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Right to Fair Trial. Impacts of New Technology and Contemporary Space of Justice On

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Right to Fair Trial. Impacts of New Technology and Contemporary Space of Justice On ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en FACULTAD DE DERECHO DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA Y DERECHO PÚBLICO Doctorado en Derecho TESIS DOCTORAL Right to fair trial. Impacts of new technology and contemporary space of justice on the process and administration of justice. David Marrani Under the direction of Prof. Dr. Jose Carlos Remotti Saint Hellier, Jersey - Bellaterra, Barcelona 2019 2 Abbreviations List. ......................................................................................................... 9 I. Introduction. ..................................................................................................... 11 II. Chapter One: Preliminary Remarks on Right for a fair trial, new technology, and trial as the re-enactment of the original transgression. ................. 17 Right for a fair trial, new technologies. .......................................................... 17 The question of space of justice. ...................................................................... 60 One for transgression, transgression for all. .................................................. 68 Transgression, ‘you shall not kill’, and ‘masks’ of the group. ..................... 75 From one story of transgression to another. .................................................. 81 III. Chapter Two: Judicial spaces and ritual(s) of justice. The relation between Time and Space in the Trial. ........................................................................................ 89 Preliminary remarks. ....................................................................................... 89 Judge, totem and Oedipus. ............................................................................... 99 The judge and the legal event in Western legal traditions. ............... 99 The judge as totem, the judge in the Oedipus complex. .................. 104 Quality and quantity of totemic position. ......................................... 114 Training of the judge. ....................................................................................... 114 Speech of the judge. .......................................................................................... 118 Conditioning elements of the symbolic position of the judge. ........ 122 The perception of the judge on his function. .................................................... 122 Appearance and protection. .......................................................................... 126 Appearance and the creation of the distance. ............................................... 127 3 Protection against the failures of the appearance/appearance’s failures. ..... 130 Judging ‘in the name of’. .................................................................................. 133 Civilisation of the oral tradition and civilisation of written tradition. ............. 136 A softening of the dichotomy? ..................................................................... 146 Ritual(s), law, justice. ..................................................................................... 153 Place of justice, ritual(s) and structuring of society. ....................... 154 The three phases of the (classic) ritual. ............................................. 167 Time of the gaze and First phase of the legal ritual. ........................................ 167 Time to understand and Second phase of the legal ritual. ............................... 169 Time to conclude and last phase of the legal ritual. ......................................... 171 Conclusion. ...................................................................................................... 175 IV. Chapter Three: Contemporary spaces of justice: use and abuse of transparency. ............................................................................................................... 181 Preliminary remarks. ..................................................................................... 182 Some philological remarks. ............................................................................ 185 Evolution of places of justice: From traditional (opaque) to post-modern (transparent) law courts. ................................................................................ 188 Comparing the traditional architecture of places of justice in France and England. ....................................................................................... 189 Questioning what is here. ................................................................... 195 Discourses of transparency. ............................................................... 200 The dilemma of post-modern courthouse design: Transparency v. Opacity / Opacity v. Transparency. ............................................................................... 205 4 Transparency: Architecture and Psychoanalysis. ........................... 206 Transparency as the true opacity, opacity as the real transparency. .............................................................................................................. 212 I gaze at a transparent building… .................................................... 217 Conclusion. ...................................................................................................... 221 V. Chapter Four: The abolition of the judicial walls: cameras in courts and the reshaping of judicial spaces. ...................................................................................... 227 Crime and Courts Act 2013: cameras in courts, open justice and transparency. ................................................................................................... 232 Prior to 2013, ban on filming in courts. ............................................ 234 The 2013 Act. ....................................................................................... 236 What was said to convince us… ........................................................ 239 Transparency and open justice. ........................................................ 250 Transparency and voyeurism. ....................................................................... 255 Cameras in courts and the implosion of the meaning in the media. .......... 265 A third level, as additional and last issue to be considered for cameras in courts. ............................................................................................................... 279 Conclusion. ...................................................................................................... 288 VI. Case study: the jurisdiction of Spain. ........................................................... 291 Filming and recording hearings and the principle of publicity. ................. 295 Influence of audiovisual recording in courts on decision making process. ................................................................................................. 295 5 Filming and Recording of trial as a quality control tool. ................ 299 Videoconferencing in the service of the principle of immediacy. ............... 311 Conclusion. ...................................................................................................... 323 VII. General Conclusion. ....................................................................................... 325 Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 331 6 7 8 Abbreviations List. ADR Alternative Dispute Resolutions CEJEC Centre d’études juridiques européennes et comparées CESEDA Code de l’entrée et du séjour des étrangers et du droit d’asile CSM Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature ECtHR European Court of Human Rights ECHR European Convention for the protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (CEDH in French) EU European Union (UE in French) HMCS Her Majesty’s Courts And Tribunals Service HRA Human Rights Act 1998 ICC International Criminal Court ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia LEC Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil (Civil procedure Act) LECrim Ley de Enjuiciamiento Criminal (Criminal procedure Act) MoJ Ministry of Justice UK United Kingdom UK SC United Kingdom Supreme Court USA (or US) United States of America 9 10 I. Introduction. I have been writing for almost a decade on the topic of justice broadly speaking. I have during this time generated an number of documents but also work with colleagues in various part of the world. This is the result of an interdisciplinary reflection, but also of physical contact with courthouses in France, Spain, Italy, the UK, the USA, Australia, New Zealand and Mexico. It is also the result of discussions and debates. I have during these years worked on a series of essays, collective studies that I have undertaken with presentations at several high-profile institutions or international conferences. I wish, particularly, to thank the Law and Society Association
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