A BIT of a Au/Areness of the Events of the Battle and Promote the Sites As an Integrated Educational Resource

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A BIT of a Au/Areness of the Events of the Battle and Promote the Sites As an Integrated Educational Resource OUR AIMS U/orking u/ith the owners of the manij sites associated u/ith the Battle of Teu/kesburif. the Socretq aim to raise public A BIT OF A au/areness of the events of the battle and promote the sites as an integrated educational resource. U/e aim to encourage tourism and leisure activitq bq SLAP advertising, interpretation and presentation in connection u/ith the sites. U/e aim also to collate research into the battle, and to encourage further research, making the results available to the public through a varietu, of media. (n pursuing our objects, u/e hope to be working alongside a varietq of organisations, in Teu/kesburq and throughout the u/orld. U/e u/ill be proposing schemes and advocating projects, including fundraising for them and project managing if appropriate. U/e aim to become the Authority on the battle and battlesfte OUR OBJECTS To promote the permanent preservation of the battlefield and other sites associated u/ith the Battle of Teu/kesburq, 1471, as sites of historic interest, to the benefit of the public generaHq. To promote the educational and tourism possibilities of the ntw&Cttter vftfit battlefield and associated sites, particularity in relation to medieval historq. To promote, for public benefit, research into matters associated u/ith the sites, and to publish the useful results of such research. ISSUC 10: 2005 Free to members, otheru/ise £2.00 The First Word I have to confess that I was beginning to think that this edition of the 'Slap' First Word 2 would never appear in print. I hope that it was worth waiting for, and that there is at least a little in it of interest. Some of the stories are now a little Plaque l/nveiling 3 elderly, but this is a history society, so does it matter? Holm Hill, development threat 4 Inevitably, in putting together this publication, there has to be a certain For Sale 6 amount of thinking and navel gazing. Foremost among the thoughts are those about readership, if anyone bothers; relevance, if anything is interesting; Nicholas Harpsfield 7 and the point of it all. Our reader's letters page is never full, and there isn't a lot of sparkling debate about the matters of the day (May 41471). The The Statues 8 Committee meet regularly to debate the issues which seem important, agree to the Society's presence at local events, to 'fly the flag', and approve a ForSaIeCpart2) 9 small programme of Society outings. Inevitably, the manning of the Society Tewkesbury Mummers do Giostra 1O stall falls to the same small group again and again, and the outings attract the same little group, who invariably enjoy the experience. Public talks were Mysteries of Medieval London 11 a feature of the calendar, but these didn't attract more than a handful of people, and the range of topics is limited, if they are not to stray into the The Battle of Fulford 12 territories which the Tewkesbury Historical Society and the Civic Society have staked out as their own. The Curse of Lord Wenlock 14 We have a small but loyal membership, half of whom live so far from The Curse of Saint Edmund 14 Tewkesbury that the events programme is an irrelevance. The subscription The fallen mighty 15 isn't large, and despite the spasmodic nature of communications ft isn't bad value for money. People don't judge their association with organisations such The Final eclipse of the Lancastrians 17 as this in the same way as they would look at a ticket to a concert or the price of a pint, though, and I guess that if we surveyed the membership (God Mitred Abbots 19 forbid) we would probably find that the principle motive for membership was akin to insurance; the Battlefield has once been threatened, and a support Poetry Comer 2O network is needed in case it happens again. With luck, there is also a feeling of wanting to be associated with the Tewkesbury Battlefield, and indirectly 1971: The fall of the Red Rose of Tewkesbury 21 with the events which are also associated, the battle re-enactment being the Calendar of Patent Rolls 24 chief among them. The Bosworth survey 26 This isn't a rant, or a moan about life. All organisations have the same profile. Most members are there to show their support, and happy to leave Sir John Fastolf 28 the active bits to a few. Most members are probably the active components of other organisations, and have no time to do more. And that seems to be A Couple of Castles 3O all there is to say about the subject. Subscriptions buy a Battlefield Walk programme 2OO6 32 monitoring service, irregular newsletters and journals such as this containing what we hope is information worth having and articles worth reacting, the Book reviews 33 opportunity to join in Society activities both supporting the Society's objectives and simply for enjoyment, access to the knowledge of other members, and (for the seriously canny) a £5 discount on membership of the Battlefields Trust, which effectively makes the membership free! A Bit of a Slop No. 10 A Bit of a Slop No. 10 2 We'd appreciate more help, but it isn't a condition of membership. However, Here we go again— if this editorial strikes a chord with any members who would like to play a more active part in Society activities, we would love to hear from you. One Once more, there is a threat of development hanging over the part of the always fears that the Committee will be viewed as an exclusive cabal who so battlefield. enjoy each other's company that they dont want anyone else to join in with and a very detailed report events. Enjoy each other's company we certainly do, but there is always In 1975, the Borough Council built published (Bristol and new offices at Holm Hill. This hill room for new faces, so please don't be shy. Nor is a deep grounding in Gloucestershire Archaeological had long been believed to be the medieval history a qualification for participation; a successful Society needs Society Transactions, Vol CV, site of the manor house of the de a wide range of backgrounds and skills - and historians are notoriously in 1997). The archaeologist, Alan need of organising by those with a more practical bent! Clare Earls of Gloucester, Hannan, said: abandoned following the death of Gilbert de Clare at Bannockburn, The eventual outcome, a and the transfer of the manor to precipitate salvage investigation in 1971 PLftQUE UNUEIUNC the Despencers, who built a new early 1975, reflected the approach house on what is now Tewkesbury prevalent nationally and locally to Park. archaeological management at the time. ..A decision by the council to John Leyland described the ruins proceed with construction was of 'Holm Castle': followed within several weeks by A little above the bridge Avon the implementation of the building breaketh into two arms... the right contract. Construction was arm cometh into Severn within a preceded by the landscaping of flight shot of the bridge ....The the hill with bulldozer and box other arm cometh down by the scraper. At the beginning of the side of the town and abbey construction period investigation leaving it to the east, and so and recording were carried out passing there hard by Holm Castle with the aid of a JOB and ditching goeth into Severn'. He also says bucket, in the last stage features that the location is dose to where exposed during the repeated the Swilgate enters the Avon, and sweeps of a box scraper were There has been in time of mind recorded Within the area of the hill some parts of the castle standing. partly excavated in 1974, as well Now some ruins of the bottoms of as immediately around it, all the walls appear. Now it is called archaeological remains were We came across this picture recently, which dates from the five hundredth Holm Hill'. destroyed by April 1975 anniversary celebrations, and shows a new 'plaque' being fixed to the Lincoln Green Lane fence of the Bloody Meadow. Who the people are has not There can be no real dispute This state of affairs led the been researched, so any clues would be welcome. about the location of the 'castle', Borough Council to claim that as though John Bennett described it they had destroyed the site of the The plaque looks new, but it must be replacing an earlier one, as I am sure as being on the Vineyards, which battle (They were then proposing that there are photographs predating this showing a similar plaque. led to the erection of the very the 'Byrne' version, based around misleading plaque at that location. Holm Hill) there was really little point in protecting the Gastons, This particular one has disappeared. It went sometime in the eighties, Before the Council offices were presumably removed by the Borough Council. Does anyone know? which may or may not have been built, there was an archaeological pivotal in the battle. investigation of the site. It was far from satisfactory, although a large Tewkesbury Borough Council now number of artefacts were found, have new plans, and look as if A Bit of a Slap No. 10 A Bit of a Slop No. 10 they intend to inflict collateral In appraising the Holm Hill site, the destruction of the manor, and damage on what remains of Holm consultants say: almost certainly predated the Hill in pursuing them. The Society has a whole range of This site lies outside the battle.
Recommended publications
  • 1 Margaret M. Condon and Evan T. Jones (Eds.), 'Bristol 1470-71
    Bristol customs account Nov 1470 – March 1471: intro TNA, E122/174/3 (part) Margaret M. Condon and Evan T. Jones (eds.), ‘Bristol 1470-71: Particulars of Account of Daniel Sheldon, controller, 4 November 1470 to 29 March 1471: Introduction’ (University of Bristol, Research Data Repository, 2019)1 Text and Comment This newly discovered account was found in a large bundle of fragmentary and undated customs accounts dating from the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries. Generally in good condition, the document has some minor points of damage.2 It consists of a single membrane of parchment displaced from a larger document, the start of which is no longer extant. The missing portion would have covered the period from November 1470 to late January 1471. The surviving membrane of the account begins mid-way through a ship entry for late January 1471 and continues to 29 March of the same year.3 Two additional entries for 30 March and 17 April post-date the formal period of account. Their inclusion is likely to be a consequence of the unstable political situation discussed below. Perhaps the most interesting aspect of the account is that it details Bristol’s overseas trade for an eleven-week period during a particularly active phase of the ‘Wars of the Roses’. In September/October 1470, the Earl of Warwick, known as ‘The Kingmaker’ restored the Lancastrian Henry VI to the throne of England and forced the Yorkist monarch, Edward IV, to flee to Holland, which was part of the lands of Edward’s brother-in-law, the Duke of Burgundy.
    [Show full text]
  • Harald Hardrada Invades
    What happened when Edward the Confessor died? Harald Hardrada invades What do I need to know: • 5th January 1066 – Edward the Confessor dies The events of the Battles of Fulford • 6th January 1066 – Harold Godwinson crowned King of England From the moment that Harold Godwinson was crowned, he was aware that he Gate and Stamford Bridge What happened to the 4 contenders? faced a number of challenges to his throne. He marched south which part of his Why Hardrada won Fulford • William, Duke of Normandy claims the throne was promised to him army to prepare for an invasion by William. He left the rest of his army under the Why he lost Stamford Bridge. – he mobilises his troops in preparation for an invasion of Britain command of his brothers in law earls Edwin and Morcar. • Edgar Aethling considered too young to be King or challenge the Key Words: Harold prepares to strike! • Fulford gate decision • Fyrd • Harald Hardrada prepares to invade in the North • Haralf Hardrada of Norway invaded England in the September. • Hardrada • 8th September – peasant soldiers, known as the fyrd, sent home to • He sailed up the river Humber with 300 ships and landed 16 km (10 miles) from the city of • Stamford Bridge harvest the crops York. Earls Edwin and Morcar were waiting for him with the northern army and attempted to • Viking • Harald Hardrada invades the north of England prevent the Norwegian forces from advancing to York. • Earls Edwin and Morcar wait with the northern army to prevent the Were the battles significant? Norwegian forces from advancing The Battle of Stamford Bridge Significant because… However… The loss at Fulford meant that King Harold had to move quickly to deal with the Viking invasion.
    [Show full text]
  • Anglo–Saxon and Norman England
    GCSE HISTORY Anglo–Saxon and Norman England Module booklet. Your Name: Teacher: Target: History Module Booklet – U2B- Anglo-Saxon & Norman England, 1060-88 Checklist Anglo-Saxon society and the Norman conquest, 1060-66 Completed Introduction to William of Normandy 2-3 Anglo-Saxon society 4-5 Legal system and punishment 6-7 The economy and social system 8 House of Godwin 9-10 Rivalry for the throne 11-12 Battle of Gate Fulford & Stamford Bridge 13 Battle of Hastings 14-16 End of Key Topic 1 Test 17 William I in power: Securing the kingdom, 1066-87 Page Submission of the Earls 18 Castles and the Marcher Earldoms 19-20 Revolt of Edwin and Morcar, 1068 21 Edgar Aethling’s revolts, 1069 22-24 The Harrying of the North, 1069-70 25 Hereward the Wake’s rebellion, 1070-71 26 Maintaining royal power 27-28 The revolt of the Earls, 1075 29-30 End of Key Topic 2 Test 31 Norman England, 1066-88 Page The Norman feudal system 32 Normans and the Church 33-34 Everyday life - society and the economy 35 Norman government and legal system 36-38 Norman aristocracy 39 Significance of Odo, Bishop of Bayeux 40 William I and his family 41-42 William, Robert and revolt in Normandy, 1077-80 43 Death, disputes and revolts, 1087-88 44 End of Key Topic 3 test 45 1 History Module Booklet – U2B- Anglo-Saxon & Norman England, 1060-88 2 History Module Booklet – U2B- Anglo-Saxon & Norman England, 1060-88 KT1 – Anglo-Saxon society and the Normans, 1060-66 Introduction On the evening of 14 October 1066 William of Normandy stood on the battlefield of Hastings.
    [Show full text]
  • Battles and Warfare
    BATTLES AND WARFARE GENERAL Le Jeu de la Hache: A Fifteenth-century Treatise on the Technique of Chivalric Axe Combat ANGLO Sydney Description: From Archaeologia, Vol. 109 Date of publication: 1991 Synopsis: Text and commentary on Le Jeu de la Hache (Bibliothèque Nationale, manuscrit français 1996), the only surviving treatise devoted exclusively to medieval axe combat. [LIBRARY NOTE: Filed under Fine and Applied Arts] The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain ANON Description: From The Times Dates of publication: 3rd & 4th August, 1994 Synopsis: Articles on some of the battles included in English Heritage’s official new battlefields list (The Complete Guide to the Battlefields of Britain by David Smurthwaite), viz. Bannockburn, Shrewsbury, Blore Heath, Tewkesbury and Bosworth. The Wars of the Roses ANON Description: From Military History Monthly, Issue 50 Date of publication: November 2014 Synopsis: Well illustrated twenty-page editorial feature on the English civil conflicts of the fifteenth century. Includes an overview of the dynastic struggles and military campaigns, a discussion of military equipment and tactics, a longer feature on the Battle of Barnet and a brief revisionist analysis of Richard III. The strongest sections are those dealing with military matters. The brief historical explanations are, however, generally reliable, the most obvious error being the inclusion of a portrait of Elizabeth of York labelled ‘Elizabeth Woodville, Edward’s queen.’ The Wars of the Roses 1455-87 COATES Dr. J. I. Description: Typescript Date of publication: N/A Synopsis: Outline of the causes and main events of the wars. Heraldic Banners of the Wars of the Roses: Counties of Anglesey to Hampshire COVENEY Thomas Description: Freezywater Publications booklet, ed.
    [Show full text]
  • Anne Neville: Queen to Richard Iii Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    ANNE NEVILLE: QUEEN TO RICHARD III PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Michael Hicks | 224 pages | 28 Sep 2007 | The History Press Ltd | 9780752441290 | English | Stroud, United Kingdom Anne Neville: Queen to Richard III PDF Book Perhaps she would have become Elizabeth of York's lady-in-waiting, or sought sanctuary until she was financially able to support herself or re- marry. Anne was buried in Westminster Abbey in an unmarked grave, which seems quite unfitting for a Queen of England. Jone Johnson Lewis is a women's history writer who has been involved with the women's movement since the late s. England's Forgotten Queens. A splendid service featured the Te Deum before the royal couple proceeded to the adjacent palace of the archbishop. This account has come down to us from Polydore Vergil, although possible Tudor exaggeration must also be taken into consideration here, to allow for further intent to vilify Richard, given the fact that Vergil was writing for Henry VII. Community Reviews. Medieval officers wanted assurance and authorisation for their actions — by what warrant did you act? April 26, at pm. Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester 7. Clarence attempted to take Anne in as his ward in order to control her inheritance. Another possibility could be an attack of influenza, which combined with a weak immune system and other ailments could be fatal. Royal princes, who were not expected to become kings, followed the example of the nobility, wedding heiresses who could bring them great estates and hence great power. July 9, at pm. Adopted Escutcheon Quarterly , 1st and 4th, France moderne, 2nd and 3rd England; impaled with Gules, a saltire Argent.
    [Show full text]
  • Knowledge Organiser Focus: Early Migration to Britain
    Knowledge Organiser Focus: Early migration to Britain I should already know: Key Words Stone Age A period lasting thousands of years, where our ancestors lived in basic homes and used What a decade, stone tools. The age ended around 2,000 BC with the use of metal. century and Hunter Gatherer A way of life in which people search or hunt for their food, not growing it. millennium is Doggerland An area of land that existed thousands of years ago. It used to connect Britain to Northern Europe I will learn: Celts A group of people who lived in Europe after the Stone age. What made many groups over time migrate (move to) Britain Roman Empire One of the largest and most powerful empires. It controlled land from North Africa to England. How the earliest settlements Dark Ages A period after the Romans left Britain. Their technology and architecture was lost. were made in Britain. Anglo Saxons People who lived in England. Their ancestors had arrived from northern Europe from the 5th century. The impact of the Roman Vikings People who raided (attacked) or settled in England from 793 AD Empire’s time ruling Britain. The Romans ruled Britain from Greater Depth Challenge How far the Anglo Saxons made 43AD to 410AD; almost four the Britain we know today. centuries How the presence of the The Saxons migrated to Britain Vikings changed Saxon life. after the Romans, until the early 600s. This will help in the future: The Vikings had been migrating Further Reading to and trying to invade Britain, This short unit will lead into The period of stone age hunter- from 793AD until 1066, when our first main year 7 unit, on gatherers lasted for thousands of years the Norman Conquest of the Norman Conquest began.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Arrival of the House of Wessex the Invaders of the 5Th and 6Th
    1 Arrival of the House of Wessex The invaders of the 5th and 6th Centuries famously came from 3 tribes - the Jutes, Angles and Saxons, and each formed kingdoms that eventually became the 7 English Kingdoms - or the Heptarchy. At first the Britons appealed to Rome to come back and help them. They sent a piteous note to Aetius, the last effective Roman general which read: ‘ The Barbarians push us back to the sea, the sea pushes us back to the barbarians; between these two kind of deaths we are either drowned or slaughtered’. Who was Cerdic ? The background of the founder of the British Monarchy is not simple. Cerdic is a British name, not Saxon. So who was he ? He may simply have had a British mother - and so be a Saxon with a British name. Or he may have been a local Romano British official. Or maybe he was a British prince come to seek his fortune. Cerdic arrived at the mouth of the River Test, and over the next 6 years he fought the local British kings, as you can see in the map. These culminated in the battle at Netley Marsh, where he defeated Nathanleod. Cerdic died in 534, was buried at Hurstboourne Tarrant in Hampshire, and handed the kingdom on to his Grandson, Cynric. 2: The West Saxon Bretwalda Cynric, King of Wessex 534 - 560 Cerdic's grandson, Cynric, took over the leadership on Cerdic's death. During this time the kingdom of Arthur - or some other British warlord - remained stromg. But in the 550's we see a change.
    [Show full text]
  • TEWKESBURY 1471: the Last Yorkist Victory
    TEWKESBURY 1471: The Last Yorkist Victory. Christopher Gravett. Illustrated by Graham Turner. 2003. Osprey Publishing, Oxford, £12.99. ISBN 1-84176-514-7 BOSWORTH 1485: Last Charge of the Plantagenets. Christopher Gravett. Illustrated by Graham Turner. 1999. Osprey Publishing, Oxford, £12.99. ISBN 1-85532-863-1 These two books are both in the Osprey ‘Campaign’ series and so are similar in organization. The Introduction to the first, Tewkesbury 1471 says that the series consists of ‘Accounts of history’s greatest conflicts, detailing the command strategies, tactics and battle experiences of the opposing forces, throughout the crucial stages of each campaign’, both books fulfill this promise. Both contain many excellent illustrations from contemporary documents, also photographs of the battlefields today together with excellent and (usually) very clear maps of the routes to the battlefields and plans of the battles themselves. The books also contain paintings by Graham Turner of incidents during the battles and the events leading up to them, which help readers to visualize the occasions. Unfortunately neither book has an index, presumably never called for in this series, and there are also no references, although the source of crucial statements are usually given. As part of the promised content both books contain two chapters on the commanders and the armies. The for- mer are fairly brief potted biographies of the major commanders, the latter contain a brief discussion of how each commander raised his troops and short but excellent descriptions of the arms and armour equipping the troops. These are as good as would be expected from this author, a Senior Curator at the Royal Armouries.
    [Show full text]
  • History Knowledge Organiser Causes of the Norman Conquest
    History Knowledge Organiser Causes of the Norman Conquest Key individuals Who were the Normans? England before 1066 Earl Godwin In 911, a Viking named Rollo unsuccessfully attacked northern France. Edward the Confessor Despite this, the French king offered Rollo an area of land in north west France, in exchange for his loyalty (allegiance). This area of land became Edgar the Outlaw known as Normandy. Harald Hardrada Harold Godwinson King Edward’s mother was the half sister of Duke Richard II of Normandy, William, Duke of Normandy so Edward brought many of his Norman friends over to England as advisors. This led to conflict with Earl Godwin in 1051. William, therefore was a distant cousin of Edward’s, as well as a close friend and advisor. Key dates 1042 Edward the The rivals for the throne Confessor becomes King of Rules of Edgar the Outlaw- known as the Aethling. England Inheritance The great nephew of Edward. Had the support of many Anglo-Saxon earls. 1052 Earl Godwin is Inherit directly or Harald Hardrada- believed he should be king exiled after a chosen based on prior Viking ownership of English dispute with King crown before Edward became king. Edward Post Obitum- Harold Godwinson- most powerful earl in ‘after death’ England as Earl of Wessex. Was deputy king 5th King Edward the nomination (‘sub-regulus’) in 1060. Claimed Edward January Confessor dies promised him the throne on his deathbed. 1066 Novissima Had the support of the Witan. William, Duke of Normandy- Distant cousin th verba- named 6 Harold of Edward. Claimed Edward had promised January Godwinson heir on deathbed him the throne after helping Edward with the 1066 becomes King of Godwin rebellion of 1051.
    [Show full text]
  • Knowledge Organiser Focus: the Norman Conquest
    Knowledge Organiser Focus: The Norman Conquest I should already know: Key Words How to plot and use a Cavalry Mounted soldiers on horseback timeline in chronological Claimant Someone believing they should be king order. Feigned Retreat Pretending to run away so that enemy is tricked into following Feudal System Hierarchy of society, with the King at the top I will learn: Fyrd Anglo-Saxon soldiers who joined the army at times of trouble. They • What life was like pre- were usually farmers and were poorly trained. 1066. • Why there was a Housecarls Full-time, well-trained Anglo-Saxon warriors succession crisis in 1066. Oath A very serious promise • The 3 main contenders for Shield Wall Overlapping shields in battle for protection the throne: Harold Godwinson, Harald Hardrada, William of Greater Depth Challenge Normandy How important was Tostig? • The events of the 3 main Tostig Godwinson: brother of battles: Gate Fulford, Harold Godwinson and Earl of Stamford Bridge, Hastings. Northumbria. He lost his • The effects of the Norman Earldom because of his Conquest including the tyrannical rule and joined Harrying of the North Edward the Confessor died in Hardrada. 1066 with no heirs, This will help in the future: leaving a disputed Further Reading succession and 3 Fact: https://www.bbc.com/bitesize Crime and Punishment through main claimants for /guides/zsjnb9q/revision/1 time the throne. This led Anglo-Saxon & Norman Britain to 3 battles taking Fiction: 1066 (I was there) by Jim place that year. Eldridge Knowledge Organiser Focus: The Norman Conquest Summarise your learning Chronology: what happened on these dates? 1043 Edward the Confessor crowned King of England Anglo- Anglo-Saxons England was Saxon a largely peaceful and 1064 Harold’s embassy to Normandy society prosperous kingdom.
    [Show full text]
  • Plundering the Territories in the Manner of Heathens
    Raffield, B. 2009. ‘“Plundering the Territories in the Manner of the Heathens”: Identifying Viking Age Battlefields in Britain’, Rosetta 7: 22-43. http://rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue7/plundering-territories/ http://rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue7/plundering-territories/ ‘Plundering the Territories in the Manner of the Heathens’: Identifying Viking Age Battlefields in Britain Benjamin Raffield University of Birmingham ‘Battle’ is a word often associated with the Viking Age in England and there are numerous references in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles to the conflict that took place as the Anglo-Saxons fought to keep Viking incursions at bay. There is no doubt that hostile encounters between the two sides were violent and bloody, with the Anglo-Saxons fighting to hold on to territories that were now not only under threat from other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, but also from ‘heathens’ and foreign enemies who were set on conquering England for their own. These battles were to take place for over two and a half centuries from the first recorded raid at Lindisfarne, Northumbria, in 793 until the famous Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066. Archaeology as a discipline knows relatively little of how these people fought each other for possession of English soil and wealth. There are numerous contemporary references to battles in The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, but these state little more than there being a ‘great slaughter’ at a certain location, with the victor occasionally being named. We are not sure of the size of the battles both in terms of area and the number of combatants, nor are we sure of the tactics used.
    [Show full text]
  • Representations of English History in Icelandic Kings‟ Saga: Haraldssaga Hardrada and Knytlinga Saga
    REPRESENTATIONS OF ENGLISH HISTORY IN ICELANDIC KINGS‟ SAGA: HARALDSSAGA HARDRADA AND KNYTLINGA SAGA A Master‟s Thesis By DENĠZ CEM GÜLEN Department of History Ġhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara August 2015 REPRESENTATIONS OF ENGLISH HISTORY IN ICELANDIC KINGS‟ SAGA: HARALDSSAGA HARDRADA AND KNYTLINGA SAGA Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of Ġhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by DENĠZ CEM GÜLEN In Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ĠHSAN DOĞRAMACI BILKENT UNIVERSTY ANKARA August 2015 Abstract REPRESENTATIONS OF ENGLISH HISTORY IN ICELANDIC KINGS‟ SAGA: HARALDSSAGA HARDRADA AND KNYTLINGA SAGA Gülen, Deniz Cem Gülen MA, Department of History Supervisor: Assistant Professor Dr. David Thornton August, 2015 The Icelandic sagas are one of the most important historical sources for Viking studies. Although there are many different types of saga, only the kings‟ sagas and family sagas are generally considered historically accurate to some extent. Unfortunately, because they were composed centuries after the Viking age, even these sagas contain a number of historical inaccuracies. In this research, I will try to discuss this problem by focusing on the Heimskringla version of King Harald‟s saga and the Knýtlinga saga, and how English history is represented in them. After discussing the nature of the sagas and the problems of the Icelandic sources, I will consider the saga accounts of certain events that occurred in England during the reigns of Harald Hardrada and Cnut the Great. In order to show the possible mistakes in these sagas, primary sources from outside of Scandinavia and Iceland, notably the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, as well as modern studies, will be used to assess these possible errors in the Heimskringla and Knýtlinga saga.
    [Show full text]