Forest Regeneration at Northern Latitudes Close to Timber Line

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Forest Regeneration at Northern Latitudes Close to Timber Line This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Text errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Regeneration Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station at Northern Latitudes General Technical Report PNW-GTR-247 Close to Timber Line April 1989 I Papers were provided by the authors in camera-ready form for printing: the authors are therefore responsible for content and accuracy. Opinions expressed are the authors' and do not necessarily reflect positions of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The use of any trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorse- ment or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. FOREST REGENERATION AT NORTHERN LATITUDES CLOSE TO TIMBER LINE 16-20 June 1985 Luleå-Galliväre-Östersund, Sweden PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH ANNUAL WORKSHOP ON SILVICULTURE AND MANAGEMENT OF NORTHERN FORESTS Owe Martinsson, Workshop Coordinator Edmond C. Packee, IUFRO Working Party S1.05-12 Chairman Anthony Gasbarro, Associate Editor Teri Lawson, Technical Editor INTERNATIONAL UNION OF FOREST RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS WORKING PARTY S1.05-12 NORTHERN FOREST SILVICULTURE AND MANAGEMENT Published cooperatively by Pacific Northwest Research Station U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service and Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station School of Agriculture and land Resources Management University of Alaska Fairbanks General Technical Report PNW-GTR-247 CONTENTS FORWARD Page Edmond C. Packee . 3 INTRODUCTION Owe Martinsson . .. 5 A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW AND FUTURE PROGRAM DIRECTION OF THE FOREST SILVICULTURE AND MANAGEMENT WORKING PARTY Anthony F. Gasbarro . 6 FOREST REGENERATION AT HIGH ALTITUDES IN NORTHERN SWEDEN GunnarOlofsson . .. 11 ARTIFICIAL REGENERATIONON THE POLAR TIMBERLINE IN FINNISH LAPLAND Mauri Timonen . 17 REFORESTATION AND AFFORESTATION AT HIGH ALTITUDES IN NORTH NORW A Y Jarle Bergan . 21 FOREST RENEWAL RESEARCH IN CANADA David A. Winston . 25 THE BEST REGENERATION METHOD FOR VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF OWNERS Mats Hagner. 28 THE INFLUENCE OF MICROENVIRONMENT UPON SURVIVAL AND GROWTH IN PINUS SYLVESTRIS Mats Hagner. 33 RESULTS FROM SOME EXPERIMENTS WITH DIRECT SEEDING OF SCOTS PINE AT HIGH ALTITUDES Kenneth Sahlen. 39 A HYPOTHESIS ON THE CAUSE OF ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT IN SCOTS PINE SAPLINGS ON PLOUGHED SITES IN NOR THERN FINLAND Eero Tikkanen. 46 THE EFFECT OF DENSITY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SAPLING STANDS IN NORTHERN FINLAND Martti Vannola .. 55 RESEARCH ON NATURAL SECONDARY FOREST IN HEILONGJIANG PROVINCE-- KOREAN PINE-DECIDUOUS FOREST RECOVERY Chen Da-Ko, Zhu Ning et. al . 61 REGENERATION OF DAHURIAN LARCH (LARIX GMELINI) IN THE GREAT XINGANLIN MOUNTAINS OF HEILONGJIANG PROVINCE, CHINA Li Jingwen and Zhan Hongzhen . 66 GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF FOREST TREES AT HIGH LATITUDES WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO LODGEPOLE PINE Dag Lindgren, Anders Fries, and Jan-Erik Nilsson. 68 2 FOREWORD Edmond C. Packee This, the seventh international gathering of the Previous Workshop locations and Topics were: group, is the first to be held as a Working Party of the International Union of Forest Research Year _Location Topic Organizations. As Working Party Sl.0S-12, Northern Forest Silviculture an Management, the 1979 Fairbanks, Alaska General problems group which met for the first time in 1979 related to forest formally established itself in the Worldwide U.S.A. regeneration in the Forestry Community. Emphasis of the Working Party is on the Northern Forest, referred to by circumpolar north. others as the Boreal Forest, the Taiga, and the Pre-Tundra Forest. This forest is the northern 1980 Umea, Sweden Forest regeneration forest of America, Europe, and Asia and is an problems in Sweden. important resource to the people's of the World. 1981 Prince George, Forest regeneration British Columbia, problems in Northwest The Northern Forest is an important supplier of Canada Canada. wood fibre for lumber, veneer, reconstituted wood products, and pulp. It is an important source of 1982 Hinton, Alberta, Management of recreation and is home to fish and wildlife. It Canada lodgepole pine in the provides forage and browse for domestic animals. boreal forest. It provides food for human consumption: lingonberries, blueberries, mushrooms, and 1983 Fairbanks, Alaska Forest classification delicate herbs as well as meat and fish. The U.S.A. at high latitudes as Northern Forest is a source of freshwater which an aid to forest finds its way to three great oceans: the Arctic, the Atlantic, and the Pacific. The Northern regeneration. Forest is home to citizens and guests of many 1984 The yield advantages countries. In establishing the Northern Forest Edmundston, of artificial Silviculture and Management Working Party within New Brunswick, IUFRO, the importance to the world of this forest Canada regeneration at High is acknowledged. Latitudes This was the seventh annual gathering of IUFRO Working Party Sl.054-12 Symposia foresters and resource managers interested in the > Northern Forest and the first as IUFRO Working 1985 Lulea, Sweden Forest regeneration Party Sl.05-12. Proceedings of the past at northern latitudes . workshops have been published by the USDA Forest close to timber line. Service Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station in cooperation with the School 1986 Grand Prairie, Alberta & of Agriculture and Land Resources Management of Dawson Creek, the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Proceedings British Columbia of the IUFRO Working Party Symposia will be published in a similar manner. 1987 Rovaniemi and Lapland, Finland. EDMOND C. PACKEE is an Assistant Professor of Forest Management at the Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, University of Alaska Fairbanks. 3 At this time, as Working Party Chairman, I would efforts of the authors of the papers in this like to thank the organizers and hosts of the publication as well as the individuals who Lulea, Sweden IUFRO Sl.05-12 Symposium, prepared and presented much information at the especially Dr. Owe Martinsson and his colleagues field stops. Without their superb efforts, the of the Department of Silviculture of the Swedish first IUFRO Northern Forest Silviculture and University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, Management Symposium would not have been such a Sweden; Domanrerkets; and the Swedish Cellulose great success. Company. Also appreciated are the time and 4 INTRODUCTION Owe Martinssen It is a great pleasure to see this group come relatively mild climate and almost continuous day together in northern Sweden. light during the growing season. This workshop is going to stress problems of A few words of technical information: This forest regeneration at northern latitudes, close workshop is going to be four rather tough days in to the timber line, and you will see some of the terms of travelling. We will start tomorrow at most problematic parts of Sweden in terms of 08.00 and head north to Gällivare which is about forest regeneration. 200 km from here. There we will stay in the vacation village Börnfällan (The Bear Trap) for However, you should consider that you are new at two nights and have indoor sessions on Tuesday 65°30'N latitude, and before tomorrow night we and Wednesday morning. On Wednesday we sill will cross the 67th parallel. That is the same leave Gällivare and arrive at Storuman late in northern location as Verkhojansk in north central the night. The distance that day will be about Siberia or Coppermine in the Northwest 500 km with several steps and excursion points Territories or Old Crew in the Yuken. Compared along the read. On Thursday we w111 cont1nue to these places, I would say it is not too bad from Storuman west and south crossing altitudinal here in northern Scandinavia, especially if we tree line and end up in Jämtland. The total consider the highly productive spruce forests distance of driving will be about 1500 km. growing in northern Norway at latitude 70°, which The weather conditions should be geed; but you we unfortunately will net be able to see en this should be prepared for cold and rainy days. excursion. With these comparisons I will draw your attention With these words I wish you geed luck and I hope to the unique situation that exists here in you will have some profitable and enjoyable days northern Scandinavia: the combination of a in Sweden. OWE MARTINSSON from the Department of Silviculture at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Umea, Sweden. 5 A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW AND FUTURE PROGRAM DIRECTION 0F THE NORTHERN FOREST SILVICULTURE AND MANAGEMENT WORKING PARTY Anthony F. Gasbarro INTRODUCTION Since 1979 a group of research scientists and land Working Party originated at a symposium held at managers from northern countries has he1d annua1 the University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA in 1977. workshops to discuss research and land management The symposium, entitled “North American Forest activities related to forest regeneration at high Lands at Latitudes North of 60 Degrees,” was latitudes. Our group, formally known as the designed to lib ring together and discuss the broad International Committee on Forest Lands of North- array of information needed for the management of ern Latitudes, has recently been incorporated into forest lands a4040t high northern 1atitudes.1I At Division 1, Forest Environment and Silviculture, this meeting research scientists
Recommended publications
  • Why Do We Use Latitude and Longitude? What Is the Equator?
    Where in the World? This lesson teaches the concepts of latitude and longitude with relation to the globe. Grades: 4, 5, 6 Disciplines: Geography, Math Before starting the activity, make sure each student has access to a globe or a world map that contains latitude and longitude lines. Why Do We Use Latitude and Longitude? The Earth is divided into degrees of longitude and latitude which helps us measure location and time using a single standard. When used together, longitude and latitude define a specific location through geographical coordinates. These coordinates are what the Global Position System or GPS uses to provide an accurate locational relay. Longitude and latitude lines measure the distance from the Earth's Equator or central axis - running east to west - and the Prime Meridian in Greenwich, England - running north to south. What Is the Equator? The Equator is an imaginary line that runs around the center of the Earth from east to west. It is perpindicular to the Prime Meridan, the 0 degree line running from north to south that passes through Greenwich, England. There are equal distances from the Equator to the north pole, and also from the Equator to the south pole. The line uniformly divides the northern and southern hemispheres of the planet. Because of how the sun is situated above the Equator - it is primarily overhead - locations close to the Equator generally have high temperatures year round. In addition, they experience close to 12 hours of sunlight a day. Then, during the Autumn and Spring Equinoxes the sun is exactly overhead which results in 12-hour days and 12-hour nights.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mesa Site: Paleoindians Above the Arctic Circle
    U. S. Department of the Interior BLM-Alaska Open File Report 86 Bureau of Land Management BLM/AK/ST-03/001+8100+020 April 2003 Alaska State Office 222 West 7th Avenue Anchorage Alaska 99513 The Mesa Site: Paleoindians above the Arctic Circle Michael Kunz, Michael Bever, Constance Adkins Cover Photo View of Mesa from west with Iteriak Creek in foreground. Photo: Dan Gullickson Disclaimer The mention of trade names or commercial products in this report does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the federal government. Authors Michael Kunz is an Archaeologist, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Northern Field Office, 1150 University Avenue, Fairbanks, Alaska 99709. Michael Bever is a project supervisor for Pacific Legacy Inc., 3081 Alhambra Drive, Suite 208, Cameron Park, CA 95682. Constance Adkins is an Archaeologist, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Northern Field Office, 1150 University Avenue, Fairbanks, Alaska 99709. Open File Reports Open File Reports issued by the Bureau of Land Management-Alaska present the results of invento- ries or other investigations on a variety of scientific and technical subjects that are made available to the public outside the formal BLM-Alaska technical publication series. These reports can include preliminary or incomplete data and are not published and distributed in quantity. The reports are available while supplies last from BLM External Affairs, 222 West 7th Avenue #13, Anchorage, Alaska 99513 and from the Juneau Minerals Information Center, 100 Savikko Road, Mayflower Island, Douglas, AK 99824, (907) 364-1553. Copies are also available for inspection at the Alaska Resource Library and Information Service (Anchorage), the USDI Resources Library in Washington, D.
    [Show full text]
  • Educator Guide
    E DUCATOR GUIDE This guide, and its contents, are Copyrighted and are the sole Intellectual Property of Science North. E DUCATOR GUIDE The Arctic has always been a place of mystery, myth and fascination. The Inuit and their predecessors adapted and thrived for thousands of years in what is arguably the harshest environment on earth. Today, the Arctic is the focus of intense research. Instead of seeking to conquer the north, scientist pioneers are searching for answers to some troubling questions about the impacts of human activities around the world on this fragile and largely uninhabited frontier. The giant screen film, Wonders of the Arctic, centers on our ongoing mission to explore and come to terms with the Arctic, and the compelling stories of our many forays into this captivating place will be interwoven to create a unifying message about the state of the Arctic today. Underlying all these tales is the crucial role that ice plays in the northern environment and the changes that are quickly overtaking the people and animals who have adapted to this land of ice and snow. This Education Guide to the Wonders of the Arctic film is a tool for educators to explore the many fascinating aspects of the Arctic. This guide provides background information on Arctic geography, wildlife and the ice, descriptions of participatory activities, as well as references and other resources. The guide may be used to prepare the students for the film, as a follow up to the viewing, or to simply stimulate exploration of themes not covered within the film.
    [Show full text]
  • Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle An
    Please learn where these ‘imaginary’ lines are on a world map: Equator These are all lines of latitude. Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Prime Meridian This is a line of longitude. (Sometimes known as the Greenwich Meridian) The Equator is an imaginary line around the centre of the Earth, dividing it into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. It is a special line of latitude, located halfway between the North and South Poles. The Prime Meridian is the imaginary line that divides Earth into two equal parts: the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere. It is a line of longitude and the starting point for the measuring system called longitude. Hemisphere = half of the Earth Please learn the location of these hemispheres Northern hemisphere and Southern hemisphere which are separated by the Equator Eastern hemisphere and Western hemisphere which are separated by the Prime Meridian The British Isles are positioned within 3 hemispheres: Northern, eastern and western. Denmark, Sweden and Norway are all found in 2 hemispheres: Northern and eastern. LINES OF LATITUDE To find out how far north or south a place is from the horizontal line called the equator, lines of latitude are used. These lines run parallel to the Equator. LINES OF LONGITUDE To find out how far east or west a place is from the vertical line called the Prime Meridian, lines of longitude are used. These lines run vertically from the North Pole to the South Pole. VIKING LINK: Scandinavia includes the countries of Norway, Sweden and Denmark. It is located in Northern Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn
    ARCTIC OCEAN ARCTIC OCEAN Greenland (Denmark) Arctic Circle Alaska Norway (USA) Iceland Finland Sweden Russia 60° N NORTH Canada ATLANTIC See Europe OCEAN Kazakhstan enlargement Mongolia NORTH Azores 27 PACIFIC United States (Portugal) 40 of America Greece 53 OCEAN China 48 Japan See Middle East 1 Tibet enlargement (China) 30° N Morocco 41 4 Canary Islands 38 5 Tropic of Cancer (Spain) Libya NORTH Mexico Algeria 2 Taiwan Northern Oman India 36 28 Mariana PACIFIC Hawaii Mauritania Hong Kong Islands (USA) See Central America Mali Niger Sudan 54 31 OCEAN (USA) Cabo 45 Chad 19 Yemen Guam & the Caribbean Verde 22 8 10 60 Philippines enlargement 25 24 3 39 17 48 (USA) Ethiopia Sri Micronesia 46 15 12 50 Palau Colombia 26 20 30 11 48 Lanka Malaysia 7 EQUATOR 51 23 56 18 59 47 0° Ecuador 21 14 Kenya Maldives 44 42 Indonesia Papua Kiribati 16 9 Seychelles Tanzania New Solomon 33 Peru 55 Guinea Brazil Saint 13 Islands 37 43 French Helena Angola 32 58 Cook Polynesia (UK) 61 INDIAN Vanuatu (Fr.) 57 Islands Bolivia 62 35 OCEAN New Tropic of Capricorn 34 Caledonia Fiji Easter Island Paraguay SOUTH Namibia 6 Madagascar (Fr.) Pitcairn (Chile) Australia Island (UK) ATLANTIC 52 30°S OCEAN South 29 Uruguay Africa SOUTH Argentina PACIFIC Chile New OCEAN Zealand Falkland 150° W W 120° 90° W 0° E 120° 150° E Islands 30° E 60° E 90° E (UK) 1 Afghanistan 8 Burkina Faso 13 Comoros & 18 Equatorial Guinea 25 Guinea–Bissau 32 Malawi 39 Nigeria 45 Senegal 51 Suriname 58 Tuvalu 2 Bangladesh 9 Burundi NorwayMayotte 19 Eritrea 26 Guyana 33 Marshall Islands 40 North Korea 46 Sierra Leone 52 Swaziland 59 Uganda 3 Benin 10 Cambodia 14 Congo, Rep.
    [Show full text]
  • Name Date Activity Page 1.2 Use with Chapter 1 Imaginary Lines
    Name Date Activity Page 1.2 Use with Chapter 1 Imaginary Lines Study the map. Then complete the items below. 80°N ARCTIC OCEAN 70°N 60°N 50°N EUROPE NORTH ASIA 40°N AMERICA ATLANTIC 30°N OCEAN PACIFIC 20°N OCEAN 10°N AFRICA 0° 10°S 180° 140°W 100°W SOUTH 20°W 0° 20°E 60°E 100°E 140°E 180° AMERICA INDIAN 20°S OCEAN AUSTRALIA 30°S PACIFIC 40°S OCEAN 50°S 60°S 70°S 80°S ANTARCTICA 1. The numbers that go across the center of the map from left to right indicate lines of . 2. The numbers on the side of the map indicate lines of . 3. On the map, label the following: equator Arctic Circle Tropic of Capricorn North Pole Antarctic Circle prime meridian South Pole Tropic of Cancer international date line TEACHER RESOURCES 61 Name Date Activity Page 1.3 Use with Chapter 1 Latitude as Climate Indicator North Pole ARCTIC OCEAN Polar Arctic Circle 60°N Temperate EUROPE NORTH ASIA Zone AMERICA ATLANTIC 30°N Tropic of Cancer OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN AFRICA Tropical Zone 0° Equator 180° 150°W 120°W 90°W 60°W 30°W 0° 30°E 60°E 90°E 120°E 150°E 180° SOUTH INDIAN AMERICA OCEAN Tropic of Capricorn AUSTRALIA 30°S Temperate PACIFIC Zone OCEAN Prime Meridian 60°S Antarctic Circle Polar ANTARCTICA South Pole 1. Color the area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn red. This area is known as the zone.
    [Show full text]
  • Arctic Search and Rescue
    Arctic Search and Rescue March 13, 2018 Fiscal Year 2017 Report to Congress Office of the Chief Financial Officer Foreword March 13, 2018 I am pleased to present the following report, "Arctic Search and Rescue," as prepared by the U.S. Coast Guard. The Joint Explanatory Statementand Senate Report 114-264 accompanyingthe Fiscal Year 2017 Departmentof Homeland Security Appropriations Act (P.L. 115-31) require the submission of the Coast Guard's plans to ensure long-term search and rescue coverage for the Arctic. Pursuant to congressional requirements, this reportis being provided to the followingMembers of Congress: The Honorable John R. Carter Chairman, House Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland Security The Honorable Lucille Roybal-Allard RankingMember, House Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland Security The Honorable John Boozman Chairman, Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland Security The Honorable Jon Tester Ranking Member, Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland Security Please direct inquiries related to this report to me at (202) 447-5751. Sincerely, Stacy Marcott Acting Chief Financial Officer Arctic Search and Rescue Table of Contents I. Legislative Language .......................................................................................................... 1 II. Background ......................................................................................................................... 2 Remote Area of Arctic Operations ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Where in the World Is the Arctic?
    ARCTIC NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION Where in the World is the arctic? Summary: Background Because the arctic is geographically Students map the arctic in far away from most of North relation to their home in order Latitude lines are imaginary lines America’s population, it is a loca- to learn the location and that run east/west on the globe in tion that may be difficult for countries of the arctic. concentric circles. They are useful students to understand. This in determining the distance a activity, and those that follow, will Grade Level: given point is north or south of help students to identify the loca- 3-4; 5-8; K-2 the equator. The arctic tundra is tion of the arctic circle and its rela- circumpolar, meaning it is an Time tionship to their own community. ecosystem that spans the globe one class period. around the pole. It is found in Subjects: Asia, North America, and eight geography, language arts, math, northern countries within Europe, Procedure science generally above 60 degrees north Skills 1. Hand out the world maps application, comparison, provided and have students analysis look them over. Ask the class, Have you ever thought about Learning Objectives The arctic tundra which way is “up” on the earth? Students will be able to: is a nearly treeless Does it feel like you are at the ✔ Identify the arctic region on a zone of land found “top?“ Are you at the top? How world map. do you think people in Australia ✔ between the northern Calculate the distance might feel about their location between where they live and ice cap and the taiga, on North American world the arctic region.
    [Show full text]
  • Working with Maps, Globes, and Other
    CK_4_TH_HG_P087_242.QXD 10/6/05 9:01 AM Page 93 At a Glance The most important ideas for you are: ◗ Students can use scales on maps and globes to measure distance. ◗ Students can use longitude and latitude coordinates to locate places on maps and globes. ◗ The Prime Meridian is located at 0º longitude, and the International Date Line, which generally corresponds to 180º longitude, marks the change in days from east to west. ◗ Relief maps are special-purpose maps that indicate elevations and depressions in land height. ◗ Major mountain ranges by continent include the Andes (South America), Rockies and Appalachians (North America), Himalayas and Urals (Asia), Atlas (Africa), and Alps (Europe). ◗ High mountains of the world by continent are Everest (Asia), McKinley (North America), Aconcagua (South America), Mont Blanc (Europe), and Kilimanjaro (Africa). What Teachers Need to Know Teaching Idea Background Review map-reading skills and The study of geography embraces many topics throughout the Core concepts from previous grades Knowledge Sequence, including topics in history and science. Geographic as needed. knowledge includes a spatial sense of the world, an awareness of the physical processes to which people culturally adapt, a sense of the interactions between humans and their environment, an understanding of the relations between place and culture, and an awareness of the characteristics of specific regions and cultures. Many geographic topics are listed throughout the World History Cross-curricular and Geography Sequence in connection with historical topics. Teaching Idea Throughout this section, students should connect the “abstract” concepts Compare the distance using map to something more concrete, such as a country of interest or a topic of histor- scale (usually measured in a straight ical study in this grade.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dalton Highway
    Te DaDallHtt ooi g nnh w a y Visitor Guide Road Conditions . pages 6-7 Points of Interest . .page 8 Bear Safety . .page 16 Contents Ultimate Road Adventure Trip Planning The Dalton Highway is a rough, industrial road that begins 84 miles/134 km north of Fairbanks and ends 414 miles/662 km later in 4 Preparing and Safety Deadhorse, the industrial camp at Prudhoe Bay. It provides a rare 6 Mileage Chart opportunity to traverse a remote, unpopulated part of Alaska to the 11-14 Maps very top of the continent. Traveling this farthest-north road involves real risks and challenges. This publication will help you decide 23 Planning Your Trip whether to make the journey, how to prepare, and how to enjoy your experience. Please read this information carefully. Exploring Know Before You Go 8-11 Points of Interest • There is no public access to the Arctic Ocean from Deadhorse. 15 An Icebound Land You must be on an authorized tour. Call toll-free 1-877-474-3565; 17 Watching Wildlife in Fairbanks, 474-3565. 18 Recreation • There are no medical facilities between Fairbanks and Deadhorse, a distance of 500 miles/800 km. For emergency information, see the back page. Facilities and Services • Food, gas, and vehicle repair service are extremely limited. 5 Visitor Centers See page 5. 18 Campgrounds • There is limited cell phone service and public Internet connection between Fairbanks and Deadhorse. The Dalton Highway BLM Coordinator: Kelly Egger Contributors: Eugene Ervine, Lenore Heppler, Lisa Shon Jodwalis, Craig McCaa, Pam Rice. John Rapphahn, Crystal Glassburn, Jason Oles, Jason Post Produced and Designed by All photos courtesy of the BLM unless otherwise noted.
    [Show full text]
  • Where Is the Arctic?
    The Russian Arctic: where is the Arctic? This is a teacher worksheet for Key Stage 3 geography. It is designed to complement a wider scheme of work either on climate change or on Russia specifically. Curriculum relevance Understanding global biomes is important because: • Students should be able to use world maps to show the location of global biomes • Russia is the world’s largest country by landmass; it has five distinct biomes • It is a key skill to be able to compare climate graphs for different biomes World Biomes Where is the Arctic tundra? There are (confusingly) three definitions for the boundary to the Arctic: the Arctic tree line, the area where the average temperatures of the warmest month are less than 10°C or simply where the Arctic Circle is. 1. Go to the Appendix A. Using Figure 1, colour code the different areas to identify the 6 main biomes of planet Earth. Why not use a highlighter to emphasis number 1 — the Arctic tundra? The world’s major biomes are ribbons of land or ocean which wrap around the Earth. They are characterised by the same or similar flora and fauna (plants and animals), which are influenced in the first instance by soil, temperature and the amount of light and water in the biome. A biome is different to an ecosystem because it is larger and is a specific geographical area (and is not about the interaction between living and non-living organisms). Go to BBC Bitesize www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zh2p34j/revision/1 to really get to grips with this topic.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arctic: Opportunities, Concerns and Challenges
    ocean-climate.org Emmanuelle Quillérou, The Arctic: Mathilde Jacquot, Annie Cudennec, Opportunities, Denis Bailly Concerns and Challenges The Arctic is often thought of as the land of polar bears and explorers. There are already several industries operating in the Arctic, through the Arctic, or at the periphery of the Arctic Circle. Receding and thinning sea ice with climate change provides increased access to natural resources, shipping routes and touristic areas, thereby providing new opportunities for economic development in the Arctic. The rewards for operating in the Arctic are potentially extremely high and attractive, but at high financial, environmental and social costs in an environment which remains financially very risky. Some stakeholders have started securing access to Arctic resources, sowing the seeds for a ‘cold rush’. Such ‘cold rush’ has not materialised yet, slowed down because of high economic costs and political sensitivity. The main political challenge ahead is to successfully reconcile the different perspectives and interests in the Arctic. One option to facilitate this reconciliation is to build up existing institutional capacity in line with the pace of economic development. There is certainly strong potential for creating shared economic wealth and well-being. Actual choices made by Arctic industries and countries for economic development, coordination and cooperation for establishment of environmental and social safeguards within the coming years will shape what the future Arctic will look like. The Arctic refers to an oceanic area around the all five states bordering the Arctic Ocean, with North Pole and Arctic Circle partly covered in sea the addition of Iceland, Finland and Sweden.
    [Show full text]