DOCSLIB.ORG

Next Generation Photon Sources for Grand Challenges in Science And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Next Generation Photon Sources for Grand Challenges in Science And On the Cover: Laser pulses can be shaped or tailored in order to control the pathway of a photochemical reaction. For example, different dissociation products can be produced from a given molecule, depending on the temporal and spectral shape of the laser pulse. Fourth generation X-ray light sources can reveal the structure and electronic energies of the intermediate and final states during the course of the photochemical reaction by interrogation with an X-ray pulse, correlated in time with the laser pulse driving the reaction. Next-Generation Photon Sources for Grand Challenges in Science and Energy Report of the Workshop on Solving Science and Energy Grand Challenges with Next-Generation Photon Sources October 27-28, 2008 Rockville, Maryland Co-Chairs Wolfgang Eberhardt Helmholtz Center, Berlin and Franz Himpsel University of Wisconsin - Madison Discussion Leaders Scientific Editors Nora Berrah (Western Michigan) Simon Bare (UOP LLC) Gordon Brown (Stanford) Michelle Buchanan (Oak Ridge) Hermann Dürr (Berlin) George Crabtree (Argonne) Russell Hemley (Carnegie Institution, D.C.) Wolfgang Eberhardt (Berlin) John C. Hemminger (Irvine) Franz Himpsel (Wisconsin) Janos Kirz (Berkeley) Marc Kastner (MIT) Rick Osgood (Columbia) Michael Norman (Argonne) Julia Phillips (Sandia) John Sarrao (Los Alamos) Robert Schlögl (Berlin) Z.X. Shen (Stanford) A Report of the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee Chair: John C. Hemminger University of California - Irvine Prepared by the BESAC Subcommittee on Facing Our Energy Challenges in a New Era of Science Co-chairs: George Crabtree Argonne National Laboratory and Marc Kastner Massachusetts Institute of Technology U.S. Department of Energy May 2009 Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee Chair: John C. Hemminger (University of California-Irvine) Simon Bare (UOP LLC) Nora Berrah (Western Michigan University) Sylvia Ceyer (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Sue Clark (Washington State University) Peter Cummings (Vanderbilt University) Frank DiSalvo (Cornell University) Mostafa El-Sayed (Georgia Institute of Technology) George Flynn (Columbia University) Bruce Gates (University of California-Davis) Laura Greene (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) Sharon Hammes-Schiffer (Pennsylvania State University) Michael Hochella (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Bruce Kay (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) Kate Kirby (Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics) William McCurdy, Jr. (University of California-Davis) Daniel Morse (University of California-Santa Barbara) Martin Moskovits (University of California-Santa Barbara) Kathryn Nagy (University of Illinois at Chicago) John Richards (California Institute of Technology) John Spence (Arizona State University) Kathleen Taylor (General Motors, retired) Douglas Tobias (University of California-Irvine) John Tranquada (Brookhaven National Laboratory) Designated Federal Officer: Harriet Kung Associate Director of Science for Basic Energy Sciences Subcommittee on Facing our Energy Challenges in a New Era of Science Co-chairs: George Crabtree (Argonne National Laboratory) Marc Kastner (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Simon Bare (UOP LLC)* Michelle Buchanan (Oak Ridge National Laboratory) Andrea Cavalleri (Oxford University, UK) Yet-Ming Chiang (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Sue Clark (Washington State University)* Don DePaolo (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) Frank DiSalvo (Cornell University)* Wolfgang Eberhardt (BESSY-Berlin) John C. Hemminger (ex officio, University of California-Irvine)** Wayne Hendrickson (Columbia University) Franz Himpsel (University of Wisconsin-Madison) Michael Klein (University of Pennsylvania) Carl Lineberger (University of Colorado) Patrick Looney (Brookhaven National Laboratory) Thomas Mallouk (Pennsylvania State University) Michael Norman (Argonne National Laboratory) Arthur Nozik (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) Julia Phillips (Sandia National Laboratories) John Sarrao (Los Alamos National Laboratory) Technical Support: Michael Casassa (Basic Energy Sciences) Jim Horwitz (Basic Energy Sciences) Roger Klaffky (Basic Energy Sciences) * BESAC Member ** BESAC Chair TABLE OF CONTENTS Notations............................................................................................................................................... iii 1. Executive Summary.......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 3 3. Photon Science Drivers .................................................................................................................... 13 4. Cross-Cutting Challenges ................................................................................................................ 31 5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 45 Appendix 1: Photon Sources................................................................................................................. 47 Appendix 2: New Scientific Opportunities........................................................................................... 67 Appendix 3: Related Studies................................................................................................................. 109 Appendix 4: Photon Workshop Charge ................................................................................................ 111 Appendix 5: Photon Workshop Agenda ............................................................................................... 113 Appendix 6: Photon Workshop Participants......................................................................................... 117 i ii NOTATION ARPES angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy ASISI Argonne Scattering, Imaging and Spectroscopy Institute BES Basic Energy Sciences BESAC Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee BNL Brookhaven National Laboratory BRN Basic Research Needs CGH computer-generated hologram CW continuous wave (also cw) DNA deoxyribonucleic acid DOE U.S. Department of Energy EOS equation of state ERL energy recovery LINAC ESFRI European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures EUV extreme ultraviolet EXAFS extended X-ray absorption fine structure FEL free electron laser GIXD grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction HGHG high gain harmonic generation HHG high harmonic generation ICF inertial confinement fusion ID insertion device IR infrared IXS inelastic X-ray scattering LCLS LINAC Coherent Light Source LINAC linear accelerator MAD multiwavelength anomalous dispersion MCD magnetic circular dichroism MEG multiple exciton generation NEXAFS near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure NSLS National Synchroton Light Source NSRC Nanoscale Science Research Center PCM phase-change memory PDF pair distribution function PEEM photoemission electron microscopy PES photoemission P-T pressure-temperature iii QD quantum dot R&D research and development RF radion frequency RIXS resonant inelastic X-ray scattering SASE self-amplified spontaneous emission SAXS small-angle X-ray scattering SCSS SPring-8 Compact SASE Source SEM scanning electron microscopy SPES scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy SPP surface plasmon polariton STFC Science and Technology Facilities Council STXM scanning transmission X-ray microscopy TIPS Theory Institute for Photon Sciences UCLA University of California at Los Angeles UV ultraviolet VUV vacuum ultraviolet WAXS wide-angle X-ray scattering WDM warm dense matter XANES X-ray absorption near edge structure XAS X-ray absorption spectroscopy XES X-ray emission spectroscopy XPCS X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy XPS X-ray photoemission spectroscopy XRD X-ray diffraction 2-D two-dimensional 3-D three-dimensional Units of Measurement as attosecond eV electron volt fs femtosecond Gbar gigabar K Kelvin keV kiloelectron volt Mbar megabar meV millielectron volt nm nanometer ps picosecond s second THz terahertz iv 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The next generation of sustainable energy technologies will revolve around transformational new materials and chemical processes that convert energy efficiently among photons, electrons, and chemical bonds. New materials that tap sunlight, store electricity, or make fuel from splitting water or recycling carbon dioxide will need to be much smarter and more functional than today’s commodity-based energy materials. To control and catalyze chemical reactions or to convert a solar photon to an electron requires coordination of multiple steps, each carried out by customized materials and interfaces with designed nanoscale structures. Such advanced materials are not found in nature the way we find fossil fuels; they must be designed and fabricated to exacting standards, using principles revealed by basic science. Success in this endeavor requires probing, and ultimately controlling, the interactions among photons, electrons, and chemical bonds on their natural length and time scales. Control science—the application of knowledge at the frontier of science to control phenomena and create new functionality—realized through the next generation of ultraviolet and X-ray photon sources, has the potential to be transformational for the life sciences and information technology, as well as for sustainable energy. Current synchrotron-based light sources have revolutionized macromolecular crystallography. The
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 5 Semiconductor Laser
    Chapter 5 Semiconductor Laser _____________________________________________ 5.0 Introduction Laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Albert Einstein in 1917 showed that the process of stimulated emission must exist but it was not until 1960 that TH Maiman first achieved laser at optical frequency in solid state ruby. Semiconductor laser is similar to the solid state laser like the ruby laser and helium-neon gas laser. The emitted radiation is highly monochromatic and produces a highly directional beam of light. However, the semiconductor laser differs from other lasers because it is small in 0.1mm long and easily modulated at high frequency simply by modulating the biasing current. Because of its uniqueness, semiconductor laser is one of the most important light sources for optical-fiber communication. It can be used in many other applications like scientific research, communication, holography, medicine, military, optical video recording, optical reading, high speed laser printing etc. The analysis of physics of laser is quite difficult and we summarize with the simplified version here. The application of laser although with a slow start in the 1960s but now very often new applications are found such as those mentioned earlier in the text. 5.1 Emission and Absorption of Radiation As mentioned in earlier Chapter, when an electron in an atom undergoes transition between two energy states or levels, it either absorbs or emits photon. When the electron transits from lower energy level to higher energy level, it absorbs photon. When an electron transits from higher energy level to lower energy level, it releases photon.
    [Show full text]
  • 7. Gamma and X-Ray Interactions in Matter
    Photon interactions in matter Gamma- and X-Ray • Compton effect • Photoelectric effect Interactions in Matter • Pair production • Rayleigh (coherent) scattering Chapter 7 • Photonuclear interactions F.A. Attix, Introduction to Radiological Kinematics Physics and Radiation Dosimetry Interaction cross sections Energy-transfer cross sections Mass attenuation coefficients 1 2 Compton interaction A.H. Compton • Inelastic photon scattering by an electron • Arthur Holly Compton (September 10, 1892 – March 15, 1962) • Main assumption: the electron struck by the • Received Nobel prize in physics 1927 for incoming photon is unbound and stationary his discovery of the Compton effect – The largest contribution from binding is under • Was a key figure in the Manhattan Project, condition of high Z, low energy and creation of first nuclear reactor, which went critical in December 1942 – Under these conditions photoelectric effect is dominant Born and buried in • Consider two aspects: kinematics and cross Wooster, OH http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Compton sections http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=22551 3 4 Compton interaction: Kinematics Compton interaction: Kinematics • An earlier theory of -ray scattering by Thomson, based on observations only at low energies, predicted that the scattered photon should always have the same energy as the incident one, regardless of h or • The failure of the Thomson theory to describe high-energy photon scattering necessitated the • Inelastic collision • After the collision the electron departs
    [Show full text]
  • Auger Recombination in Quantum Well Laser with Participation of Electrons in Waveguide Region
    ARuegv.e Ar drev.c Momatbeinr.a Sticoi.n 5 in7 q(2u0a1n8tu) m19 w3-e1ll9 la8ser with participation of electrons in waveguide region 193 AUGER RECOMBINATION IN QUANTUM WELL LASER WITH PARTICIPATION OF ELECTRONS IN WAVEGUIDE REGION A.A. Karpova1,2, D.M. Samosvat2, A.G. Zegrya2, G.G. Zegrya1,2 and V.E. Bugrov1 1Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, Kronverksky Pr. 49, St. Petersburg, 197101 Russia 2Ioffe Institute, Politekhnicheskaya 26, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia Received: May 07, 2018 Abstract. A new mechanism of nonradiative recombination of nonequilibrium carriers in semiconductor quantum wells is suggested and discussed. For a studied Auger recombination process the energy of localized electron-hole pair is transferred to barrier carriers due to Coulomb interaction. The analysis of the rate and the coefficient of this process is carried out. It is shown, that there exists two processes of thresholdless and quasithreshold types, and thresholdless one is dominant. The coefficient of studied process is a non-monotonous function of quantum well width having maximum in region of narrow quantum wells. Comparison of this process with CHCC process shows that these two processes of nonradiative recombination are competing in narrow quantum wells, but prevail at different quantum well widths. 1. INTRODUCTION nonequilibrium carriers is still located in the waveguide region. Nowadays an actual research field of semiconduc- In present work a new loss channel in InGaAsP/ tor optoelectronics is InGaAsP/InP multiple quan- InP MQW lasers is under consideration. It affects tum well (MQW) lasers, because their lasing wave- significantly the threshold characteristics of laser length is 1.3 – 1.55 micrometers and coincides with and leads to generation failure at high excitation transparency windows of optical fiber [1-5].
    [Show full text]
  • Photon Cross Sections, Attenuation Coefficients, and Energy Absorption Coefficients from 10 Kev to 100 Gev*
    1 of Stanaaros National Bureau Mmin. Bids- r'' Library. Ml gEP 2 5 1969 NSRDS-NBS 29 . A111D1 ^67174 tioton Cross Sections, i NBS Attenuation Coefficients, and & TECH RTC. 1 NATL INST OF STANDARDS _nergy Absorption Coefficients From 10 keV to 100 GeV U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS T X J ". j NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS 1 The National Bureau of Standards was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. Today, in addition to serving as the Nation’s central measurement laboratory, the Bureau is a principal focal point in the Federal Government for assuring maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. To this end the Bureau conducts research and provides central national services in four broad program areas. These are: (1) basic measurements and standards, (2) materials measurements and standards, (3) technological measurements and standards, and (4) transfer of technology. The Bureau comprises the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Center for Radiation Research, the Center for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Office for Information Programs. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation’s scientific community, industry, and com- merce. The Institute consists of an Office of Measurement Services and the following technical divisions: Applied Mathematics—Electricity—Metrology—Mechanics—Heat—Atomic and Molec- ular Physics—Radio Physics -—Radio Engineering -—Time and Frequency -—Astro- physics -—Cryogenics.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 30: Quantum Physics ( ) ( )( ( )( ) ( )( ( )( )
    Chapter 30: Quantum Physics 9. The tungsten filament in a standard light bulb can be considered a blackbody radiator. Use Wien’s Displacement Law (equation 30-1) to find the peak frequency of the radiation from the tungsten filament. −− 10 1 1 1. (a) Solve Eq. 30-1 fTpeak =×⋅(5.88 10 s K ) for the peak frequency: =×⋅(5.88 1010 s−− 1 K 1 )( 2850 K) =× 1.68 1014 Hz 2. (b) Because the peak frequency is that of infrared electromagnetic radiation, the light bulb radiates more energy in the infrared than the visible part of the spectrum. 10. The image shows two oxygen atoms oscillating back and forth, similar to a mass on a spring. The image also shows the evenly spaced energy levels of the oscillation. Use equation 13-11 to calculate the period of oscillation for the two atoms. Calculate the frequency, using equation 13-1, from the inverse of the period. Multiply the period by Planck’s constant to calculate the spacing of the energy levels. m 1. (a) Set the frequency T = 2π k equal to the inverse of the period: 1 1k 1 1215 N/m f = = = =4.792 × 1013 Hz Tm22ππ1.340× 10−26 kg 2. (b) Multiply the frequency by Planck’s constant: E==×⋅ hf (6.63 10−−34 J s)(4.792 × 1013 Hz) =× 3.18 1020 J 19. The light from a flashlight can be considered as the emission of many photons of the same frequency. The power output is equal to the number of photons emitted per second multiplied by the energy of each photon.
    [Show full text]
  • The Basic Interactions Between Photons and Charged Particles With
    Outline Chapter 6 The Basic Interactions between • Photon interactions Photons and Charged Particles – Photoelectric effect – Compton scattering with Matter – Pair productions Radiation Dosimetry I – Coherent scattering • Charged particle interactions – Stopping power and range Text: H.E Johns and J.R. Cunningham, The – Bremsstrahlung interaction th physics of radiology, 4 ed. – Bragg peak http://www.utoledo.edu/med/depts/radther Photon interactions Photoelectric effect • Collision between a photon and an • With energy deposition atom results in ejection of a bound – Photoelectric effect electron – Compton scattering • The photon disappears and is replaced by an electron ejected from the atom • No energy deposition in classical Thomson treatment with kinetic energy KE = hν − Eb – Pair production (above the threshold of 1.02 MeV) • Highest probability if the photon – Photo-nuclear interactions for higher energies energy is just above the binding energy (above 10 MeV) of the electron (absorption edge) • Additional energy may be deposited • Without energy deposition locally by Auger electrons and/or – Coherent scattering Photoelectric mass attenuation coefficients fluorescence photons of lead and soft tissue as a function of photon energy. K and L-absorption edges are shown for lead Thomson scattering Photoelectric effect (classical treatment) • Electron tends to be ejected • Elastic scattering of photon (EM wave) on free electron o at 90 for low energy • Electron is accelerated by EM wave and radiates a wave photons, and approaching • No
    [Show full text]
  • Photons Outline
    1 Photons Observational Astronomy 2019 Part 1 Prof. S.C. Trager 2 Outline Wavelengths, frequencies, and energies of photons The EM spectrum Fluxes, filters, magnitudes & colors 3 Wavelengths, frequencies, and energies of photons Recall that λν=c, where λ is the wavelength of a photon, ν is its frequency, and c is the speed of light in a vacuum, c=2.997925×1010 cm s–1 The human eye is sensitive to wavelengths from ~3900 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm=10–8 cm=10–10 m) – blue light – to ~7200 Å – red light 4 “Optical” astronomy runs from ~3100 Å (the atmospheric cutoff) to ~1 µm (=1000 nm=10000 Å) Optical astronomers often refer to λ>8000 Å as “near- infrared” (NIR) – because it’s beyond the wavelength sensitivity of most people’s eyes – although NIR typically refers to the wavelength range ~1 µm to ~2.5 µm We’ll come back to this in a minute! 5 The energy of a photon is E=hν, where h=6.626×10–27 erg s is Planck’s constant High-energy (extreme UV, X-ray, γ-ray) astronomers often use eV (electron volt) as an energy unit, where 1 eV=1.602176×10–12 erg 6 Some useful relations: E (erg) 14 ⌫ (Hz) = 1 =2.418 10 E (eV) h (erg s− ) ⇥ ⇥ c hc 1 1 1 λ (A)˚ = = = 12398.4 E− (eV− ) ⌫ ⌫ E (eV) ⇥ Therefore a photon with a wavelength of 10 Å has an energy of ≈1.24 keV 7 If a photon was emitted from a blackbody of temperature T, then the average photon energy is Eav~kT, where k = 1.381×10–16 erg K–1 = 8.617×10–5 eV K–1 is Boltzmann’s constant.
    [Show full text]
  • Ionizing Photon Production from Massive Stars
    Ionizing Photon Production from Massive Stars Michael W. Topping CASA, Department of Astrophysical & Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 [email protected] ABSTRACT Ionizing photons are important ingredients in our understanding of stellar and interstellar processes, but modeling their properties can be difficult. This paper examines methods of modeling Lyman Continuum (LyC) photon production us- ing stellar evolutionary tracks coupled to a grid of model atmospheres. In the past, many stellar models have not been self-consistent and have not been able to accurately reproduce stellar population spectra and ionizing photon luminosities. We examine new models of rotating stars at both solar and sub-solar metallicity and show that they increase accuracy of ionizing photon production and satisfy self-consistency relationships. Thesis Advisor: Dr. Michael Shull | Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences Thesis Committee: Dr. John Stocke | Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences Dr. William Ford | Department of Physics Dr. Emily Levesque | Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences Defense Date: March 17, 2014 { 2 { Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 Background . .4 1.1.1 Evolutionary Tracks . .4 1.1.2 Model Atmospheres . .5 2 METHODS 6 2.1 EVOLUTIONARY TRACKS . .7 2.1.1 Old Non-Rotating Tracks (Schaller 1992) . .8 2.1.2 New Non-Rotating Tracks . .8 2.1.3 New Rotating Tracks . .8 2.2 Model Atmospheres . 12 2.2.1 Program Setup . 12 2.2.2 Initial Parameter Files . 12 2.2.3 Model Atmosphere Calculation . 13 2.2.4 Defining the Grid . 15 2.3 Putting It All Together . 15 3 RESULTS 20 3.1 Lifetime Integrated H I Photon Luminosities .
    [Show full text]
  • Electronic and Photonic Quantum Devices
    Electronic and Photonic Quantum Devices Erik Forsberg Stockholm 2003 Doctoral Dissertation Royal Institute of Technology Department of Microelectronics and Information Technology Akademisk avhandling som med tillstºandav Kungl Tekniska HÄogskolan framlÄag- ges till offentlig granskning fÄoravlÄaggandeav teknisk doktorsexamen tisdagen den 4 mars 2003 kl 10.00 i sal C2, Electrum Kungl Tekniska HÄogskolan, IsafjordsvÄagen 22, Kista. ISBN 91-7283-446-3 TRITA-MVT Report 2003:1 ISSN 0348-4467 ISRN KTH/MVT/FR{03/1{SE °c Erik Forsberg, March 2003 Printed by Universitetsservice AB, Stockholm 2003 Abstract In this thesis various subjects at the crossroads of quantum mechanics and device physics are treated, spanning from a fundamental study on quantum measurements to fabrication techniques of controlling gates for nanoelectronic components. Electron waveguide components, i.e. electronic components with a size such that the wave nature of the electron dominates the device characteristics, are treated both experimentally and theoretically. On the experimental side, evidence of par- tial ballistic transport at room-temperature has been found and devices controlled by in-plane Pt/GaAs gates have been fabricated exhibiting an order of magnitude improved gate-e±ciency as compared to an earlier gate-technology. On the the- oretical side, a novel numerical method for self-consistent simulations of electron waveguide devices has been developed. The method is unique as it incorporates an energy resolved charge density calculation allowing for e.g. calculations of electron waveguide devices to which a ¯nite bias is applied. The method has then been used in discussions on the influence of space-charge on gate-control of electron waveguide Y-branch switches.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory Free Download
    AN INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM FIELD THEORY FREE DOWNLOAD Michael E. Peskin,Daniel V. Schroeder | 864 pages | 01 Oct 1995 | The Perseus Books Group | 9780201503975 | English | Boulder, CO, United States An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory Totem Books. Perhaps they are produced by the excitation of a crystal that characteristically absorbs a photon of a certain frequency and emits two photons of half the original frequency. The other orbitals have more complicated shapes see atomic orbitaland are denoted by the letters dfgetc. In QED, its full description makes essential use of short lived virtual particles. Nobel Foundation. Problems 5. For a better shopping experience, please upgrade now. Planck's law explains why: increasing the temperature of a body allows it to emit more energy overall, An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory means that a larger proportion of the energy is towards the violet end of the spectrum. Main article: Double- slit experiment. We need to add that in the Lagrangian. This was one of the best courses I have ever taken: Professor Larsen did an excellent job both lecturing and coming up with interesting problems to work on. Something that is quantizedlike the energy of Planck's harmonic oscillators, can only take specific values. The quantum state of the An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory is described An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory its wave function. Quantum technology links Matrix isolation Phase qubit Quantum dot cellular automaton display laser single-photon source solar cell Quantum well laser. Conversely, an electron that absorbs a photon gains energy, hence it jumps to an orbit that is farther from the nucleus.
    [Show full text]
  • From Quantum State Generation to Quantum Communications Claire Autebert
    AlGaAs photonic devices: from quantum state generation to quantum communications Claire Autebert To cite this version: Claire Autebert. AlGaAs photonic devices: from quantum state generation to quantum communica- tions. Quantum Physics [quant-ph]. Université Paris 7 - Denis Diderot, 2016. English. tel-01676987 HAL Id: tel-01676987 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01676987 Submitted on 7 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques École Doctorale 564 : Physique en Île-de-France UFR de Physique THÈSE présentée par Claire AUTEBERT pour obtenir le grade de Docteur ès Sciences de l’Université Paris Diderot AlGaAs photonic devices: from quantum state generation to quantum communications Soutenue publiquement le 14 novembre 2016, devant la commission d’examen composée de : M. Philippe Adam, Invité M. Philippe Delaye, Rapporteur Mme Sara Ducci, Directrice de thèse M. Riad Haidar, Président M. Steve Kolthammer, Examinateur M. Aristide Lemaître, Invité M. Anthony Martin, Invité M. Fabio Sciarrino, Rapporteur M. Carlo Sirtori, Invité Acknowledgment En premier lieu, je tiens à remercier Sara Ducci qui a été pour moi une excellente directrice de thèse, tant du point de vue scientifique que du point de vue humain.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the First Quadrennial Technology Review (QTR)
    REPORT ON THE FIRST QUADRENNIAL QTR TECHNOLOGY REVIEW September 2011 MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY OF ENERGY | I MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY OF ENERGY Today, our nation is at a cross road. While we have the world’s greatest innovation ma- chine, countries around the world are moving aggressively to lead in the clean energy economy. We can either lead in the development of the clean energy economy or we CANÏSTANDÏBACKÏANDÏWAITÏFORÏOTHERSÏTOÏMOVEÏlRSTÏTOWARDÏAÏSUSTAINABLEÏENERGYÏFUTUREÏ For the sake of our economic prosperity and our national security, we must lead. The Department of Energy (DOE) plays a central role in that effort by unleashing technologi- cal innovation, which can create new jobs and industries while building a cleaner, more EFlCIENT ÏANDÏMOREÏCOMPETITIVEÏECONOMY Steven Chu, Secretary of the United States $URINGÏTHISÏTIMEÏOFÏHARDÏBUDGETÏCHOICESÏANDÏlSCALÏCHALLENGE ÏWEÏMUSTÏENSUREÏTHATÏOURÏ Department of Energy WORKÏISÏIMPACTFULÏANDÏEFlCIENTÏ4HEÏQUESTIONÏWEÏFACEÏISÏh(OWÏSHOULDÏTHEÏ$EPARTMENTÏ CHOOSEÏAMONGÏTHEÏMANYÏTECHNICALLYÏVIABLEÏACTIVITIESÏITÏCOULDÏPURSUEvÏ4HISÏlRSTÏ1UA- drennial Technology Review (QTR), launched at the recommendation of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, lays out the principles I believe must GUIDEÏTHESEÏDIFlCULTÏCHOICESÏÏÏ Traditionally, the Department’s energy strategy has been organized along individual program lines and based on annual budgets. With this QTR, we bind together multiple energy technologies, as well as multiple DOE energy technology programs, in the common purpose of solving our energy challenges. In addition, the QTR provides a multi-year framework for our planning. Energy invest- ments are multi-year, multi-decade investments. Given this time horizon, we need to take a longer view. We also recognize that the Department is not the sole agent of energy transformation. Our efforts must be well coordinated with other federal agencies, state and local governments, and with the private sector, who are the major owners, operators, and inves- tors of the energy system.
    [Show full text]