Fantastinių Filmų Panaudojimas Pakantumo Ugdymui

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Fantastinių Filmų Panaudojimas Pakantumo Ugdymui LIETUVOS EDUKOLOGIJOS UNIVERSITETAS ISTORIJOS FAKULTETAS FILOSOFIJOS KATEDRA Angelina Aldošina FANTASTINIŲ FILMŲ PANAUDOJIMAS PAKANTUMO UGDYMUI (Use of fantasy movies in education of tolerance) Taikomosios etikos magistro diplominis darbas Darbo vadovė Doc. dr. Loreta Anilionytė-Lozuraitienė Vilnius, 2016 TURINYS ĮVADAS .......................................................................................................................................... 3 TEORINĖ DALIS ........................................................................................................................... 6 1. Pakantumo ir tolerancijos sąvokos ....................................................................................... 6 1.1. Skirtumų tarp tolerancijos ir pakantumo paieška .......................................................... 6 1.1.1. Pakantumo sąvoka ................................................................................................. 7 1.1.2. Tolerancijos sąvoka ............................................................................................... 8 1.2. Kur riba? ........................................................................................................................ 9 1.3. Išvada ............................................................................................................................ 9 2. Ugdomųjų fantastikos savybių atsiradimo aplinkybės ....................................................... 10 2.1. Faktai iš kinematografo istorijos ................................................................................. 10 2.2. Filmų panaudojimas ugdymo procese ......................................................................... 13 2.3. Fantastinių filmų raida ................................................................................................ 18 2.4. Fantastinių filmų panaudojimas ugdymui ................................................................... 23 2.5. Išvada .......................................................................................................................... 26 3. Ryšys tarp teorinės ir praktinės darbo dalių ....................................................................... 26 PRAKTINĖ DALIS ....................................................................................................................... 29 1. Fantastinių Filmų analizė ................................................................................................... 29 2. Empirinis tyrimas ............................................................................................................... 30 IŠVADOS ...................................................................................................................................... 40 NAUDOTI ŠALTINIAI ................................................................................................................ 42 SANTRAUKA .............................................................................................................................. 47 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 47 AKADEMINIO SĄŽININGUMO DEKLARACIJA ................................................................... 48 1 PRIEDAS. Filmų sąrašas su vertinimais .................................................................................... 49 2 PRIEDAS. Filmų vertinimai dešimtmečiais ............................................................................... 88 3 PRIEDAS. Anketos .................................................................................................................... 92 4 PRIEDAS. Duomenų suvestinės .............................................................................................. 106 2 ĮVADAS Tyrimo problema Pastebėta, kad pastaruoju metu vis aštriau diskutuojamas pakantumo klausimas: aktyviai besikeičiančio pasaulio būsena priverčia žmones adaptuotis prie visų pokyčių, reaguojant į juos nedelsiant, greitai, vis dažniau „išeinant iš komforto zonos“, pavyzdžiui, masinė migracija (iš Lietuvos ir į ES), nacionalistiniai ir religiniai karai, mažumų priespauda ir nepriėmimas, didelis patyčių mastas. Be to, kupinas streso šiuolaikinio gyvenimo fonas neleidžia atsipalaiduoti ir netalkina pakantumo bei draugiškumo ugdymui. Bendrai, žmonių mąstymas tampa labiau kasdienišku, atskirtu nuo samprotavimų apie amžinus bei dvasinius dalykus. Bet taip pat ir piršti moralines vertybes tampa vis sudėtingiau – visuomenė pavargo nuo nuobodžių pamokymų. Ar galima surasti kitą, įdomesnį negu tradicinis, moralinių vertybių, tiksliau – pakantumo, ugdymo būdą? Akivaizdu, kad išeitį galima rasti visada, bet, kadangi šiuolaikiniai žmonės, ir būtent jaunimas, stokojantis aukščiau paminėtų vertybių, vis mažiau domisi mokslo sfera ir vis daugiau domisi pramogų sfera, todėl su jaunimu dirbantiems žmonėms galima pasiūlyti naudoti tinkamus fantastinius filmus pakantumo ugdymui. Lietuvoje fantastiniai filmai ugdymo tikslais naudojami retai ir tik pavienių entuziastų. Todėl atsiveria fantastinių filmų panaudojimo pakantumo ugdymui perspektyva. Darbo aktualumas Bet kurie istoriniai įvykiai mūsų šalyje liudija apie pakankamai sudėtingą situaciją pakantumo atžvilgiu: ginčiai atsiranda ten, kur galima būtų klausimą išspręsti ramiau (pavyzdžiui: vienalyčių santykių legalizavimo klausimas, gyvenimo nutraukimo klausimas, pilietiškai neįteisintų santykių klausimas ir panašiai). Tų istorinių įvykių liudininkais tampa jaunieji žmonės, ne visada, dėl amžiaus ir patirties, mokantys kritiškai mąstyti ir spręsti verta ar ne, ir jeigu taip, tuomet kurią pusę palaikyti iškeltu klausimu. Jie jautrūs viskam, kartais ilgam įgydami konkretų požiūrio tašką, nesvarbu, teisingą arba ne. Nebaisu, jeigu žmogus iki tam tikro momento abejoja, nepasirinkdamas konkrečios pusės, bet blogiau, jeigu jo požiūrio taške vyrauja sprendimas šaltai ar net agresyviai elgtis visko nors kiek kitoniško atžvilgiu. Pakantumo jausmo ugdymas padėtų jiems išgauti laiko blaivai įvertinti situaciją, kas, be abejo, pravers gyvenime. Taip pat pakantumas harmonizuoja žmogaus asmenybę, darydamas ją (asmenybę) patrauklia, su kuria norisi bendrauti. Bet kaip yra žinoma, prisišaukti tokių jaunų žmonių dėmesį būna nepaprasta. Pasireiškia ir „kartų konfliktas“, ir „asmenybės tapatumo paieškos“. Vadinasi, reikia „kalbėti jaunimui suprantama kalba“. Tokiu būdu pakantumo idėjos plėtojimas fantastiniuose filmuose (ir apskritai: bet kokių vertybių per visus jiems patinkančius dalykus) būtų efektyvus, kadangi vargu ar yra toks 3 jaunas žmogus, kuris nežiūri fantastinių filmų (arba kuris nežiūrėjo jų bent kartą). Be to, fantastiniai filmai yra patrauklūs vizualiai, ir taip apgaulingai „nebūdami niekuo rimtu“ – didelė tikimybe, kad pasąmonę veikiantis elementas juose (kaip kokia nors nereikalinga rėmėjų prekės ženklo reklama, taip ir mus dominančios vertybės idėja) priimamas noriau, laisviau ir be ilgų apmąstymų. O per tai fantastinių filmų poveikis jaunimui galėtų virsti „ugdymo ginklu“, o pakantumo motyvas juose – įdomiu pasamprotavimo objektu. Tyrimo objektas Pakantumo motyvas fantastiniuose filmuose. Tyrimo subjektas Tiesioginiai tyrimo subjektai yra fantastiniai filmai, bet taip pat, kadangi pastebėjimams patvirtinti / paneigti bus remiamasi taipogi vieša apklausa, turime ir antrinių tyrimo subjektų – respondentų: dėstytojų, mokytojų, studentų, mokinių, pažįstamų ir svetimų žmonių. Darbo tikslas ir uždaviniai Darbo tikslas: nustatyti, ar fantastiniai filmai gali būti naudojami kaip mokymo priemonė pakantumo ugdymui. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Išnagrinėti literatūrą pakantumo motyvo fantastiniuose filmuose aktualumo ir ištirtumo klausimu. 2. Išanalizuoti visus, oficialiai pripažintus fantastiniais, filmus. 3. Įvertinti peržiūrėtų fantastinių filmų pakantumo motyvo buvimą pagal pasirinktą vertinimo sistemą. 4. Sudaryti grafiką ir pateikti išvadas apie teigiamos / neigiamos tendencijos buvimą / nebuvimą. 5. Išnagrinėtos temos pagrindu sudaryti klausimynus ir juos paviešinti apklausa.lt svetainėje. 6. Padaryti išvadas surinktų duomenų pagrindu. 7. Apibendrinti visas išvadas, pateikti metodinių rekomendacijų dėl fantastinių filmų naudojimo pakantumo ugdymui mokytojams ir tėvams (jei tokios paaiškės iš tyrimų). 8. Nurodyti temos vystymo gaires. Tyrimo metodai literatūros analizė (nustatyti fantastinių filmų tinkamumą būti pakantumo ugdymo priemone filmų edukaciniams tikslams panaudojimo kontekste); filmų analizė ir vertinimas (pakantumo motyvo fantastiniuose filmuose buvimo bei apklausų prasmingumo nustatymui); 4 anketinė apklausa (reikalinga paneigti / patvirtinti hipotezę ir gautus filmų analizės duomenis); apibendrinimas (reikalingas išvadoms padaryti). Darbo hipotezė Dalis kokybiškų fantastinių filmų gali būti pakantumo ugdymo priemone. Mokslinis darbo naujumas Darbe bus nustatyta, ar fantastiniai filmai tinka būti naudojami pamokose (mokytojų) arba namuose (tėvų) pakantumo ugdymui. Taip pat bus nurodyta, kokius reikalavimus, respondentų nuomone, turi tenkinti fantastiniai filmai, kad juos galima būtų naudoti ugdymui ir, konkrečiau, vertybių (pakantumą laikysime viena iš jų) ugdymui; parodytas visuomenės požiūris į fantastinių filmų naudojimą (pakantumo) ugdymui; pateiktas fantastinių filmų, tinkančių pakantumo ugdymui, sąrašas. Pagrindinės sąvokos Pakantumas, netradicinė mokymo priemonė, fantastiniai filmai ugdymo tikslais. Diplominio darbo struktūra Šį magistro baigiamąjį darbą sudaro įvadas, du skyriai (teorine ir praktinė dalis), išvados, naudotų
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