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Chitrakoot Forests : a Treasure of Cultural and Biological Diversity

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Chitrakoot Forests : a Treasure of Cultural and Biological Diversity National Conference on Forest Biodiversity : Earth’s Living Treasure 22nd May , 2011 Chitrakoot Forests : A treasure of Cultural and Biological Diversity R. L. S. Sikarwar Jan Shikshan Sansthan (Deendayal Research Institute), Jog Mahal, Dhus ka Maidan, Purani Bajar, Karwi, Dist. Chitrakoot-210 206, U.P. Email:[email protected] Introduction Emperor Akbar, expatriated Abdul Raheem Khankhana, one of the 9 jewels of his Government, Chitrakoot is situated on the border of the chancellor of the exchequer and a great poet took Chitrakoot district of Uttar Pradesh and asylum in Chitrakoot. Satna district of Madhya Pradesh. The general topography is hilly and undulating cut off by Chitrakoot hill (also called Ramgiri) had also numerous reveres and rivulets. Mandakini, Valmiki, been residing place of Yaksha (a Demi God) of Gunta, Gedua, Chakara and Jhuri rivers drain the Kalidas’s Maghdoot . This is the place from where region. The forest of the Chitrakoot predominantly Yaksha sent a massage through Megh (cloud) to his consists of tropical dry mixed deciduous type. The beloved wife who was residing at Alkapuri, which was climate is dry and the maximum temperature goes situated near Himalaya. up to 50.5oC in the month of May and minimum up to 5 oC in the month of January. Biodiversity of Chitrakoot in ancient time Chitrakoot is one of the famous place of During Ramayana period, Chitrakoot was very pilgrimage of Hindus in India and surrounded by rich in biodiversity. Great saint Valmiki and lush green hills of legendary Vindhyachal range. Goswami Tulsidas illustrated a comprehensive Chitrakoot is also well known for its beautiful hill account of biodiversity in their texts Ramayana and ranges, historical caves, perennial streams and varied Ramcharitmanas respectively. According to Valmiki flora and fauna. Therefore, the Chitrakoot has been Ramayana, Chitrakoot is a beautiful and sacred place sacred place of worship for sages and hermits since where different types of herbs, shrubs, trees and antiquity. climbers bearing variety of fruits, flowers and roots are available. The richness of flora and fauna of According to Ramcharit-manas, it is said that Lord Chitrakoot is described four chapters of Ramayana. Ram with consort Sita and younger brother He has also described varied fauna of Chitrakoot. He Lakshman dwelt in Chitrakoot about eleven and half has mentioned the names of different variety of years. birds, animals and movements of tigers, elephants and deers in the forests. This holy place has provided spiritual inspiration and energy to many sages and dignitaries Valmiki also mentioned names of several trees and changed their attitude of life like great saint found on Kamadgiri in Ramayana. These are Am Valmiki, Goswami Tulsidas, Abdul Raheem (Mangifera indica), Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Asna Khankhana, Tansen and even Aurangjeb etc. It is (Lagerstroemia parviflora), Lodh (Symplocos racemosa), mentioned in Indian history that when the Mugal Chironji (Buchanania lanzan), Kathal (Artocarpus 62 Uttar Pradesh State Biodiversity Board National Conference on Forest Biodiversity : Earth’s Living Treasure 22nd May , 2011 heterophyllus), Dhawa (Anogeissus latifolia), Dhak (Butea virginianum, Helicteres isora, Aegle marmelos, Allangium monosperma), Ankol (Allangium salvifolium), Bhavya salvifolium etc. (Dillenia indica), Tinsa (Ougenia oogeinensis), Bel (Aegle marmelos), Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon), Bans Forest diversity (Dendrocalamus strictus), Kasmri (Gmelina arborea), The forest types of Chitrakoot predominantly Neem (Azadirachta indica), Sakhua (Shorea robusta), consist of tropical dry deciduous types. According Barun (Crateva unilocularis), Mahua (Madhuca longifolia to Champion and Seth (1968) revised classification var. latifolia), Tilak (Wendlandia exerta), Ber (Zizyphus of forest types of the India, the forest of this area fall mauritiana), Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica), Kadamb under the following main type and sub types: (Anthocephalus chinensis), Bent (Calamus rotung), Indrajau (Holarrhena pubescens), Bijak (Punica Main type- Tropical dry mixed deciduous forest. granatum), and Neebu (Citrus aurantifolia) with other Sub type:- flowering, fruiting and shade giving trees. He has (a) Anogeissus pendula (Kardhai) forests. also described varied fauna of Chitrakoot. He has mentioned the names of different variety of birds, (b) Anogeissus pendula scrub. animals and movements of elephants and deers in (c) Boswellia serrata (Salai) forests. the forests. (d) Dry Bamboo Drakes. Goswami Tulsidas has also described similarly (e) Acacia catechu (Khair) forests. the beauty and diversity of flora and fauna of The main type forest of Chitrakoot area is mixed Chitrakoot. According to Ramcharitmanas “Chitrakoot hill has luxuriant vegetation of herbs, forests. The Boswellia serrata, Acacia catechu, Bamboo spp. are sub types occur as small shrubs, trees and climbers. He has also mentioned , Anogeissu spendula patches within the mixed forests. the names of different variety of birds like blue jays, koels, parrots, cuckoos, kakavas, partridges, and animals like elephants, lions, monkeys, boars and Mixed forests deers etc”. Chitrakoot was very rich in respect of Mixed forests occur on underlying rock which medicinal plants too. It is mentioned in Ramayana is generally sand stones and shales. The soil is sandy that “there are thousand kinds of medicinal plants to sandy loam, fine to coarse grained and red are available in Chitrakoot region that express them lateritic. The areas having shallow, coarse-grained at night like flame of the lamp”. The high value sandy and lateritic soil bear very poor quality forests. medicinal plants found in Chitrakot forests are A large number of species constitute mixed forests, Tinospora cordifolia, Gymnema sylvstre, Achyranthes aspera, out of which Anogeissus latifolia, Diospyros melanoxylon, Urginea indica, Curculigo orchioides, Dioscorea bulbifera, Lannea coromandelica and Boswellia serrata are predomi- Desmodium gangeticum, Coccinia grandis,Cordia macleodii, nant. Other species found locally are Phyllanthus Litsea glutinosa, Oroxylum indicum, Steriospermum emblica, Buchanania lanzan, Madhuca longifolia, and Butea suaveolens, Pterocarpus marsupium, Terminalia arjuna, T. monosperma. Zizyphus xylopyra and Zizyphus oenoplia are bellirica, T. chebula, Actiniopteris radiata, Cyperus rotundus, almost everywhere. Acacia catechu is also found Vernonia cinerea, Sida cordifolia, Ampelocissus latifolia, throughout this type in varying proportion Peristrophe paniculata, Cassia tora, Diplocyclos palmatus, depending upon the soil conditions. Tridax procumbens, Phyllanthus fraternus, Elytraria acaulis, Solanum nigrum, Teramnus labialis, Vitex negundo, Abutilon Madhuca longifolia, Diospyros melanoxylon, Boswellia indicum, Cocculus hirsutus, Hemidesmus indicus, serrata, Lannea coromandelica, Phyllanthus emblica, Enicostemma hyssopifolium, Boerhavia diffusa, Solanum Buchanania lanzan and Acacia catechu are species mostly Uttar Pradesh State Biodiversity Board 63 National Conference on Forest Biodiversity : Earth’s Living Treasure 22nd May , 2011 found in this type. Small patches of regeneration of Climbers are Zizyphus oenoplia, Zizyphus rugosa, Boswellia serrata, Anogeissus latifolia, and Anogeissus Ventilago denticulata, Ichnocarpus frutescens, Abrus pendula also met with. On the whole the regeneration precatorius, Mucuna pruriens, Butea superba, Bauhinia vahlii, is not adequate. Smilax zeylanica, Gymnema sylvestre, Dioscorea bulbifera, Capparis zeylanica, Ipomoea pesti-gridis etc. Epiphytes and The mixed forests are not adequately stocked. Due to drier conditions prevailing, the forests are parasites are Dendrophthoe falcata, Vuscum nepalense, open and poor in growth. Due to over increasing Vanda tessellata, Cuscuta reflexa, Alectra chitrakutensis, biotic interference like recurring fires, unrestricted Orobanche aegyptiaca etc. heavy grazing, over exploitation and indiscriminate felling under nectar, fast retrogression has set in the Kardhai forests forests, tree growth is winding down at an alarming Kardhai (Anogeissus pendula) forests met with in speed. The floristic composition of mixed forest is Kamta block of Chitrakoot forest range. About the as under:- 11.46% of the total area is covered with kardhari forests. The composition of the Kardhari forests is The top story consists of Anogeissus latifolia, the top story and understory are Anogeissus pendula, Diospyros melanoxylon, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Lannea coromandelica, Boswellia serrata, Terminalia tomentosa, Mitragyna parvifolia, Lunnea coromandelica, Lagerstroemia Madhuca longifolia, Terminalia bellirica, Pterocarpus perviflora, Diospyros melanoxylon, Anogeissus latifolia, Aegle marsupium, Buchanania lanzan, Dalbergia paniculata, marmelos, Acacia catechu, Bauhinia racemosa, Zizyphus Dalbergia lanceolaria, Sterculia urens, Schleichera oleosa, xylopyra and Flacourtia indica. Dendrocalamus strictus Albizzia odoratissima, Bombax ceiba, Mitragyna parvifolia, found on slopes. Haldina cordifolia, Aegle marmelos, Butea monosperma, Shrubs are Carissa opaca, Helicteress isora, Capparis Erythrina suberosa, Terminalia arjuna and Syzygium cumini. sepiaria, Zizyphus nummuleria, Grewia hirsuta etc. Herbs The under story consists of Zizyphus xylopyra, are Cassia tora, Tephrosia purpurea etc. Grasses are Phyllanthus emblica, Milusa tomentosa, Holarrhena Heteropogon contortus, Eragrostis tenella etc. Climbers are pubescens, Randia dumetorum, Bauhinia, retusa, Writghtia Ichnocarpus
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