Chemical Analysis of Ground Water in Chitrakoot District Arvind Prasad Dwivedi Lecturer, Department of Chemistry, Govt

International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) ISSN: 2000-000X Vol. 1 Issue 10, December – 2017, Pages: 25-31 Chemical Analysis of Ground Water in Chitrakoot District Arvind Prasad Dwivedi Lecturer, Department of chemistry, Govt. Sanjya Gandhi Smrati Auto P.G.College Sidhi M.P.,India. [email protected]

Abstract: Chitrakoot lies between Lat. 240 48' to 250 12' N and Lang. 800 58' to 810 34' E. Distance covered by district from east to west is 62 Km and North to South is 57.5Km .To assess the groundwater quality of identified area of Chitrakoot, with reference to (BIS) drinking water standard wide sampling. The Temperature, pH, Alkalinity, TDS, DO and heavy metals were measured at the time of samples collection using portable kits and other chemicals methods. In this present investigation it was found that the maximum parameters were not at the level of pollution except few parameters like alkalinity for ground water. So all region of ground water satisfy the requirement for the use in various purposes. But the study of ground water indicated that the community ground water is highly polluted and unsafe for human use. The heavy metals were not detected in Chitrakoot district according to present study.

Keywords: Physico-chemical parameters, ground water, Chitrakoot District

1. INTRODUCTION The major problem with the ground water is that once contaminated it is difficult to restore its quality. Hence there us a need and concern for the protection and management of ground water quality. Water is the principal need of life on earth the requirement of water in all lives from microorganism to man is a serious problem today because all water resource have been reached to a point of crises due to unplanned urbanization and industrialization. Water is most important in shaping the land and regulating the climate. It us one of the most important compounds that profoundly influence life the quality of water usually described according to its physical chemical characteristics Rapid industrialization and indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture are causing heavy and varied pollution in aquatic environment leading to deterioration of water quality and depletion of aquatic biota Due to use of contaminated water human population suffers from water born diseases it is therefore to check the water quality at regular interval of time.[1-3] Groundwater is water located beneath the earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally; natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.[4,5] District Chitrakoot lies between Lat. 240 48' to 250 12' N and Lang. 800 58' to 810 34' E. Distance covered by district from east to west is 62 Km and North to South is 57.5Km. It is bounded in the north by Kaushambi, in the south by satna (MP) & Rewa (MP), in the east by Allahabadand and in west by Banda. The district is linked with Roadways to all adjoining district of Banda, Allahabad, Satna, Rewa and Kaushambi. Total geographical area of District is about 345291Sq. Km. Chitrakoot means the 'Hill of many wonders'. Chitrakoot falls in the northern Vindhya Range of mountains spread over the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The Chitrakuta region encompasses the District Chitrakoot of Uttar Pradesh and the District Satna of Madhya Pradesh. Chitrakoot Mountain range includes Kamad Giri, Hanumaan Dhara, Janki Kund, Lakshman pahari, and Devangana famous Religious Mountains. A large part of the district is a rocky and denuded forested upland called the Patha, which is inhabited by Kol tribals. Objective and scope of study: The haphazard industrialization coupled with poor waste disposal practices unhygienic sanitation emphasized further by the feedback received from cross section of the local community about observed anomalies in ground

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International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) ISSN: 2000-000X Vol. 1 Issue 10, December – 2017, Pages: 25-31 water, it was decided to take up a detailed qualitative inter predation of ground water in identified area’s Chitrakoot. Objective of the present study are summarized below. 1. To learn water analysis techniques for ground water. 2. To learn handling of various types of instruments related to ground water quality analysis. 3. To find out the current development activities in the field of environmental analysis and ground water management. 4. To assess the groundwater quality of identified area of Chitrakoot, with reference to (BIS) drinking water standard wide sampling.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Only high pure (AR) chemical and double distilled water were used for preparing solution for analysis. Ground water samples from different hand pumps of ten sampling stations were analyzed during month April to m2013.Samples were collected in good quality polythene bottles of 1 lit capacity. Sampling was carried out without adding any preservative in rinsed bottles directly for avoiding any contamination and brought to the laboratory. The Temperature, pH, Alkalinity, TDS, DO and heavy metals were measured at the time of samples collection using portable kits and other chemicals methods [6] 2.1 Sampling Network In the present study some sampling areas include residential area, as Bedipul near muktidham. Praghyapeeth Gayatri Mandir, Tari, Kewatara, Losariya, Bharat Mandir Ramghat. The first water table tapped in this area occurs generally at 25-35 m depth below ground level. The indivisable sampling location are described as per below. 2.2 Sampling Location Table with Description S.No. Sample Sampling location name Description of locations code no. 1 C1 Near Muktidham Awy from Bedipul 2 C2 Bedipul Bedipul to karwi road 3 C3 Praghyapeeth Kamta Road Chitrakoot Near By Kamtanath Gayatrimandir Temple 4 C4 Losariha Nayagaon Chitrakoot By Pass 5 C5 Tari Gaon Near By Kewatara in Mandakini Tat 6 C6 Before Tari Gaon Near Kewatara mandakini tat in vegetable bag 7 C7 Kewatara Near side of Nayagaon Chitrakoot 8 C8 Before Kewatara Near of Nayagaon in some of kewatara 9 C9 Utara Bazar Near of Nayagaon Utara Bazar chitrakoot 10 C10 Hanuman mandir Near Nagar panchayat Nayagaon Chitrakoot 11 C11 Bharat Mandir Ramghat Chitrakoot Near Mandakini 12 C12 Mandakini Pull Ramghat on the road of Nayagaon Chitrakoot

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The present dissertation work identified the drinking water quality lf chitrakoot. The results of drinking water quality of Chitrakoot (zone-2) a given below. The results of study are given in table -1 and standard a given in table -2 and graphical representations of data are shown in fig 1-9

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International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) ISSN: 2000-000X Vol. 1 Issue 10, December – 2017, Pages: 25-31 Temperature: Temperature is an important factor, which regulates the biogeochemical activities in the aquatic environment. The temperature of Chitrakoot ground water ranges between 330C ± 30 oC the average value was recorded 31.970C. The maximum temperature was recorded 330C and Minimum Temperature is 300C in Chitrakoot Ground Water. [7]Arya et al. 2011 Studied assessment of underground water quality: A case study of Jhansi city, utter Pradesh, India, reported temperature values varied between 12.00C to 32.00C.

pH: The pH values of drinking water samples are between 7.6-8.72 low p values associated with small amount of mineral acid from sulphide source or with organic acid average value of all sampling was under limit the average value was recorded 7.68and I highest value found 8.72 and lowest value found 7.6that are present between limit of value prescribed by ISI (Indian standard institute). [8]Rao et al. 2014 studied physico chemical and biochemical characterization of ground water near point sources for assessing their quality for user and application and concentration of pH was reported range from 6.5 to 8.4.

Location of sample

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International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) ISSN: 2000-000X Vol. 1 Issue 10, December – 2017, Pages: 25-31 Alkalinity: Alkalinity is a measure of the concentration of such ions in water that would ret to neutralize hydrogen ions Abnormally high alkalinity imparts bitter taste of water the average value Alkalinity is recorded 177.83 ml/g of and makes it unpalatable in present study lowest value of alkalinity are found 152 mg /l and higher value found 197 mg/l. [9]Tripathi et al. 2014 studied physic- chemical characteristics of water of River mandakini in chitrakoot region, reported the Alkalinity was found ranged between 175-198 mg/l.

ALKALINITY VALUE 250

190 194 197 200 180 182 184 170 174 178 177 152 156 150

100

ALKALINITYCons. 50

0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 Location of Sample

Total Dissolve solid: The dissolved solid content of a sample of water is important in doe ding whether the water is suitable for drinking purpose or not in the present study the average value TDS was recorded 138.33 ml/g the lowest value of TDS are found 40mg/l and highest value 230 mg/l. [10] Sharma et al.2014 studied a physic-chemical analysis and management of ground water bodies from 20 location of Jodhpur district, TDS was found ranged between 960-3650ppm.

TDS

250 230 210 195 200 180 170 150 150 130 110 90

100 80 75 TDSCons.

50 40

0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 Location of Sample

Dissolved oxygen: Measurement of dissolved oxygen is a primary parameter in all pollution studies. Dissolve oxygen value is higher in that ground water where there was good aquatic life. The amount of dissolved oxygen recorded in the water of Chitrakoot Ground water ranges between 2.4 to 7.2 ppm and average value was recorded 4.72 mg/l and minimum value 2.4 mg/l and maximum value 7.2 mg/l. The minimum amount of dissolved oxygen in the water of Chitrakoot Ground water, whereas the maximum amount of dissolved in the water of Chitrakoot. Dissolved oxygen in water is often attributed to the fact that the oxygen is dissolved more during the period of active photosynthesis. [11] Das et al.2013 Studied physic-Chemical characteristics selected ground water samples of Ballarpur city of Chandrapur district, Maharashtra, India and observed the Dissolve values were found ranged from 6.4 to 9.3 mg/l.

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International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) ISSN: 2000-000X Vol. 1 Issue 10, December – 2017, Pages: 25-31

8 7.2 7 6.2 6.1 5.9 6 4.8 5.1 5 4.5 4.1 4 3.6 3.7 3.1

DO Cons.DO 3 2.4 2 1 0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 Location of Sample

Heavy metal Lead The average value of this metal was recorded 0.024 mg/l on where minimum value is 0.01mg/l and maximum value 0.03 mg/l. It value is recorded in sample location C12 Bharat Mandir. [12]Singh et al. 2008 studied assessment of the impact of landfill on ground water quality A Case study of the Piraná site in western India and reported the lead content in the ranged between 3.0 to 42.0 mg/l.

P b

0.12 0.1 0.1

0.08

0.06

PbCons. 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0 0.003 0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 Location of Sample

Copper: The average value of this metal was recorded 0.0043 mg/l on where minimum value is 0.001mg/l and maximum value 0.02 mg/l. It value is recorded in sample location C4 before Losariha and C10 Hanuman Mandir. [13]Bansal etal. 2011, studied the analysis, Assessment and mapping of ground water quality of Chandigarh (India) and copper content was found ranged between 0.2 to 1.59 mg/l.

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International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) ISSN: 2000-000X Vol. 1 Issue 10, December – 2017, Pages: 25-31

0.025 0.02 0.02 0.02

0.015 0.01

0.01 CuCons.

0.005 0.002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 Location of Sample

Cadmium: The average value of this metal was recorded 0.00033 mg/l on where minimum value is 0.001 mg/l and maximum value 0.02 mg/l. It value is recorded in sample location C6 before Tari Gaon. .[14] Tripathi et al. 2014, studied diffuse cadmium pollution of ground water in Vindhaa Pradesh, India and reported concentration of cadmium content in all the samples of study area found raged between 0.0009 to 2.25 ppm

0.0025 0.002 0.002

0.0015 0.001 0.001

0.001 CdCons.

0.0005 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 Location of Sample

4. CONCLUSION: The study assessed the evolution of water quality in ground water in deferent region of chitrakoot District. A comparative study of all region of ground water i.e. Bedipul, Karwi, sitapur, Ramghat water was carried out by taking certain important parameters like temperature, pH, total dissolved solid, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, heavy metals. In this present investigation it was found that the maximum parameters were not at the level of pollution except few parameters like alkalinity for ground water as compare to [15]WHO Standard. So all region of ground water satisfy the requirement for the use in various purposes. But the study of ground water indicated that the community ground water is highly polluted and unsafe for human use. The heavy metals were not detected in Chitrakoot district according to present study.

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The authors are grateful to prof. K.B. Pandey, Vice- Chancellor, M.G.C.G.V. Chitrakoot, Satna, Madhya Pradesh, for guidance. The support and facilities provided by the director, CSIR- National Environmental Engineering Research institute are greatly acknowledged.

REFERENCE: [1] Indra Prasad Tripathi and Arvind Prasad Dwivedi. (2016). Ground water Quality Analysis of Water Sources in Industrial Area of West Zone of Central India, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 5(3), pp 2757-2767. [2] D.K. Garg, A.B. Pant, Manju Agrawal and B. Goyal (1990).Seasonal Variation in Ground Water Quality in Roorki City, Indian J. Env. Prot. Vol. 10(9), 673-676.

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International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) ISSN: 2000-000X Vol. 1 Issue 10, December – 2017, Pages: 25-31 [3] A Kaur B.S Pallah, B.S.Sahota, G.P.S and H.S. Sahota, (1992). Seasonal and Spatial Variation of Chemical Parameters in Drinking Water from Shallow Aquifer, Indian J. Env. Prot. Vol.12 (6), pp 409-415. [4] N. Rajmohan, L Elango and T. Elampooranam (1997) Seasonal and Spatial Variation in Magnesium and Chloride Concentration in Ground Water of Nagar Quad- E- Milleth District in Tamil Nadu, Indian J. Env. Prot. Vol.17 (6), pp 448-453. [5] R.P. Singh B.S. Chauhan, Devendra Swaroop and Y.S. Yadav, (2009).Seasonal Variation in Ground Water of Agra city, Indian J.Env. Prot., vol.42 (2), pp 59-69 [6] Standard method for the examination of water and waste water. (2005). APHA AWWA and WEF, 18th ed. [7] Sandeep Arya Vinit Kumar, Minakshi and Dhaka Anshu (2014) Assessment of underground water; a case study of Jhansi city, utter Pradesh, India, International Multidisciplinary research Journal, vol. 1, pp 11-14. [8] B. Venkateswara Rao, P. V.S. Machiraju and Ch. V.V. Satyavani (2014) Physico-chemical and Biochemical Characterization of Ground Water Near Point Sources for Assessing their Quality for user End Application, Journal of Applicable Chemistry, vol 3 (1), pp 290-301. [9] I.P. Tripathi, Sangam Lal Dwivedi, Arvind Dwivedi and Manuja Tripathi (2014).Physico-chemical characteristics of water of river Mandakini in Chitrakoot Region, International Journal of Engineering Research and Application, vol.4 (2) pp 16-23. [10] Deepshikha Shrma, (2014). A Physico-Chemical Analysis and Management of Ground water bodies from 20 location of Jodhpur District, Journal of Applicable Chemistry, vol. 3(20), pp 764-768. [11] N.C. Das (2014). Physico-chemical Characteristics of Selected Ground Water Samples of Ballarpur City of Chandrapur District, Maharastra, India, International Research Journal of Environmental science, 2, 96-100. [12] Umesh Kumar Singh, Manish Kumar, Rita Chauhan, Pawan Kumar Jha, A.L. Ramanathan, V. (2008). Subramanian, Assessment of the Impact of Landfill on Ground Water Quality: Case Study of the Pirana Site in Western India, Journal of Environ. Monit. Assess. vol. 141, pp 309-321. [13] Rajesh Bansal, L. N. Sharma and Siby John, (2011) Analysis Assessment and Mapping of Ground Water Quality of Chandigarh (India), Journal Environ. Science and Engg, vol. 53 (2), pp 157 -162. [14] Indra Prasad Tripathi and Arvind prasad Dwivedi (2014) Diffuse Cadinium Pollution of Ground Water in Vindhya Pradesh, India, International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment, vol. 4 (4), pp 34-41. [15] World Health Organization, (2004).WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 3rd edition Geneva, pp 3-6.