- technology/ 20. Jeffrey Froyd, Nancy Simpson, “Student- Centered Learning Addressing Faculty Questions about Student- centered Learning” by Texas A&M University 21. Open Source technology- history by knsiva.blogspot.in April 2010. 22. Digitization-of-education: great-change- teaching- learning-trends by scholarship- positions.com in July 2013. 23. http://www.coursera.org 24. Open-source-learning-management by dreamcss.com in Sept 2009.

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