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From Quantum State Generation to Quantum Communications Claire Autebert AlGaAs photonic devices: from quantum state generation to quantum communications Claire Autebert To cite this version: Claire Autebert. AlGaAs photonic devices: from quantum state generation to quantum communica- tions. Quantum Physics [quant-ph]. Université Paris 7 - Denis Diderot, 2016. English. tel-01676987 HAL Id: tel-01676987 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01676987 Submitted on 7 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques École Doctorale 564 : Physique en Île-de-France UFR de Physique THÈSE présentée par Claire AUTEBERT pour obtenir le grade de Docteur ès Sciences de l’Université Paris Diderot AlGaAs photonic devices: from quantum state generation to quantum communications Soutenue publiquement le 14 novembre 2016, devant la commission d’examen composée de : M. Philippe Adam, Invité M. Philippe Delaye, Rapporteur Mme Sara Ducci, Directrice de thèse M. Riad Haidar, Président M. Steve Kolthammer, Examinateur M. Aristide Lemaître, Invité M. Anthony Martin, Invité M. Fabio Sciarrino, Rapporteur M. Carlo Sirtori, Invité Acknowledgment En premier lieu, je tiens à remercier Sara Ducci qui a été pour moi une excellente directrice de thèse, tant du point de vue scientifique que du point de vue humain. Elle a su être toujours très présente, tout en me laissant une grande liberté dans mon travail. Ces trois années de thèse ont été un plaisir grâce à elle et j’espère avoir le bonheur de pouvoir continuer à collaborer avec elle. Je suis reconnaissante à Philippe Delaye et Fabio Sciarrino d’avoir accepté de prendre le temps d’être rapporteurs de cette thèse. Merci également à Philippe Adam, Riad Haidar, Steve Kolthammer, Aristide Lemaître, Anthony Martin et Carlo Sirtori pour leur participation à mon jury de thèse. Parce qu’un travail de thèse ne se fait souvent pas seul, je voudrais dire un mot sur les collabora- tions qu’il m’a été possible de tisser pendant ces trois ans. Tout d’abord merci à Aristide Lemaître, Elisabeth Galopin et Carme Gomez-Carbonell pour la croissance de mes échantillons (et merci de m’avoir laissée venir une journée dans votre antre pour voir comment tout cela fonctionne !). Pendant cette thèse j’ai eu l’opportunité de partir quelques semaines à l’université de Genève. Merci donc à Natalia Bruno et Anthony Martin pour m’avoir prise en charge et surtout appris tant de choses. Merci à Hugo Zbinden pour avoir permis à cette collaboration de voir le jour, pour son aide sur la manip’ et sa gentillesse. Merci à Rob Thew pour l’intérêt qu’il a montré à la manip’ et les discussions et conseils qu’il nous a donnés. Enfin, il n’est pas toujours évident de se retrouver dans un nouveau laboratoire, loin de sa zone de confort. Je suis ainsi reconnaissante à toutes les personnes du GAP de Genève de m’avoir si bien accueillie et permis de me sentir immédiatement comme chez moi. Merci donc à Natalia (encore), Thiago, Ephanielle, Gianluca, Boris, et tous les autres ! Ensuite il y a eu la collaboration avec Telecom ParisTech. Cette fois, ce sont eux qui sont venus dans mon laboratoire et j’espère qu’ils s’y sont bien sentis. Merci à Julien Trapateau d’avoir passé tout ce temps sur les mesures avec moi et à Adeline Orieux, Eleni Diamanti et Isabelle Zaquine pour toutes les discussions que nous avons eues. Merci à Ivan Favero pour le prêt du laser. Enfin au laboratoire MPQ merci à Carlo Sirtori et Maria Amanti pour les discussions sur la diode laser et le prêt du cryostat, avec la table de manip’ qui allait avec. Merci à Pérola Milman pour son enthousiasme sur mes mesures de HOM et les discussions sur le lien entre elles et la fonction de Wigner. Ce manuscrit a été relu avec beaucoup de soin par David Fenby pour l’anglais. Je le remercie très sincèrement pour ce travail. Je veux aussi remercier de nouveau Adeline Orieux pour tout le temps passé à m’aider à préparer la soutenance et toutes ses réponses à mes nombreux mails de dernière minute. Merci beaucoup à Anne Servouze, qui fait toujours tout pour que tout se déroule dans les meilleures conditions, et à Joëlle Mercier, Jocelyne Moreau et Sandrine Di Concetto du service administratif pour leur efficacité et gentillesse. Merci aussi à Patrick Lepert et Martial Nicolas de l’atelier méca’ et Marc Apfel de l’atelier élec’ pour toutes les ‘pièces’ qu’ils m’ont fabriquées, et en particulier pour leur intérêt, enthousiasme et implication quand je suis arrivée avec mon idée, très vague, de harpe laser pour la fête de la science : cela a été une réussite. Merci aux ingénieurs salle blanche : à Christophe Manquest qui m’a initiée à ce nouveau monde, et à Pascal Filloux et Stephan Suffit pour avoir toujours répondu à mes questions et pour les discussions qui font passer les temps d’attente toujours plus vite. Je voudrais aussi remercier Michael Rosticher de l’ENS pour m’avoir aidée à utiliser leur microscope électronique pour les lithographies dans la bonne humeur, même quand j’arrivais avec un masque faux à refaire entièrement. i ii Acknowledgment Un merci spécial pour Fabien Boitier, ‘mon’ post-doc. Pour le temps passé à m’apprendre tout sur la manip’, à répondre à mes nombreuses questions, à m’obliger à faire des calculs dans lesquels je ne voulais pas me lancer ; pour les réponses aux mails, même après avoir quitté le labo, et pour son intérêt constant : merci. Trois ans dans un laboratoire pour faire une thèse, c’est aussi beaucoup de collègues, qui rendent la vie sympathique. Pour les échanges de matériels et de tuyaux, et la bonne ambiance, merci aux doctorants et post-doc du thésarium et de l’équipe DON : Alessio, Marco, Chris, David, Mehdi, Debora, Trung, Eduardo, Pierre, Marc, Natalia, Alice, Alok, Valerio, Oleksandr, Jonathan, Giorgio (bon courage pour la suite !), Saverio, Qifeng, Andreas. Merci à Silvia, qui a toujours été là et su trouver les mots quand je doutais de moi, et à Cécile pour nos rafraichissantes pauses thé et les discussions sur tout et rien. Merci à William et Biswarup pour ces trois années de thèse faites ensemble et tous les fou-rire qui ont été avec. Et merci à Yacine pour les nombreuses discussions que nous avons eues, tant sur le travail que sur le reste. Merci aussi à Florent Baboux, tout nouveau dans l’équipe, pour son aide sur la préparation de la soutenance et sa bonne humeur constante. Et bien sûr je voudrais remercier tous les doctorants et post-doctorants du laboratoire pour tous les bons moments passés ensemble : Charlotte, Benjamin, Roméo, Anna, Simon, Thibault, Pierre, Giulia, Philippe, Hélène, Margaux, Benjamin, Zahra, Batiste, Tom, Andreas, Adrien, Aurianne, Saulo, Simone, Giulia,. Parce que la thèse est l’aboutissement d’une longue scolarité, je voudrais remercier l’ensemble de mes professeurs qui m’ont donné goût aux études et aux sciences. Merci tout particulièrement à Alain Lumediluna, professeur de physique en MP, qui m’a mise dans les rails de la recherche quand je ne savais plus très bien quelle école d’ingénieur faire, et ce même si cela n’aidait pas les statistiques du lycée. De manière plus personnelle, merci à mes amis qui me soutiennent depuis toutes ces années. Merci à ma famille et surtout à mes parents, qui m’ont inculqué la curiosité nécessaire à la recherche, et qui, en ayant l’air de tellement s’épanouir dans leur travail de chercheur, m’ont donné l’envie de me lancer dans cette voie. Et comme on dit en anglais, last but not least, merci Guillaume pour ton amour, ton soutien et ta présence de tous les jours. Contents Introduction 1 1 Theoretical background 5 1.1 Nonlinear optical processes . .5 1.1.1 Generalities . .5 1.1.2 Three Wave Mixing . .7 1.1.3 Three wave-mixing in waveguides . 10 1.1.4 Phase-matching strategies in AlGaAs . 15 1.2 Integrating the pump laser in a nonlinear waveguide . 17 1.2.1 Semiconductors lasers . 17 1.2.2 Working principle of our device . 19 1.3 Characterization of the quantum state of photon pairs . 21 1.3.1 Indistinguishability . 21 1.3.2 Quantum bits . 23 1.3.3 Entanglement . 24 1.4 Quantum key distribution . 31 2 Fabrication 35 2.1 Heterostructure design . 35 2.2 Sample growth . 37 2.3 Sample processing . 37 2.3.1 Waveguide etching . 37 2.3.2 Back metallic contact deposition . 42 2.3.3 Insulator deposition . 43 2.3.4 Up metallic contact deposition . 43 3 Characterization of the laser emission 47 3.1 Laser emission on the Bragg mode . 47 3.2 Optoelectronics characteristics . 49 3.3 Tunability of the laser wavelength . 50 3.4 Towards continuous wave operation . 51 4 Characterization of the nonlinear waveguide 53 4.1 Measurement of propagation losses . 53 4.2 Second-harmonic generation . 55 4.2.1 Simulations . 55 4.2.2 Experiments . 57 4.2.3 Tunability of the phase-matching wavelength . 60 4.3 Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion . 61 4.4 Joint Spectral Amplitude and Intensity .
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