A pathway to Edexcel GCSE (9-1) History Exploring History: Monarchs, Monks & Migrants Exploring History: SAMPLE MATERIAL
NEW FOR 2017
Author: Lorem Ipsom
www.pearsonschools.co.uk [email protected] Monarchs, Monks & Migrants ontents – Book 1
How to use this book 4 hapter 4: The Problems o Medieval Monarchs Exploring History Historical Anachronisms 6 Who were England’s Medieval Monarchs? 104 What is Chronology? 8 How important were England’s The Process of History 10 medieval queens? 108 A pathway to Edexcel GCSE (9-1) History Medieval Timeline 12 What have we learned? Interpretations 116 How powerful were English monarchs? 118 hapter 1: The Norman onquest Based on the Edexcel Scheme of Work, Pearson’s brand-new What have we learned? Causation 134 What was England like before the Battle Exploring History resources for KS3 are designed to inspire of Hastings? 16 young historians and equip them with the skills and knowledge Why was England a Battlefi eld in 1066? 24 hapter 5: The Black eath needed to go on to study Edexcel GCSE (9-1) History. What have we learned?: Causation 38 Was 1348 the end of the world? 136 Material We think our resources speak for themselves, so here’s some How did William take control of England? 40 What have we learned? Evidence 148 hot-off-the press sample material for you to browse and enjoy. What have we learned?: Evidence 48 What was it like to live in the shadow of
Sample the Black Death? 150 What have we learned? Change 162 hapter 2: Religion in Medieval England
Why was the church central to people’s hapter 6: Migration What’s there to see? everyday lives? 50 What is Thematic History? 164 What have we learned? Evidence 60 Who were the fi rst English people? 166 Samples from Exploring History Student Book 1 Why was the Archbishop of Canterbury murdered? 62 What have we learned? Chronology 178 Monarchs, Monks and Migrants Did the Church make everyone good? 70 What drove people to migrate? 180 Contents - Book 1 ...... Page 3 What have we learned? Analytical Narrative 74 How have migrants changed Britain? 188 What have we learned? Interpretation 192 Chapter 1...... Pages 4-37 hapter 3: The rusades Acknowledgements ...... Page 38 Why was Jerusalem worth dying for? 76 What happened to the princes in the tower? 194 What have we learned? Evidence 88 Pearson Progression Services...... Page 39 Did the Crusades change the Holy Land? 90 Glossary 198 Next steps...... Page 40 What have we learned? Change 102 Answers 200 Index 201
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EXPLORINGHISTORY_Prelims.indd 3 14/06/2017 13:47 hat as ng an ik or th att o astings hat was E la d li e e ore the What can we learn from archaeologists attle o Hasti s and historians about Anglo-Saxon Timeline England? Invaders of Britain, 410–1042 England before the Battle of Hastings was a land of huge forests, great open fi elds, villages and small Historians living in England before 1066 were towns. It had been part of the Roman Empire since AD 43, but in 410 the Roman army le , along with 410: Roman usually monks. They were among the few people most of the Roman people who had settled in Britain. Rome itself was being threatened by tribes army leaves 440s: Saxon raids who could both read and write. They took a keen from northern Europe and the army was needed to defend the city. The same tribes raided, invaded Britain begin interest in what was happening around them and and settled in England, a country that the Romans had le almost defenceless. what had happened in the past. Monks o en had 477–95: In 1042, England was fi nally peacefully united under one king: King Edward the Confessor. About a very fi rm point of view. Saxons settle in 1.5 million people, mainly Anglo-Saxons*, lived in England and most of them worked on the land. It Sussex and Wessex was a prosperous country, where agriculture and industry fl ourished. Governed by the king, who was Source A: Written by a monk, the Venerable 597: Augustine’s advised by a council of powerful nobles, Anglo-Saxon England was generally peaceful. Most people Bede, in his Ecclesiastical History of the English Christian mission 620s: Sutton understood and accepted their place in society: who they had to obey, and who had to obey them. People in 731. Here he is describing the arrival arrives in Kent Hoo burial of the Saxons in around AD 440. This section of the book will look at: ey came from three very powerful Germanic 793–95: • the chronology of the history of England from 410 to 1066 tribes, the Saxons, Angles and Jutes. From the 865: Viking Vikings raid Lindisfarne, Jarrow • the ways in which people lived and were governed in Anglo-Saxon England from 1042 to 1066 Saxon country, that is, the district now known as ‘Great Army’ Old Saxony, came the east Saxons, the South Saxons arrives and Iona • some of the ways that archaeologists and historians* have found out about Anglo-Saxon England. and the West Saxons. It was not long before such 871: Alfred hordes of these alien people crowded into the island 878: Alfred defeats becomes king that the natives who had invited them began to live the Vikings at of Wessex in terror. ese heathen conquerors devastated the Edington Welcome to Anglo-Saxon England surrounding cities and countryside and established a stranglehold over nearly all the doomed island. Learning objectives Your turn! What do you think? • Know about the chronology of English history from 410 to 1066. 1 In which centuries did these events • Understand the importance of the work of archaeologists and What do you think life in occur: historians in fi nding out about Anglo-Saxon England. England was like before 1066? a) the Saxon raids began b) the Vikings raided Lindisfarne c) Alfred became king of Wessex? ‘Look to your own defences.’ With these chilling words from their 2 Work with a partner. Write down Key terms emperor in AD 410, the Roman army le Britain. In the centuries everything you can fi nd out from that followed, Scots and Picts, Jutes and Vikings, Angles and Saxons Anglo-Saxon*: The name Source A about the Saxon invasions. raided and invaded Britain. Some stayed for a short time, some ‘Anglo-Saxon’ comes from the 3 The author of Source A was a monk. for longer, and some didn’t stay for any more time than it took to Angles and the Saxons, two Do you think this would have grab whatever their raiding parties could lay their hands on. Most of the north European tribes infl uenced the way he wrote about the of them fought each other. What sort of country, and what sort of that invaded and lived in invasions? Discuss this in your class. people, emerged from these chaotic years? Britain from the fi h century Try to reach a decision together. onwards. We are going to look at some items from this period to see what we 4 Look carefully at Source B. What does Historian*: A person who can learn from them about the people who made them and used it tell you about Anglo-Saxon society studies the events of the them. But fi rst we need to get the raiders and invaders, and the at that time? Write two or three past, usually by working with important things they did, in the right order, which is shown in the Source B: A necklace found in the grave of sentences about this. For example, you written sources, objects and Timeline. a Saxon woman. It is made from gold, glass might think about cra skills or the and garnets, which are semi-precious stones. paintings le behind. importance in society of some women. Archaeologists date it from around AD 600.
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Source F: From the entry in the Anglo-Saxon The Sutton Hoo Chronicle* for the year 793. It describes the Viking attack on the Holy Island of Lindisfarne, burial o the coast of Northumbria. In 1939, archaeologists* excavated a grassy mound at Sutton Hoo in Su olk. They discovered is year came dreadful warnings over the land a huge Anglo-Saxon ship that had been dragged of the Northumbrians, terrifying the people most inland and laid in a trench. By comparing it to ship woefully. Immense sheets of light rushed through burials in Scandinavia, archaeologists knew the the air, and whirlwinds, and fi ery dragons fl ying ship had been used as a burial place. The wooden across the skies. ese tremendous signs were ship had rotted away, but what remained included followed by a great famine; and not long after gold and silver bowls and brooches, spoons and came the dreadful invasions of heathen men. ey swords, coins and all kinds of treasure. These had made terrible havoc in the church of God in Holy been put there in the belief that the dead person Island by rape and slaughter. could use them in his next life. Archaeologists and historians worked out that this was probably the burial place of Raedwald, king of East Anglia, who Key term died in about AD 625. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*: This book was started by monks towards the end of the 9th century Key term and updated by them until about 1154. It Source E: Archaeologists believe that this was detailed the history of the Anglo-Saxons. Archaeologist*: A person who studies people in the handle of a pointer stick, used for following the past, usually by excavating (digging) for the words when reading a book. It is made from gold, Source C: Archaeologists excavating the Sutton remains they have le behind. rock crystal and enamel. It was found in 1663 near Hoo ship. The wood had rotted away but the outline Athelney in Somerset, which was the stronghold of of the ship’s timbers, as well as the rivets that held King Alfred. Around the edge is written ‘Alfred had them together, can still be seen in the sand. me made’. Because it belonged to King Alfred, it is called ‘the Alfred jewel’. Your turn!
3rd 1 Look carefully at Sources D–F. Write down three things that they tell us about the Anglo-Saxons.
3rd 2 Share the three things you have found Checkpoint out in question 1 with others in your 1 In which century did Augustine’s Christian class. Make a class list of everything you mission land in Kent? have all found out from these sources. 4th 3 What don’t Sources D–F tell you about 2 In which decade of the 9th century did Alfred the Anglo-Saxons? Make another class become king of Wessex? list of questions you would like to be 3 Who was the Venerable Bede and why is he answered. important? 4th 4 Choose one thing from the list you wrote in question 3 and write two to Source D: Two of the objects found in the Sutton Hoo ship. The iron helmet has a beautifully decorated 4 What did archaeologists fi nd at Sutton Hoo? three sentences saying how you would face mask. It shows scenes of war, such as a warrior on a horse trampling an enemy. The buckle is made 5 What is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle? fi nd out about it. from gold and the complicated designs involve animals and birds.
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Working in towns What did the Anglo-Saxons do all day? Some villages grew into towns, Your turn! and in AD 1000 about 10 percent 3rd 1 Look at Source A. Learning objectives of the population of England a) What work is being done in these pictures? lived in a town. Towns grew from • Learn how people lived in Anglo-Saxon England. b) Why do you think a monk bothered to draw pictures markets where people from the of people working on the land? • Know the ways in which Anglo-Saxons made England prosperous. surrounding countryside came 2 a) Can you solve the riddles in Source B? to buy and sell; some towns b) Write your own Saxon riddle and see if anyone in your specialised in, for example, class can solve it. Working on the land leather-work or weaving or c) Put together a class riddle book. Did you know? Most Anglo-Saxons lived in villages and worked on the land. There soap-making. Towns on the a) Look at the map in Figure 1.1. With a partner, discuss In 1065, Anglo-Saxon villagers were ceorls, who were free men, and thralls, who were slaves. Each coast became busy ports. Ships 3 why people would want to invade England. Put these used vegetable dyes to make ceorl worked at least one hide* of land in the great open fi elds that would carry goods to other reasons on a spider diagram with a centre labelled their clothes brightly coloured. surrounded the villages. They grew barley, rye and wheat, along with ports on the coast of England, ‘Pull factors’. They hadn’t invented buttons peas, beans and fl ax. Barley was used in brewing beer, rye and wheat or across the seas to Europe. By b) Write a paragraph to explain why, by the 11th century, and they used moss or grass in bread-making, and fl ax was spun and woven into cloth. Sheep, the 11th century, England was a England was attractive to invaders. as toilet paper. pigs, hens and cows provided wool, meat, eggs and milk, while prosperous country – a rich prize honey from bees was used for sweetening. for any invader.
Most villages had a lord, usually a thegn (see page 22) who the N 0 200 Key term villagers looked to for protection in times of trouble. In return for km Source B: Anglo- this protection, the village ceorls and thralls worked the lord’s Churches and Saxons were fond of Hide*: was the amount monastaries in Coins were made from a range of land for him and gave him ‘food rent’ – eggs, meat, peas or milk – England were full of jokes and riddles. Here needed to support a family. metals. They were minted in 60 whatever it was that they produced. jewels and other mints dotted around the country. are two of them. valuables. This made The issuing of coins made it easy them tempting for the king to raise taxes Multi-coloured, I fl ee the targets for raiders sky and the deep earth. Fish was in plentiful ere is no place for me supply in the seas all Salt was used to around England on the ground, I make the preserve food world grow green with my
Wheat and other Wool was needed tears. What am I? crops were easily to make cloth and grown on the this was the most I grow tall and am hairy fertile agricultural important industry underneath. Sometimes land across the in England. English south and east of wool was sold a beautiful girl grips me, Honey was produced all over the England across Europe rips off my head and puts Source A: In about country. It was used to sweeten food, me in a pan of water. I AD 1000, an unknown make beer and prized as medicine monk produced a make her cry. What am I? Copper and tin were Lead was very chronology. This was often used together to valuable and (Answers on page 200.) a calendar with one make bronze, which had been used page for each month. was used for tools for water pipes and jewellery among by the Romans At the bottom of each other things. England page the monk drew was Europe’s chief supplier of tin London and other a picture of the work leading towns villagers did in that were centres of was a very important Silver trade and wealth month. These are two precious metal. It was Iron was used Figure 1.1: Map showing of those pictures. mined in a number of for making tools places in England and weapons England’s prosperity in the 11th century.
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Running the country Reconstructing the past In 1043, Edward the Confessor Anglo-Saxon houses that were lived in by ordinary Your turn! became king of England. He ruled people have not survived, and there are no 1 In two to three sentences, explain England with the help of the Witan. drawings or paintings to tell us what they looked why it was a good idea for the king to like. So how can we fi nd out? Witans invite the most powerful nobles in the kingdom to advise him. The Witan was an assembly of ‘wise 4th 2 Look at Interpretation 1. Working with a men’. Edward could invite whoever he partner, decide what evidence the artist wanted to come to a Witan. However, who drew the reconstruction would have it made good sense to invite the needed to make sure the drawing was as most powerful men in the kingdom. Source C: Anglo-Saxon painting of a Witan. accurate as possible. Look back at These were the earls, who helped pages 20–22 to give you some ideas. Edward run large areas of England Key (see the map in Figure 1.2) in return Morcar for promising him military help if he SCOTLAND Edwin needed it. To involve the earls meant Waltheof they would be likely to support any Checkpoint Gyrth N decisions he made and there would York Leofwine 1 Where did most Anglo-Saxons work? Harold be no rebellions. As well as earls, River Humber Edward sometimes invited thegns, 2 Who was king of England from 1043 to 1066? bishops and abbots to come to a Lincoln 3 What were Witans? Witan. Witans did not always meet Stamford in the same place and did not always 4 Name two men who were earls in 1065. Norwich consist of the same people. It all Name two things that made Anglo-Saxon depended on where Edward was and 5 WALES people feel secure in 1065. on what problem he was asking for London Interpretation 1: A reconstruction of 11th-century their advice. Witans only gave advice: 6 What was wergild and why was it important? Winchester Edward could still do exactly what Anglo-Saxon houses in Norwich, Norfolk. he wanted.
0 300 km
Figure 1.2: Map showing the six earldoms of England in 1065, the earls who ran them and the largest towns. hat was E la d li e e ore the attle o Hasti s Justice • Work in groups of fi ve. On a large piece of paper, draw a triangle like the one in the Anglo-Saxon justice was based on the family. If anyone was wronged, diagram on the right. Write labels or draw pictures to show ceorls, earls, monarch, their family was expected to seek revenge. Everyone had a life-price, thegns and thralls in the correct sections on the triangle, with the most powerful at called a ‘wergild’. Thegns were worth more than ceorls, who were the top and the least powerful at the bottom. worth more than thralls. If a person was murdered, the murderer’s family had to pay the murdered person’s wergild in full. For lesser • Divide the fi ve roles on the triangle between members of your group. Write your job description on crimes, proportions of wergild had to be handed over. a slip of paper, and add a note saying what you expect from the person in the role below yours. If your role is the one at the bottom of the triangle, write your job description and then what you have Saxons held regular open-air meetings, called folk-moots, which to do for the role above you. Stick these slips of paper in the correct places on the triangle. dealt with people who broke the law.
M01_ExpHistory1_SB_KS3_XXXX_U01.indd 22 07/06/2017 08:05 M01_ExpHistory1_SB_KS3_XXXX_U01.indd 23 07/06/2017 08:05 Why was England a battle eld in 1066? Why was England a battle eld in 1066? 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 1066 was a dreadful year for Anglo-Saxon England. In January, King Edward the Confessor died. Three A long and Monks write You lose noblemen – Harold Godwinson, Harald Hardrada and William of Normandy – all thought they should happy reign disrespectful land be king, and they fought each other for the throne. The country was torn apart. This section of the chronicles abroad book will look at: 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 • what made a good medieval monarch Army What do you think? loses a battle • the claims of the three challengers for the throne of England What do you think might lead to people rebelling against • the Battle of Stamford Bridge and its impact on Harold 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 their monarch? People Godwinson’s army You tax Nobles You have a revolt the people plot a healthy son against fairly • the Battle of Hastings and the reasons for the victory of William of Normandy. rebellion taxes
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 What made a good medieval monarch?
Learning objectives 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 You • Know about the qualities that were essential to be a good monarch. You gain You lead quarrel land abroad the army with the • Understand the claims of the three men who wanted to occupy the throne of England. Pope
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 In the Middle Ages, the monarch was the most You fail to Keep law important person in the country. They had an enormous have a son and order amount of power. But being a monarch could be a Defend the country dangerous occupation. 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 Successfully lead the army You work with Your turn! Church leaders Spend taxes
wisely rd 3 1 Play the Snakes and Ladders game in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Figure 1.4. Did you reach the end and enjoy a You get You receive Work with START the Church long and happy reign? Write a paragraph to married good advice explain what happened during your reign. Take the advice 3rd 2 Look at these words: cruel, brave, strong, of the nobles greedy, clever, artistic, handsome, cowardly, Figure 1.4 : Snakes and Ladders: did you have a long and happy reign? Marry and have mean, weak. Choose three of them and put healthy sons them in a sentence that describes what a medieval king should be. Then choose Have a claim to the throne that another three and put them in a sentence people accept that describes what a medieval king Did you know? shouldn’t be. Gain the respect Eighteen kings reigned in England between 1066 and 1485. Two of the people 3rd 3 Look at the two sentences you wrote in answer died from severe diarrhoea, two died in battle and four were to question 2. For one of those sentences murdered – one, some believe, by having a red hot poker pushed Qualities needed by a medieval Figure 1.3: explain why you chose the words you did. up his bottom! monarch.
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Who was to be king of England? Fact le Source A: Written by a On 5 January 1066, King Edward the Confessor Norman monk called William William of Normandy died. He was 62 years old and had been king of of Jumieges in his book The England for 24 years. During that time England Deeds of the Norman Dukes . Who was he? He was the had been peaceful and prosperous. Edward had He wrote the book in 1070 duke of Normandy, a powerful no children, so there was no obvious person to a er King William asked him dukedom in northern France. succeed him. Edward had many times – and even to write an account of the What were his links to English on his deathbed – promised the throne to Harold Norman Conquest. royalty? Edward had lived in Godwinson, the most powerful noble in England. In 1051 Edward, king of Normandy from 1016 to 1041, and William said The Witan agreed Harold should be king, and he the English, having no heir, they regarded each other as brothers. was crowned the following day, 6 January. That sent Robert, Archbishop of What was his claim to the English throne? He should have been the end of the matter, but it Canterbury, to William of claimed that, in 1051, Edward had promised him wasn’t. Two other men each believed they had a Source B: Part of the Bayeux Tapestry, which was made in about Normandy to appoint him as 1070. It shows Harold Godwinson making a promise to Duke William. the throne. He also claimed that, in 1064, Harold rightful claim to the throne of England, and would the next King of England. But Godwinson had promised to support his claim. stop at nothing to get it. he also, at a later date, sent to Who supported him? The pope, who was head Did you know? What were the rules? him Harold, so that Harold of the Church. could swear loyalty to William. The Bayeux Tapestry isn’t really a tapestry at all, but an There were no rules as to who should succeed. There Was he a good warrior? He had been in control embroidery. It was commissioned by Bishop Odo of Bayeux, were only customs that were generally accepted. of Normandy since he was a boy, helped by his William’s half-brother, and was probably stitched in about 1070 by mother’s family, and was used to fi ghting o • The dying king had the right to say who should What do you think? women working in Kent, England. It tells the story of the Norman would-be invaders. While at war with other dukes succeed him. Conquest from the Norman point of view. There is nothing similar in France he captured the town of Alençon. He Who had the best claim? that tells the story from the Anglo-Saxon viewpoint. ordered that those in the town who had insulted • The new king should be a blood relative of the him were to have their hands and feet cut o . royal family and an experienced warrior. Your turn! Checkpoint Fact le Fact le 1 What qualities did a 4th 1 a) Read Source A. What had Edward done to promise the Harold Godwinson Harald Hardrada throne to Duke William? medieval monarch need in b) Read Source A and look at Source B. Write two or three order to be successful? Who was he? He was the Who was he? He was the sentences to describe the ways in which they tell the earl of Wessex, the most king of Norway. 2 In what ways could being same story. powerful noble in England a medieval monarch be What were his links to c) Sources A and B were both produced by Normans. and, a er 6 January 1066, dangerous? English royalty? None. Does this mean we can’t trust what they tell us? the king of England. What was his claim to the Write a paragraph to explain your answer. 3 Who were the three What were his links to English royalty? His English throne? He claimed that King Canute, 2 You have read about the three challengers for the throne, challengers for the throne sister was married to King Edward. who ruled England from 1040 to 1042, had and you are going to decide whose claim you think was of England? What was his claim to the English throne? King promised Harald’s father that his descendants the best. Give the answer to each question on their Fact 4 Whose claim was the Edward had promised him the throne, and the would have the throne of England. fi les a score out of ten. Add up the scores to fi nd out who strongest, and why? Witan had agreed he should be king. He had Who supported him? Tostig, Harold you think has the best claim. governed England well when Edward was ill. Godwinson’s brother, who was a powerful 4th 3 Now write a paragraph to explain why your ‘winner’ from Who supported him? The Witan. English noble. question 3 has the best claim to the throne of England. Was he a good warrior? He was brave and Was he a good warrior? He was the most 4 Harold Godwinson, Harald Hardrada and William of respected, but experienced only in Britain feared warrior in the whole of Europe. He was Normandy all needed to recruit men into their armies. where he cruelly put down a revolt in Wales. brave and cruel. He was experienced in fi ghting Design a poster that could have been used by one of alongside Norwegian and foreign leaders. them to attract men to his army.
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The Battle of Stamford Bridge, 25 September 1066 Source A: From the Anglo- Invasion in the North Harold was in London when news reached him of the Viking Saxon Chronicle . The monks invasion. He immediately marched north, gathering troops as he are writing about the end Learning objectives went. Harald Hardrada and the Vikings were at Stamford Bridge. of the Battle of Stamford The Vikings were relaxing in the sun; most had taken their armour Bridge. • Know what happened when Harald Hardrada invaded England. o and they certainly were not expecting an Anglo-Saxon army to …the English fi ercely attacked • Understand how the Battle of Stamford Bridge a ected Harold Godwinson’s army. appear from the south. [the Vikings] from behind until Harold and the Anglo-Saxons covered the 185 miles from London in some of them…drowned, and Harold Godwinson had been crowned in January 1066 but he knew four days. Arriving at Stamford Bridge, they had to cross a narrow some [were] also burnt…so Did you know? his position as king of England was not secure. He expected to have wooden bridge to reach the Viking army on the other side of the river. that there were few survivors, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (written by English monks) says that one and the English [were in Tostig, Harold Godwinson’s to fi ght Harald Hardrada and William of Normandy if he was to hold Viking, armed with an axe, held up the entire army for long enough to command] of the place of brother, was once earl of on to his throne. He knew they would invade England – but he didn’t give the Vikings time to get their armour on and form a shield wall * to slaughter. [Our] king then gave Northumbria. In 1065, the know when and he didn’t know which attack would come fi rst. So face the Anglo-Saxon attack. The battle raged for hours and gradually safe-conduct to Olaf, the son of people there rebelled against Harold divided his army in half. One half guarded the south coast the Viking shield wall broke. Hardrada and Tostig were both killed, the king of the [Norwegians], him, accusing him of murder. in case of an invasion from Normandy; the other half waited in the along with hundreds of their men. Reinforcements from Riccall arrived and to their bishop, and to the Harold took the side of the North in case of an invasion from Norway. Nine months passed and too late. The Vikings that remained fl ed for Riccall and their ships. Earl of Orkney, and to all those rebels and forced Tostig to nothing happened. In September 1066, Harold was forced to send There were so few Vikings le that, of the 300 ships that brought them who were left on the ships. leave England. This is why his armies home. He could not a ord for them to stand around doing to England, only 24 ships were needed to take them back to Norway. It And they then went up to our Tostig supported Harald nothing, and they were needed at home to gather in the harvest. It was a great victory for Harold and the Anglo-Saxon army. king, and swore oaths that they Hardrada. was then that his enemies struck – the Vikings had landed. would always keep peace and The Vikings have landed! While Harold and the Anglo-Saxons were celebrating in York, word friendship in this land, and came that Duke William of Normandy had landed on the south coast [our] king let them go with 0 100 N of England. Key term km 24 ships. 4 Shield Shield wall*: wall*: Barrier Barrier York surrenders to Harald Hardrada. Vikings created by soldiers take hostages and supplies for their armies. Your turn!
standing shoulder to 5 N shoulder, holding their Two-thirds of the Viking army relax at 1 Imagine you are one of Harold’s advisers shields in front of them so Stamford Bridge after a victorious campaign. in January 1066. You are expecting t NORWAY n invasions from Norway and France. What that they formed a wall. e rw do you advise Harold to do? Discuss this e 2 D r e The Viking fleet moors along in your class. v i the river. The army disembarks. R th Tostig, Harold Godwinson’s 4 2 Make a timeline of events from the brother, is with it. day the Vikings landed until they were Stamford relaxing at Stamford Bridge. For each York 1 Bridge 18 September, 300 Viking event, decide whether the Vikings were Fulford ships sail up the Humber Estuary. They carry 10,000 fighting men, lucky or skilful. Stamford Riccall led by Harald Hardrada. th Bridge R 4 3 Identify the three main reasons why i v e the Vikings lost the Battle of Stamford 3 r ENGLAND 20 September, Battle of Fulford: O use H Bridge and put them in order of Hastings Vikings, led by Harald Hardrada, um defeat the Anglo-Saxon army be importance. 6 r E led by Edwin, Earl of Mercia, and stu One-third of the Viking army ary Morcar, Earl of Northumberland. NORMANDY returns to guard the ships 0 400 at Riccall. km
Figure 1.5: Harald Hardrada’s invasion, September 1066. 29
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Who will win: Anglo-Saxons or Normans? William’s Norman army Fact le The celebrations in York, following Harold’s victory at Stamford Bridge, William’s Norman army was very di erent from stopped abruptly because of the news that William and his Norman Harold’s Anglo-Saxon one. Norman archers army had landed on the south coast of England. Harold and the Anglo- Who were they? Trained Saxon army had defeated the Viking invasion in the North; they were Fact le and well-paid members of determined to defeat the Norman invasion in the South, too. Norman knights the army. Harold’s Anglo-Saxon army How were they armed? Who were they? William’s Harold’s army consisted of housecarls and the fyrd. These were very They had bows and arrows best soldiers, highly di erent groups of fi ghting men. but very little armour. trained, well paid and loyal What were their tactics? to William. They could fi re up to six Fact le Fact le How were they armed? arrows a minute, killing a Anglo-Saxon housecarls Anglo-Saxon fyrd They had spears, swords man from 180 metres away . and heavy iron clubs Who were they? Who were they? Working covered in spikes. Professional soldiers, men who were called up What were their tactics? Fact le highly trained, well paid to help the king in time of They charged at the enemy, riding on strong and fi ercely loyal to Harold. danger. Led by the king’s war horses, cutting down the enemy’s foot Norman foot soldiers How were they armed? thegns, they were trained soldiers. Who were they? The main Their main weapon was a battle axe. The handle as fi ghters. part of William’s army. was a metre long and the axe head was made How were they armed? How were they armed? They from sharpened iron. One swing of the axe could The thegns had swords had swords and shields. and spears and some were archers; the ordinary Your turn! cut the head o a horse or split a man’s head What were their tactics? working men used their own farming tools like in half. Sometimes they used a double-edged 1 a) Write down one strength and one They went in for the kill a er axes, pitchforks and scythes. sword. They carried shields, and wore short coats weakness of Harold’s Anglo-Saxon the knights and archers had of chain mail and pointed iron helmets. What were their tactics? The fyrd fought on army. done their work. What were their tactics? In defence, they foot and engaged the enemy in hand-to-hand b) Write down one strength and one formed a shield wall. In attack, they swung their fi ghting. weakness of William’s Norman army.
axes. They fought on foot. 3rd 2 Which army do you think would prefer (a) to make a surprise attack, (b) a Checkpoint pre-arranged battle and (c) a series of 1 List three ways in which Harold and the Harold could usually depend on having over 2000 housecarls to battles over a few days? Write two to Anglo-Saxons managed to defeat Harald fi ght for him. However, over half had been killed at Stamford Bridge. three sentences to explain each of your Hardrada and the Vikings. Harold and his remaining housecarls, exhausted from battling with choices. the Vikings, marched south to meet the invading Normans. Men 2 What was the fyrd and what weapons did joined the fyrd as the housecarls marched south. Even so, when they they use? reached London, Harold’s army was only up to half the strength it 3 How did thegns fi ght? could have been if Harold had waited for more Saxons to join him. 4 What was a shield wall? Gyrth, Harold’s brother, had a plan. He would lead the army against William so that Harold wouldn’t risk being killed. Meanwhile, the 5 What weapons did William’s army have that crops and villages in the surrounding countryside would be burned. Harold’s army did not? The Normans would have nothing to live on as winter closed in, and 6 Who do you think had the strongest army, would be forced to return to France. Those that stayed behind would William or Harold? be wiped out by the Anglo-Saxons. But would Harold agree?
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Change of tactics The Battle of Hastings, 14 October 1066 A rumour went round that William was dead. Then William used an old trick. Norman soldiers Immediately he took his helmet o and stood attacked up Senlac Hill, but then pretended to Learning objectives up in his stirrups so everyone could see him. run away. Some of the fyrd chased them. • Learn what happened at the Battle of Hastings and why King Harold lost. • Understand that there are di erent accounts of the battle, and the reasons for these di erences. • Understand that historians have di erent interpretations of the reasons why Harold lost.
River N Key Land above 80 m 75 m – 80 m Senlac Hill 60 m – 75 m 50 m – 60 m Land below 50 m River Marsh Harold’s housecarls Harold’s fyrd William’s archers The coast William’s footsoldiers William’s horsemen 0 150 metres Once the fyrd were o the hill and no longer Figure 1.6: The positions of the two armies at the start of the Battle of Hastings. behind a shield wall the Normans turned round and massacred them. Leofwine and Gyrth, At nine o’clock on the morning of 14 October 1066, two armies faced Harold’s brothers, were killed. each other. The Anglo-Saxon army, led by Harold Godwinson, king of England, was defending its country against foreign invaders. Duke William of Normandy and his army were fi ghting for the throne of England that William believed was rightfully his. With the throne would come the rich rewards of England.
Early tactics Harold positioned his army on Senlac Hill. He was planning to wear the Normans out by forcing them to fi ght uphill and then, when the Normans Some of the fyrd took fright and ran away. The were exhausted, to send in the housecarls and remaining housecarls formed a tight shield wall the fyrd to slaughter them. around Harold but it was too late. Harold was killed along with all the housecarls. The Normans attacked, trying to gain ground, but this was di cult as they were fi ghting uphill. Anglo-Saxon battle axes cut through the Normans’ armour. The noise – the shouting and screaming of the men, the bellowing of the horses and the clash Source A: Part of the Bayeux Tapestry, showing the of weapons – would have been tremendous. The Normans trying to break through the Anglo-Saxon shield wall. Anglo-Saxon shield wall held fi rm.
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The death of King After the battle Harold: a puzzle Hundreds of bodies were le on the battlefi eld, There is no doubt that King some half alive and moaning in agony, others Harold was killed at the Battle of clearly dead. William needed to be sure that Hastings, along with his brothers Harold was dead. If Harold escaped the battlefi eld and all of his housecarls. There he could rally the Saxons and fi ght back. However, is, however, a mystery as to how most of the Saxon bodies were so mutilated that exactly Harold met his death. The it was impossible to tell who they were. Faces had problem is that all the sources been slashed, arms and legs cut o and many say something a bit di erent Saxons stripped naked. to one another. We need to Saxon women, wives, sisters and mothers came ask whether or not the sources to the battlefi eld to identify their loved ones and are reliable – how far can they take them home for proper burial. This was what be trusted to tell us the truth usually happened a er any battle. There is a about the death of King Harold? legend that Edith Swanneck, the woman by whom One problem is that there is no Source B: Part of the Bayeux Tapestry, showing the death of King Harold had had six children, came looking for surviving Saxon account of how Harold. The Latin words ‘Haroldus rex interfectus est’ mean ‘King him. She found his crushed body and knew it was Harold died. We have to depend Harold has been killed’. But which person is King Harold? Harold by a special mark that only she knew about. on the Norman accounts. William of Poitiers records that Countess Gytha, • The Bayeux Tapestry is the earliest source, but Harold’s mother, went to William and begged him Source C: Written by Guy of Amiens, a it was made on the orders of a Norman, Odo, to French ally of William, in 1068. for her son’s body so that she could give Harold a record the Norman victory. He was present at Christian burial. William refused. He refused again Interpretation 1: Edith Swanneck fi nding Harold’s the battle. e fi rst knight pierced Harold’s shield with his even when Gytha o ered him Harold’s weight in body. sword that then penetrated his chest, drenching • Guy of Amiens was a French ally of William. He gold. William was probably afraid that Harold’s the ground with his blood. With his sword, the was not present at the battle. grave would become a place of pilgrimage for the English, and second knight cut off Harold’s head below the the focus of rebellions against the Normans. Instead, William gave protection of his helmet, and the third pierced the • William of Malmesbury was an English monk. Harold’s body to a trusted Norman and ordered it to be buried in innards of his belly. e fourth knight hacked off He believed it was important to use original an unmarked grave beside the sea. ‘Buried’, as one storyteller says, his leg at the thigh. Struck down, Harold’s dead source material. Historians believe he wrote his ‘beside the shore he failed to defend.’ body lay on the ground account a er seeing the Bayeux Tapestry. • William of Poitiers was a Norman who served Your turn! Source D: Written by William of Malmesbury, under Duke William as a soldier, although he an English monk and historian, in about 1125. wasn’t involved in the Battle of Hastings. He 1 a) Draw a table headed ‘Why Harold lost the Battle of Hastings’, with three columns headed would have spoken to soldiers who had been ‘Luck’, ‘Good decisions by William’ and ‘Poor decisions by Harold’. Work with a partner and, Harold fell from having his brain pierced by involved. starting with Harold leaving York and ending with his death, complete the table. an arrow and gave himself up to death. One of 3rd b) Write a paragraph explaining why Harold lost the Battle of Hastings. William’s soldiers gashed his thigh with a sword Source E: Written by William of Poitiers, a 2 Look at Source B. Read Source C and use it to help you fi nd Harold on the Bayeux Tapestry. as he lay on the ground. For this shameful and Norman soldier, in 1071. cowardly action he was condemned by William Now use Source D to fi nd Harold on the Bayeux Tapestry. Did you fi nd the same person? and expelled from the army. Victory won, the duke [William] returned to 3 Read Source E. William of Poitiers doesn’t mention Harold’s death by an arrow in his eye at all. the fi eld of battle. He was met with a scene of Write down two reasons why you think this was. carnage, which he regarded with pity. Far and wide 4 Write a paragraph to explain how Harold died. Remember to use evidence to back up your the ground was covered with the best of English ideas. It is all right to say it’s impossible to say exactly how he was killed, provided you say why. nobility and youth. Harold’s two brothers were found lying beside him.
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How do we know about the past? Interpretation 5: This interpretation was Your turn! Present-day historians and historical artists written by Frank Barlow in his book interpret the past. They show us and tell us The Godwins , published in 2002. 3rd 1 Look carefully at Interpretation 2. In what they think happened during events long Harold can possibly be blamed your class, discuss which sources of before they were born. The best historians for risking all on a battle. information the artist would have and historical artists take great care in using William, after three weeks’ wait needed to consult in order to make sure as many sources as they can fi nd in order to on the south coast, must have his painting was accurate. How much be sure their interpretation is accurate. been at his wits’ end over what would have been le to his imagination? The problem with the Battle of to do. What happened, it would 2 Read Interpretations 3, 4 and 5. What Hastings seem, is that Harold, fl ushed reasons do they give for William’s with victory in the north, victory? The problem with the Battle of Hastings is thought that he could deal as 3rd Write a paragraph to say which that only one person who fought there le any 3 successfully with William. And interpretation you agree with most, record of what it was like. This was Bishop Odo Interpretation 2: Jason Askew is an artist who he very nearly did. and why. specialises in painting historical scenes. This is his of Normandy. He commissioned the Bayeux interpretation of the Battle of Hastings, painted in Tapestry, but no one knows whether he gave around 1990. the embroiderers detailed instructions, nor whether he checked it for accuracy once it was fi nished. No one Checkpoint Why knows when it was made; experts in the history of embroidery say interpretations that it was made in about 1070, four years a er the battle. That is all 1 Where was Harold, and his army, positioned at the start of the Battle of Hastings? dier the information we have. There are no Anglo-Saxon records. 2 Where was William, and his army, positioned at the start of the Battle of Hastings? Modern historians collect all the evidence they can that relates to 3 What tactics were used (a) by Harold and (b) by William? the event about which they are writing. In the case of the Battle of Hastings, the obvious starting point is the Bayeux Tapestry. Then 4 What was the key change of tactic by William that won him the battle? they would look at later accounts (like Sources C and D on page 34) 5 Why were there di erent ideas in the 11th and 12th centuries about how Harold until they can build up a picture of what actually happened. As you was killed? have seen, some sources provide confl icting accounts. Historians need to decide which sources are likely to give an accurate account 6 How do historical artists make sure their paintings are as accurate as possible? Interpretation 3: This of what happened. It is then that historians need to prioritise their source material: they need to put it in order of importance. Not all 7 Give one reason why historians reach di erent conclusions about what happened interpretation was written by in the past? Richard Humble in his book historians will have the same order of importance. The Fall of Saxon England , published in 1975. Harold was defeated for three main Interpretation 4: This interpretation was written by Why was England a battle eld in 1066? reasons: William’s Ian W. Walker in his book Harold: The Last Anglo-Saxon King , grip on the battle published in 1997. • The Bayeux Tapestry tells the story of William’s claim to the throne of England, the preparations and his skill All Harold needed to do was stand his ground for the Norman invasion and the Battle of Hastings. As a group, plan, design and draw a frieze that at changing his and force William into submission. He almost tells the story of the defeat of Harald Hardrada. You will need to copy the pattern of the Bayeux tactics; the lack of succeeded in this, failing just before Tapestry: include sections on the claim of Harold Godwinson, the march north, the Battle of Fulford, discipline of the nightfall. The evidence suggests that it was the Battle of Stamford Bridge and what happened a erwards. Saxon fyrd; and the King Harold’s fall to a chance arrow which • There is no surviving Saxon evidence about the Battle of Hastings. All Harold’s thegns were killed relentless Norman fi nally broke English resistance and left the and the fyrd couldn’t read or write. Imaging you are a young Saxon who watched everything. Write arrow-fi re. fi eld to the Normans. your account of the battle – and remember you are a Saxon.
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M01_ExpHistory1_SB_KS3_XXXX_U01.indd 36 07/06/2017 08:05 M01_ExpHistory1_SB_KS3_XXXX_U01.indd 37 07/06/2017 08:05 hat ha o arn Causation Causation questions hat ha e you lear ed questions riting historically In this section, you have learned: You are going to write an answer to the question ‘Why did Harold, king of England, lose the Battle of • that a single event, like the Battle of Hastings, can have many causes. Hastings?’ Don’t just write down everything you know! First, you must structure your answer so that is has a beginning, a middle and an end, as shown below.
The study of history is all about asking questions. Historians ask ‘How?’, ‘Where?’, ‘When?’ and, most important, ‘Why?’ As soon as you Introduction think you have the answer to ‘Why?’, you need to follow that with This is where you show you understand the question, and grab the attention of the reader. ‘Why then, and not at any other time?’ When you ask why something happened, you are thinking about causation. You are working out You could, for example, begin with: what caused something, like the Battle of Hastings, to happen. Just ‘ In October 1066, Harold, king of England, suffered a violent and as importantly, you will go on to ask and answer the question ‘Why bloody death at the hands of the Norman invaders. There were many then, and not in 1065 or 1067?’ reasons why the Saxon king lost his throne.’ Paragraphs You now need to develop your answer in a logical way, giving reasons why Harold lost the battle. Use one paragraph for each reason. Cnut, King of England 1040–42, promises the 1 You could begin each paragraph with ‘ One reason was… ’, ‘A second reason was… ’. This makes it throne to his descendants 1066 Promises Harald Hardrada, Sept 1066 Battle of clear each time you are talking about a new reason. throne of England, grandson of Cnut, Stamford Bridge: on his death, to invades England Harold victorious Remember to support what you are saying with factual evidence, otherwise people will not believe Harold Godwinson 2 you! For example, don’t just say ‘ Harold’s troops were tired’, but add that they were tired because they had just marched hundreds of kilometres. 1064 Harold promises Jan 1066 Death Jan 1066 Harold Harold Edward the NORMAN to support William’s of Edward the crowned king of defends his Confessor CONQUEST 3 Remember, too, to use connective words such as ‘therefore’, ‘however’ and ‘ because’ to show how claim to the throne Confessor England throne your ideas link together.
1051 Promises throne An example of a strong paragraph could look something like this: William, duke of of England, on his Oct 1066 Battle Normandy, death, to Duke of Hastings: invades England William of Normandy William victorious ‘One reason that Harold lost the Battle of Hastings was that his troops were tired and depleted. This was because they had fought the Battle of Stamford Bridge only two weeks before. Some of Harold’s troops had died in the battle, and the rest had had to march south very quickly to face the Normans. Therefore the Saxon army Figure 1.7: Why did the Norman Conquest happen? was not at full strength at Hastings.’
Conclusion Your turn! This is where you sum up your ideas and say which reason was the most important. In other words, 1 The fl ow chart in Figure 1.7 shows that the Norman Conquest had several causes. you provide a direct answer to the question. Your paragraphs should have already provided the a) Using the fl ow chart, decide which causes you think were so important that the Norman evidence for your conclusion. Conquest wouldn’t have happened without them. b) Which causes were so unimportant that, if they hadn’t happened, the Norman Conquest You could begin your conclusion with: would have happened anyway? ‘ The most important reason why Harold lost the battle of c) Draw up two lists, one of important causes and one of unimportant causes, and then Hastings was...’. discuss them in your class. Produce two lists with which you all agree. Now go ahead and write an answer to the question ‘Why did Harold, king of England, lose the Battle of 2 Write a paragraph in answer to the question ‘Why did the Norman Conquest happen in 1066?’ Hastings?’ Use all the advice above.
M01_ExpHistory1_SB_KS3_XXXX_U01.indd 38 07/06/2017 08:05 M01_ExpHistory1_SB_KS3_XXXX_U01.indd 39 07/06/2017 08:05 o i i ia tak contro o ng an How did illiam ta e co trol o E la d The harrying of the North William had won the Battle of Hastings, but one battle was not enough to give him control of the Revolts broke out across the country and were whole of England. The Anglo-Saxons were not going to give in that easily. However, within just cruelly put down by the Norman army. 21 years Norman power reached every corner of England. William was fi rmly in control and his throne was safe. This section of the book will look at: The most serious revolt happened in the North of England in 1069. Trouble began when the Saxons • the way in which castles and terror were used by the Normans to establish control of England massacred William’s trusted friend, Earl Robert, and 900 of William’s soldiers when they were sent • the way in which the feudal system and the Domesday Book helped to maintain control to rule Durham. The earls Morcar and Edwin turned • the extent to which the Norman Conquest changed the lives of the Anglo-Saxons. against William. Helped by a small force of Vikings sent by the king of Denmark, they seized York Part of the Bayeux Tapestry showing and threatened to set up a separate kingdom in Source A: the Normans burning a Saxon house, and a woman northern England. William responded in the only and child escaping. Taking control using terror way he knew: he marched north with specially selected soldiers. They massacred men, women What do you think? Source B: Written by an English monk, Learning objectives and children, burned their villages, destroyed their Orderic Vitalis, in The Ecclesiastical History , crops and slaughtered their animals. Those who • Learn how William used terror to frighten the Saxons. Are there problems with between 1123 and 1141. Orderic said that this survived faced famine and disease. The Vikings, • Understand why the Normans used castles to control the Saxons. establishing control by force? was William’s deathbed confession. William bribed by William and seeing the Saxons defeated died in 1087 and Orderic wasn’t there at the and destroyed, sailed away, never to return. time. He relied on what people had told him. William knew he had to act quickly. He had killed I fell upon the English in the northern shires like a 0 200 N Key the king of England at the Battle of Hastings, but hungry lion. I ordered their houses and corn, with all km Your turn! Saxon revolt that did not give him control of the whole country. their tools and belongings, to be burned. I ordered William marched on London, burning villages and 1 Look at the map in Figure 1.8 showing large herds of cattle and beasts of burden to be 1069 The rebellion in the north destroying crops as he went. This sent a powerful Saxon revolts against Norman rule. butchered wherever they were found. By so doing, alas, message to the Saxon people. The Normans would Imagine William has asked for your advice. I became the barbarous murderer of many thousands, Durham 1070 Hereward not tolerate any opposition. Faced with this level Write a short paragraph saying what you both young and old, of that fi ne race of people. the Wake of destruction, the Saxon earls reluctantly agreed would advise him to do, and why. Should 1067-68 York to accept William as their king. he, for example, send in troops to put Eadric the Wild down the revolt, build a castle or burn all On Christmas Day 1066, William was crowned in Did you know? the countryside in the area of the revolt so Westminster Abbey. As the coronation ceremony Historians call William’s destruction of Northern that the people starve? was taking place, Saxons and Normans were England ‘the harrying of the North’. ‘Harrying’ Ely fi ghting in the streets. This was not a good 2 In what ways do Sources A and B agree? means to repeatedly attack someone or beginning to William’s reign. 4th 3 Choose one of the sources and explain something over a period of time. WALES how a historian could use it as evidence of the way William treated the Saxons in the North of England. Source C: Written by a monk, Simeon of Did you know? Durham, in the 1100s. 5th 4 What can you learn from Source B about Exeter 1068 Today we hear about terror and terrorist acts William? Why would a historian have to ere was such hunger that men ate human fl esh, Harold Godwinson’s where extremists try to frighten the civilian family be careful using this source as evidence and the fl esh of horses and dogs and cats. Others sold population and spread fear. The Normans used of William’s character? themselves into slavery so they could live out their Figure 1.8: Map showing the locations of the most terror, too, to frighten the English people into 5th 5 Source C describes a terrible situation. miserable lives. It was horrible to look into the ruined important Saxon revolts. obeying them. What questions would a historian have farmyards and houses and see the rotting human to ask before using it as evidence of the corpses, for there were none to bury them ... ere harrying of the North? was no village inhabited between York and Durham.
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Did you know? Control by castles Key Historians call the people who Castles were vital to William’s takeover of England. Wherever his Castles built by the army took control, they built castles. They built castles to: Normans lived in England before 1066 Hadrian’s Wall SCOTLAND ‘Anglo-Saxons’ and the people • keep Normans safe in hostile areas and have a base from which to who lived in England a er launch attacks Newcastle 1066 ‘English’. • control the surrounding countryside, making sure there were no rebellions Durham N • remind people of the power of the Normans. Stamford The fi rst castles were made from wood. This was later replaced Bridge Skipsea by stone. A castle might be built on a ‘motte’, which was a simple York Rhuddlan mound or hill. If there wasn’t a suitable hill, then earth was dug to Pontefract make a mound. If the Normans decided to build a castle in a town, Chester Lincoln then houses were pulled down to clear a big enough space. A ‘bailey’ Norwich was a cleared space which gave a good view of the surrounding Dudley Rockingham area. It prevented people sneaking up in a surprise attack and gave Richard’s Huntingdon Eye defenders a clear area from which to shoot. It was also a safe place WALES Warwick Cambridge where Normans could live and work. Gloucester Buckingham Chepstow London The Normans made the English carry out all the hard work involved Windsor Canterbury in building the castles. A castle was usually the highest building in Dunster Salisbury Hastings an entire area. There were no castles like these in England before Winchester Montacute Dover Corfe the Norman Conquest, and this gave castles an air of sinister Exeter Pevensey mystery and importance. Trematon Buildings: kitchen, storeroom, 0 150 Bailey workshops, etc. km Checkpoint
Figure 1.9 : Map to show the extent of Norman control over England 1 What was the ‘harrying of by 1070. the North’? 2 Why did William order the Motte harrying of the North? Your turn! 3 What impact did the harrying of the North have Ditch 3rd 1 There were no rebellions in England a er 1070. Does on the people who lived this mean that William’s castle-building programme was there? a success? Use the map in Figure 1.9 and discuss this in your class. 4 Give two things historians need to check when using 2 You are one of a band of English people who don’t want Wooden palisade sources to write about the to co-operate with the Normans. Use Interpretation 1 past. and work with a partner to plan your attack on a Norman castle. Think about where the castle’s weak points are 5 Give two ways in which the and how you could get to them without Norman soldiers Normans used castles to Interpretation 1: A modern artist, Sue Walker-White, drew this picture in 2002 to pouring out of the castle and wiping you out. control the English people. show what early Norman castles would have looked like.
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Taking control peacefully Source A: An entry in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 1085. Key term e king had great deliberations and very deep speech with his Plough team*: A plough team counsellors about this land, how it was occupied and by what men. Learning objectives was made up of eight oxen He then sent his men over all England into each shire to fi nd out how and two men. The oxen pulled • Know how the feudal system and the Domesday survey helped many hides of land there were, what and how much each man was William keep control of England. the plough. One man guided holding in England, in land, in livestock, and how much money it the plough and the other led • Understand how much change the Normans brought to was worth. So very closely did he let it be searched out that there was the oxen over the fi elds. England a er 1066. not a single hide of land, not an ox, a cow, a pig was left out, and all the documents were brought to him afterwards.
William realised that he could not hold England Did you know? by sheer force forever. He needed a plan. He Source B: A description of the city of York, from the Domesday The Domesday Book was fi rst needed help to run England. He had to reward the Book. called the Book of Winchester King powerful Normans who had supported him while because that is the town at the same time making sure they stayed loyal. In the city of York, before 1066 there were 6 shires and one belonging to the archbishop. One of these has now been laid waste for the where it was kept. A er about Loaned land The feudal system castles. In 5 shires there were 1418 inhabited dwellings. ere are now 100 years it was nicknamed the Domesday Book because William developed the feudal system. He started 391 inhabited. 400 dwellings are not inhabited; the better ones pay people thought that by Owed loyalty by saying that all the land in England belonged 1 penny and the others less; and 540 dwellings so empty that they pay counting everything, it to him. However, he would lend it to trusted nothing at all. e Frenchmen hold 145 dwellings. marked the end of the world, followers in exchange for their loyalty. The feudal or ‘dooms day’, when God Barons (about 200) system meant that William had a constant supply would judge the world and of money and loyalty, and still owned the land. Source C: A description of the village of Coleshill, Warwickshire, from the Domesday Book. everything in it. Loaned land The Domesday survey Richard holds Coleshill from William, son of Ansculf and it pays him In order for the feudal system to work properly, £1 in rent. e lord in King Edward’s time was Wulwin and the value William had to have an accurate record of the to him was £1. ere are 9 households and land for six ploughs. ere Owed loyalty state of his land. He had to know exactly who is one lord’s plough team* and 2 men’s plough teams. ere is a wood owned what and how much it was worth, so that that is half a mile long. he could tax them correctly. He also wanted to Knights know how much tax had been paid during Edward (about 4,000) the Confessor’s reign. This was so that he could show people he was continuing to follow what was Your turn! Loaned land customary in Edward’s time. In 1085, William sent 4th 1 Look back at the triangle showing Saxon roles that you royal commissioners over all the country to collect drew in answer to the fi rst enquiry question on page 23. this evidence. People, animals and land were all Put it beside the diagram of the feudal system in counted so that William could see how rich or Figure 1.10. Make a list of the di erences you can fi nd, poor his subjects were. Owed loyalty and another list of what stayed the same. 2 Read Source A. List the information it gives us about how the Domesday survey was carried out.
Peasants 4th 3 Read Sources B and C. Which area changed the most? (about 1.5 million) Discuss with a partner why there was this di erence. 4 Explain how the feudal system and the Domesday survey worked together to help William control England. Figure 1.10: The feudal system.
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Change questions What did the Norman Conquest change? Imagine you are Wigberht, a Saxon shepherd looking Your turn! Checkpoint a er a large fl ock of sheep. The spring lambs are 1 What was the feudal system? 4th 1 Work in groups of four. You are to take fattening up nicely and you are wondering what the parts of Wigberht, Eldrida, Alfric How did the feudal system help William price they will fetch at market. Suddenly you look 2 and Meghan. Develop the discussion keep control of England? up and gaze in puzzlement at the horizon. A cluster they have started by bringing in more of what look like black dots has appeared at sea. As points about change and continuity 3 Give two reasons why William ordered the they grow closer, you see to your horror that they under Norman rule. Write up the scene Domesday survey to be carried out. are ships. You don’t know it, but your life is about to and act it to the rest of your class. Figure 1.11: A Saxon shepherd with his sheep. change forever. Or is it? 4 How did the Domesday survey help the 4th 2 In 1187, 90 percent of the people in Normans control England? The Norman Conquest changed many things in England. Some of England lived in villages and farmed I don’t know what all Give two ways in which the Domesday survey the fuss is about. My life the changes were huge and a ected a large number of people; some the land. Write a paragraph to describe 5 has been pretty good were small and a ected only a few people. Some changes may seem the ways in which the new Norman is useful to historians. under the Normans. I system might have changed their lives. have carried on working big, but had little impact on the lives of ordinary people. 6 List three ways in which the Normans as a shepherd, my 3 When a famous person dies, journalists • The landscape changed: huge castles dominated much of the brought change to England. village has a new lord usually write an obituary in which who looks after us and countryside. The landscape in the North of England was devastated: Wigberht they detail the achievements of that 7 List three ways in which the lives of English if anything goes wrong burnt fi elds and destroyed villages were all that could be seen. we have the protection person’s life. William I died in 1087. people stayed the same a er 1066. of the castle. • Land ownership changed: by 1087, only two of the great landowners Write his obituary, from the point of I’m not so sure. I don’t were English; all the rest were Normans. The new landowners view of either an English person or a like being bossed about created luxury areas like deer parks and planted vineyards. Norman. by Normans. They aren’t our people and • The Church changed: by 1090, only one out of the 16 bishops was they’ve just taken over. To make matters worse, English; the rest were Norman. By 1200, all the wooden Saxon my daughter is going churches had been replaced by stone ones. Eldrida to call her son Robert. What’s wrong with good • Language changed: new words came into the language. People old Saxon names? began using fi rst names like Robert, William and Richard. Words like It was terrible when ‘beef’ and ‘pork’ were used to describe meat from cows and pigs. the Normans came. They forced me and my • Two new laws were introduced by William: How did illiam ta e co trol o E la d family to spend weeks digging in the mud to Forest Laws protected William’s hunting. There were vast • The Norman Conquest a ected some people very much and others hardly at all. How do you think make a gigantic mound. forests in England. A er the Norman Conquest some were Then they put a building the following people were a ected: Alfric on top so they could named ‘royal’ forests. Ordinary people were not allowed to kill control all of us. This or capture any animals in royal forests and there were severe a Norman knight who fought alongside William at Hastings was slavery! punishments for poaching. an Anglo-Saxon thegn who held land in the North of England Times are hard. The A Murdrum fi ne was imposed on any area where a Norman land we’ve been given to an Anglo-Saxon ceorl who grew wheat and barley and supplied milk to the nearby town work is stony and won’t had been killed and his murderer had not been caught. grow much, yet the lord a monk who wrote parts of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ? is demanding more corn Apart from these new laws, William kept the old Saxon legal system, from us than in the old even though it was di erent from the one he was used to. But he made Put your ideas in a table with three columns headed ‘Person’, ‘What changed’ and ‘What stayed the days. To make matters worse, my husband can’t sure the legal system was run by the Normans, not the English. William same’. Share your ideas with others in your class and draw up a class table with which you all agree. Meghan sneak o into the forest had won England by conquest and controlled the country partly by • ‘William took control of England by making sure everyone’s lives were changed by the Normans.’ to catch rabbits. force and partly by making peaceful changes. He needed to show the Write a paragraph explaining whether or not you agree with this statement. Remember to back up Figure 1.12: Di erent Saxon English people that he was the true heir to Edward the Confessor, with your ideas with facts. experiences. as much continuity as change in the way he ran the country.
M01_ExpHistory1_SB_KS3_XXXX_U01.indd 46 07/06/2017 08:05 M01_ExpHistory1_SB_KS3_XXXX_U01.indd 47 07/06/2017 08:05 hat ha o arn Following up Inference a source detail hat ha e you lear ed questions riting historically In this section, you have learned: How do historians use all the di erent kinds of sources to fi nd out about the past? Two of the most • that historians use sources to fi nd out about the past. important ways are comprehension and inference. Comprehension means understanding the source and being able to identify its key features. Inference means working out something from the source which isn’t actually stated or shown in it. What must I use to fi nd out about Archaeological evidence of Anglo-Saxon and the ways in which people lived When you are asked to make an inference, you are being asked to explain what you think the source is Norman England? suggesting. The inference can be about the situation described in the source, or about why it was made. The Bayeux Tapestry Look at Source A on page 32. What two inferences can you draw The writings of from this source about the Battle of Hastings? Saxon monks and Norman noblemen Student 1
I must check my interpretation Paintings and The Norman knights are wearing chainmail and they are fi ghting on Student 1 is describing two drawings from against the work of other horseback. features that can be seen in the historians. I might agree the time source. This is comprehension; with them, or I might have there are no inferences. discovered something new. Buildings such as churches Student 2 and castles Figure 1.13: A historian gets to work. The chainmail and helmets the Normans are wearing show that they Student 2 is drawing two were well prepared for battle. The Saxons aren’t wearing armour at all, inferences from the source – that the Normans were well prepared Your turn! Quick quiz so would have been easier to kill. and that the Saxon soldiers were easier to kill. The student is 1 Give two ways in which England was a prosperous country Historians can use a lot of giving reasons for drawing those before 1066. Now let’s try using the same skill with a written source. di erent sources to help inferences. them fi nd out about the 2 What was a Witan? Read Source C on page 41. What two inferences can you draw from past. Which type of source in this source about the results of the harrying of the North? Figure 1.13 would historians 3 Give two qualities a good medieval monarch had to have. Student 1 fi nd the most useful if they 4 Who led the Vikings at the Battle of Stamford Bridge? were trying to fi nd out about: As a result of the harrying of the North, corpses were left to rot and Student 1 is describing two a) the lives of ordinary 5 What happened on Christmas Day 1066? no villages between York and Durham were lived in. results of the harrying of the North. This is comprehension; Anglo-Saxon people 6 What was the date of the harrying of the North? there are no inferences. b) what the Saxons thought Student 2 about the Normans? 7 Give two ways in which the Normans changed the lives of the Saxons. People were forced to eat human fl esh – this suggests that all the Student 2 is drawing an food and farm animals had been taken or destroyed by the Normans. inference from the fact that 8 Give two ways in which the lives of Saxons stayed the same people ate human fl esh – that The fact that a monk wrote about the harrying of the North so a er the Norman Conquest. all other food sources had been long afterwards shows that it was such a terrible event that people taken or destroyed. The student 9 Who did the Normans say owned all the land in England? remembered it for a long time. is also making an inference by thinking about who wrote the 10 In the feudal system: source and why. a) what did the peasants have to do for their lord and Your turn! b) what did their lord have to do for them in return? 11 Why did the Normans build castles? Give two reasons. Read Source A on page 17. What two inferences can you draw from this source about the 12 What was the Domesday Book for? Saxon invasions of England in about AD 440?
M01_ExpHistory1_SB_KS3_XXXX_U01.indd 48 07/06/2017 08:05 M01_ExpHistory1_SB_KS3_XXXX_U01.indd 49 07/06/2017 08:05 Acknowledgements Pearson The author and publisher would like to thank the following individuals and organisations for their kind permission to reproduce copyright material. This preview chapter is advanced material, Photographs and will be proofread Progression (Key: b-bottom; c-centre; l-le ; r-right; t-top) and fact-checked before publication. Alamy Stock Photo: Mary Evans Picture Library 26bl, World History Archive 18bl, 24; Arturas Slapšys: 26br; Bridgeman Art Library Ltd: Abu Muhammad (c.1100-64) (a er) / Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France, Battle of Hastings Services (engraving), Neuville, Alphonse Marie de (1835-85) / Private Collection / © Look and Learn 35, Bayeux Tapestry 1067: Harold Godwinson, Earl of Wessex (Harold II) swearing oath of fealty to William of Normandy (William I, the Conqueror) on holy relics, 1064. William used this oath to boost his claim to English throne. Textile / Universal History Archive / UIG 27, Bishop Odo, holding a club, urges on the young soldiers, detail from the Bayeux Tapestry, To help you find new ways to track and report on your students’ progress in before 1082 (wool embroidery on linen) / Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux, History after the removal of National Curriculum Levels, we’ve developed a France 32, 39, British Library, London, UK / © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved 20t, 22, By Hunayn ibn Ishaq (809-873), 12th century CE manuscript straightforward, time-saving and reliable approach to monitor learning: / Pictures from History, Byzantine, (10th century) / Haghia Sophia, Istanbul, our Pearson Progression Service. Turkey / De Agostini Picture Library / C. Sappa, Evans, Chris (20th Century) / Private Collection / © Historic England 23, Many fall in battle and King Harold is killed, detail from the Bayeux Tapestry, before 1082 (wool embroidery on linen) / Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux 34, Shepherds and fl ock / British For KS3 History, our service offers: Library, London, UK / © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved 20b, Progression scale and map, showing how students’ progress in history Spanish Cordoba, 968 CE / Pictures from History, Textile Linen / Universal History Archive / UIG 43, The Alfred Jewel (gold, rock crystal and enamel) can be defined across KS3 and KS4. (for reverse see 100549), Anglo-Saxon (9th century) / Ashmolean Museum, FREE baseline assessments for the start of KS3 and the start of KS4, University of Oxford, UK 19; Getty Images: Photo12, Universal History Archive 17; Historic England: Jason Askew 36; Sue Walker White 2002: 44; © The with markbooks to help you analyse the results and assign your students Trustees of The British Museum. All rights reserved: 18br; TopFoto: 18tl, a Step on the Pearson Progression Scale. The Print Collector / HIP 26tr An assessment package, including half-termly assessments based on All other images © Pearson Education the Edexcel Scheme of Work, plus end-of-year tests and markbooks. Text The assessment package also comes with reporting tools within our Figure 1.1: History in Progress: Pupil Book 1 (1066–1603), Rosemary Rees and ActiveLearn digital platform. Martin Collier, Copyright ©2008 Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Figure 1.6: Think History Teaching & Learning File:Changing Times, 1066–1500, Martin Collier, Steve Day, Barry Doherty and Bill Mar, Copyright Both the KS3 History Pearson Progression Service and our brand-new Exploring ©2003 Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. History resources are based on the Edexcel KS3 History Scheme of Work. This Source A page 29: From The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, by Michael Swanton means they work seamlessly together to help you prepare your students for ©2000, p.199 Phoenix. starting GCSE (9-1) History. Source E page 34: From The Battle of Hastings: Sources and Interpretations, by Stephen Morillo. ©1996 Boydell & Brewer. Find out more at: www.pearsonschools.co.uk/HistProgressionServices
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