The Medieval Town Defences of Glamorgan
STUDIA CELTICA, XXXV (2001), 161–212 The Medieval Town Defences of Glamorgan C. J. SPURGEON Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales Introduction Nine boroughs were established within the bounds of the historic county of Glamorgan in the Middle Ages, two in the lordship of Gower (Loughor and Swansea), and seven in the lordship of Glamorgan (Aberafan, Caerphilly, Cardiff, Cowbridge, Kenfig, Llantrisant and Neath). This paper considers four boroughs which were certainly forti- fied, and one, Neath, for which there is sufficient evidence to suggest the possible line of its vanished defences. Vestiges of the town walls and a gate survive at Cardiff and Cowbridge, and at Swansea recent development has exposed a fragment of the town wall with traces of a possible tower. At these three towns the outline and characteristics of the masonry defences are well attested by early town plans and records, and largely confirmed by excavations. Kenfig was never provided with stone walls, but it still retains substantial traces of its defensive rampart and ditch. There is no documentary or phys- ical evidence for fortifications at the other four boroughs. Extensive excavations at Loughor found no trace of the suggested medieval refortification of the defences of the Roman fort.1 The nine medieval boroughs, with one exception, were founded by the chief lords of Gower or Glamorgan. The exception was the latest, Aberafan, established c.1304 by Leision ap Morgan Fychan, the Welsh lord of Afan. Eight boroughs were urban centres which developed beside castles. Cowbridge, however, was unique in Glamorgan and rare in Wales in not conforming to this pattern.2 The walled town was set on low ground half a kilometre from the pre-existing Llanblethian Castle, and its defences were prob- ably provided at its foundation to compensate for this unusual lack of protection.
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