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ענליוו – Wilna – – Wilno – Vilnius – Wilna – ווילנע – Wilno – Vilnius צו אבזערווירן און צו טראכטן… מו״לים ומתרגמים יידיים של ספרות הוגי דעות גרמניים Yiddish Publishers and TranslaTors of German auThors ThrouGh The lens of Their books ביום 23 ספטמבר 1943 חוסל גטו וילנה, כשנתיים לאחר שהוקם על ידי הגרמנים. היהודים שעוד היו בגטו גורשו או נרצחו בפונאר הסמוך. באלימות ובחוסר אנושיות הגיעה לקיצה היסטוריה בת מאות שנים של "ירושלים של הצפון" או "ירושלים דליטא", כפי שכונתה וילנה היהודית. אוצרות תרבותיים שמקורם ב"ייִדיִש לאַ נד" ובמיוחד בווילנע, שמה היידי של בירת ליטא וילנה היום, אינם משתקפים בנוף הספרותי והתאטרלי העכשווי במקום. תעשיית הוצאות הספרים של אז מציגה את העניין הרב שגילה קהל הקוראים בספרות היידית, כמו גם בתרגומים ליידיש של מחברים אירופאיים, ובמיוחד גרמנים. תרבות הקריאה תרמה, במיוחד בתוך חומות הגטו, להישרדות רוחנית. On September 23, 1943 the Vilna Ghetto, established two years earlier by occupying German forces, was liq- uidated, and the remaining Jews were either deported or murdered in the nearby Ponar Woods. With this act of brutality and inhumanity, the centuries old history of the so-called “Jerusalem of the North” or “Jerusalem of Lithuania” ended. The cultural treasures generated into a “Yidishland”, particularly in Vilna – the Yiddish name of the Lithuanian capital Vilnius – are reflected not only in the theatrical and literary worlds. The publishing indus- try of the time attested to a lively interest among reader- ship in Yiddish literature, but also on Yiddish translations of European, especially German authors. Reading helped facilitate intellectual survival, especially in the Ghetto. דער ווילנער ֿפאַ רלאַ ג ֿפון בּ. קלעצקין. בּ אָ ר י ס אָ ר ק אַ ד י י ו ו י ץ ק ל ע צ ק י ן )1875-1937( נולד הוצאות לאור, בתי דפוס בהרודיץ׳, וייסד בית הוצאה לאור משלו׃ דער Publishing Houses, Printers ווילנער ֿפאַ רלאַ ג ֿפון בּ. קלעצקין. הוא היה בין הראשונים שפירסמו ספרות יידית מודרנית. סיבות מסחריות הניעו את העברת ההוצאה לאור לוורשה בשנת 1925. קלעצקין נשאר מקושר לעיר וילנה, בין היתר הודות לעבודתו עם ייִווא, עבורו פירסם בין השנים 1926-1938 את ֿפילאָ לאָ גישע ֿשריפטן. מספר רב של תרגומי יצירות גרמניות ראה אור בין השנים 1925-1931 באמצעות דער ווילנער ֿפאַ רלאַ ג. Vilner farlag fun B. A. Kletskin. Boris Ark- adevich Kletskin (1875-1937), born in Haro- ditsh, founded his own publishing house, the Vilner Farlag fun B. A. Kletskin, in 1910. He issued among the first modern Yid- dish literature. Economic considerations prompted the relocation of the publish- ing house to Warsaw in 1925. But, Kletskin remained true to the city of Vilnius due to his association with YIVO, whose Filol- ogishe Shriftn (Writings on Philology) he published from 1926 to 1938. Numerous translations of German works were printed between 1925 and 1931 by the Vilner Farlag. 3 ד ע ר ֿפ אַ ר ל אַ ג ט אָ מ אָ ר ֿפ ו ן י ו ס ף תרגומים ק אַ מ ע ר מ אַ כ ע ר . באביב 1927 ראו אור TranslaTions ה פ ר ס ו מ י ם ה ר א ש ו נ י ם שאַ ל ר ֿל פאַ ג ט אָ מ אָ ר , יצחק באשעוויס זינגער - Isaac Bashevis Singer 1931 אשר עד שנת היתה ידועה גם בשם סטפן צוויג - Stefan Zweig אַ ר ֿל פאַ ג ט אָ מ אָ ר ֿפ ו ן י ו ס ף ק אַ מ ע ר מ אַ כ ע ר . רומן רולן, Romain Rolland, 1929 בחלק מהפרסומים נראה סמל החברה, עץ תומאס מאן - Thomas Mann הדקל. בית הדפוס הוילנאי Notes i Szwajlich הר הקסמים, Magic Mountain, 1930 היה אחראי עד 1929 לעבודות הדפוס של אריך מריה רמרק - Erich Maria Remarque במערב אין כל חדש, אַ ֿפרלאַ ג טאָ מאָ ר. יותר מכל ידועה ההוצאה All quiet on the Western Front, 1930 לאור בתרגומיה ליידיש של ספרות אירופאית. בחזרה, The Road Back, 1931 עד סוף שנות ה30- תירגמו עבור ֿפאַ רלאַ ג Falk Heilperin - ט אָ מ אָ ר ׃ מ אַ ק ס ו ו ַײ נ ר ַײ ך , ֿפ אַ ל ק ה י י ל ּפ ע ר י ן , ֿפ אַ ל ק ה י י ל ּפ ע ר י ן פרידריך שילר - Friedrich Schiller אליהו ינקב גאָ לדשמידט ויצחק באשעוויס "די ֿיונגפרוי פון אָ רלעאָ ן׃ א ראָ מאַ נטישע זינגער. המצליחים ביותר בין תרגומי התקופה טראַ געדיע", הנערה מאורליאן, ליידיש הינם דלות הפילוסופיה של קרל מרקס The Maid of Orleans, 1929 וזכרונותיו של סלומון מימון. "די ֿפאַ רשווערונג פון ֿפיעסקא אין גענוי", קשר פיאסקו, Fiesco, 1929 מזימה ואהבה, Intrigue and Love, 1929 Farlag Tomor. In the spring of 1927 the וילהלם טל, William Tell, 1929 first publication of the Tomor Publishing House, also known as Tomor-Kamermakher מענדל עלקין - Mendl Elkin until 1931, appeared. The publishing house מקס נורדאו - Max Nordau "צווײ וועלטן", Two Worlds, 1929 was recognizable by its symbol of a palm tree. The printer Notes & Szwaylikh, based מ ש ה נ אַ ד י ר - Moyshe Nadir out of Vilnius, was responsible for all print גרהרט האופטמן - Gerhart Hauptmann -services for Tomor until 1929. The pub "דער אײנגעזונקענער גלאָ ק", הפעמון השקוע, The Sunken Bell, 1929 lisher was known primarily for its Yiddish translations of European works. The top משה זילבּ ורג - Moyshe Zilburg translators until the end of the 1930s were גוסטב מיירניק - Gustav Meyrink הגולם, The Golem, 1925 Max Weinreich, Falk Heiilperin, Eliahu Jankev Goldschmidt and Isaac Bashevis -Singer. The most successful Yiddish trans כתבי עת Journals, maGazines lation of the time was Karl Marx The Pov- דער ּפנקס, Der pinkes (The Index) ,1913 erty of Philosophy and the Autobiography די יודישע וועלט, 1913-1915, Di yudishe Velt (The Jewish World) of Salomon Maimon. גרינינקע �בּ ײמעלעך, 1914-1939, Grininke Beymelekh (Little Green Trees) ליטעראַ רישער �בּ לעטע, 1924-1939, Literarishe Bleter (Literary Papers) ֿפילאָ לאָ גישע ֿשריפטן )ייִווא(, Filologishe Shriftn (YIVO( ,1926-1938 (Philosophic Scriptures) 4 די דרוקערײ ראָ ם / דער פאַ רלאַ ג ראָ ם. בונד. אַ ַלגמײנער ײדישער אַ רבײטערסבונד אין החל מסוף המאה ה18- עסקה משפחת ראָ ם ליטע, פוילן און רוסלאַ נד הוקם בוילנה בשנת בהדפסה והוצאה לאור של ספרים בוילנה. 1897. מטרתו, איחוד כל פועלי אירופה היהודים במהלך המאה ה19- היה זה בית הדפוס הגדול וקבלת הכרה כאומה יהודית ברוסיה. המפלגה ביותר במזרח אירופה. החל משנות השבעים הסוציאליסטית החילונית החליטה על יידיש של המאה ה19- נקראה החברה בשם המוכר כשפתה הלאומית. בין אנשי הבונד נמנו רבים עד היום׃ דפוס האלמנה והאחים ראָ ם. תחילה מן הסופרים, המתרגמים והמוציאים לאור הודפסו רק כתבי דת, כגון המהדורה המלאה בשפה היידית. של התלמוד הבבלי, אך ההחברה הרחיבה את פעילותה גם לכתבי ההשכלה היהודית וספרות Bund. The General Jewish Worker’s Union חילונית. בית הדפוס פעל עד שנת of Lithuania, Poland and Russia (Algemey- 1940 בוילנה. לאחר הכיבוש הסובייטי בית הדפוס ner Yidisher Arbeter Bund in Lite, Poyln un המשיך לפעול כעסק קומוניסטי. .Rusland) was founded in Vilnius in 1897 The goal was the federation of all of the Jewish workers in Eastern Europe and the Romm Printing House. The Romm family recognition of a Jewish Nation in Russia. had been active as printers and publish- The secular socialist party selected Yiddish ers in Vilnius since the end of the 18th as the Jewish National language. Many Yid- century. In the 19th century their print- dish literary figures, translators and pub- ing house was the largest in Eastern lishers considered themselves members Europe. Beginning in the 1870s they took of the Bund. the name Defus haAlmanah ve haAhim Romm (the Publisher of the Widow and the Brothers Romm), which is still known to this day. Originally they exclusively printed religious texts such as the com- plete Babylonian Talmud. They then expanded to include texts of the Jewish Enlightenment (Haskalah) and secular lit- erature. The publishing house existed in Vilnius until 1940. After the Soviet Occu- pation, the printing house continued as a communist operation. 5 יונג־ווילנע. זלמן רייזען, המוציא לאור של ווילנער טאָ ג, הקים באוקטובר 1929 חוג אמנים׃ יונג-ווילנע )וילנה הצעירה(. תוכן החוג כשמו׃ בשירות תרבות היידיש, יציגו משוררים, סופרים וציירים צעירים את עבודותיהם בפני פועלים יהודיים. אנשי החוג ראו את עצמם כאונגרד, בעלי צורת חיים חדשה ומודעות עצמית חדשה כיהודים. חיים גראַ דע, שמשון קאהאן, פערעץ מיראנסקי, אלחנן ו ו אָ ג ל ע ר , ל י י ז ע ר ו ו אָ ל ף ומשה קולבאַ ק היו החברים הפעילים בחוג. עם הכיבוש הגרמני התפרק החוג. חברים רבים נרצחו, עומדים, מימין לשמאל אחרים, כאברהם סוצקעווער, לחמו מנגד Still from riGhT To lefT עם הפרטיזנים. בּ ענציע מכטאָ ם, (Ben Tzion Mikhtom (1909-1941 אלחנן וואָ גלער, (Elkhonen Vogler (1907-1969 Sheyne Efron Yung Vilne. Zalman Reyzen, editor of the ש י י נ ע ע פ ר אָ ם , משה לעווין, (Moyshe Levin (1907-1941 Vilner tog, established an artist’s circle in חיים גראַ דע, (Khayim Grade (1910-1982 October 1929 called Yung Vilne. As the -name implies young poets, writers and art יושבים, מימין לשמאל sittinG from riGhT To lefT ists regularly presented themselves and Shimshon Kahan (1905-1941) their work in service to the promotion of שמשון קאהאן, אַ ֿברהם סוצקעווער, (Avrom Sutzkever (1913-2010 Jewish culture, addressing primarily the שמערקע קאַ טשערגינסקי, (Shmerke Kazcerginsky (1908-1954 -struggles of the working class. Their avant ראָ זע סוצקעווער, Roze Sutzkever garde proclamation was a new way of life לייזער וואָ לף, (Leyzer Volf (1910-1943 and a new self-awareness as Jews. Khayim Grade, Shimshom Kahan, Perets Miranski, Avrom Sutzkever, Elkhonen Vogler, Leyzer Volf and Moyshe Kulbak were active members. The circle disbanded with the German occupation. Many members were murdered, others such as Avrom Sutzkever fought as partisans in the resistance.
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