The Arctic: Opportunities, Concerns and Challenges
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Analysing Data on Protected Areas Work in Progress
The OECD is developing a method to report a more detailed and harmonised account of countries’ terrestrial and marine protected areas. It applies a harmonised methodology to data from the World Database on Protected Areas. Analysing data on protected areas WORK IN PROGRESS CONTACT Head of Division Nathalie Girouard [email protected] Senior Economist Ivan Haščič [email protected] Statisticians Alexander Mackie [email protected] and Sarah Sentier [email protected] Communications Clara Tomasini [email protected] Image credits: Dormitor Park by Thomas Maluck, Flickr/CC licence. UNSDG. Perereca de folhagem Moisés Silva Lima Flickr/CC Licence. Icon TheNounProject.com http://oe.cd/env-data 2 December 2016 International goals Methodology THE WORLD DATABASE ON PROTECTED AREAS The OECD is developing an improved method to The OECD’s indicators are based on data Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) generate more detailed indicators on protected from the World Database on Protected Areas and its World Commission on Protected areas, both terrestrial and marine, for countries (WDPA), which is a geospatial database of Areas (WCPA). across the world. terrestrial and marine protected areas. The WDPA is updated monthly. It contains The WDPA is managed by the United information on more than 200 000 It applies a harmonised methodology to data Nations Environment Programme’s World protected areas. from the World Database on Protected Areas. Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP- WCMC) with support from the International CATEGORIES OF MANAGEMENT By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and The World Database on Protected Areas lists z Ia Strict Nature Reserve marine areas, consistent with national and international protected areas designated at national (IUCN z Ib Wilderness Area law and based on best available scientific information. -
Chapter 11 the Natural Ecological Value of Wilderness
204 h The Multiple Values of Wilderness USDA Forest Service. (2002).National and regional project results: 2002 National Chapter 11 Forest Visitor Use Report. Retrieved February 1,2005. from http:Nwww.fs.fed.usl recreation/pmgrams/nvum/ The Natural Ecological Value USDA Forest Service. (200 1). National und regional project results: FY2001 National Foresr ViorUse Report. Retrieved February 1,2005, from http:llwww.fs.fed.usI of Wilderness recreation/pmgrams/nvum/ USDA Forest Service. (2000).National and regional project results: CY20a) Notional Fowst Visitor Use Repor?. Retrieved February 1,2005, from http://www.fs.fed.usl recreation/programs/nvud H. Ken Cordell Senior Research Scientist and Project Leader Vias. A.C. (1999). Jobs folIow people in the nual Rocky Mountain west. Rural Devel- opmenr Perspectives, 14(2), 14-23. USDA Forest Service, Athens, Georgia Danielle Murphy j Research Coordinator, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia Kurt Riitters Research Scientist USDA Forest Service, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina J. E, Harvard Ill former University of Georgia employee Authors' Note: Deepest appreciation is extended to Peter Landres of the Leopold Wilderness Research Institute for initial ideas for approach, data. and analysis and for a thorough and very helpful review of this chapter. Chapter I I-The Natural Ecological Value of Wilderness & 207 The most important characteristic of an organism is that capacity modem broad-scale external influences, such as nonpoint source pollutants. for self-renewal known QS hcaltk There are two organisms whose - processes of self-renewal have been subjected to human interfer- altered distribution of species, and global climate change (Landres, Morgan ence and control. -
Recent North Magnetic Pole Acceleration Towards Siberia Caused by flux Lobe Elongation
Recent north magnetic pole acceleration towards Siberia caused by flux lobe elongation Philip W. Livermore,1∗, Christopher C. Finlay 2, Matthew Bayliff 1 1School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK, 2DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark ∗To whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: [email protected]. Abstract The wandering of Earth’s north magnetic pole, the location where the magnetic field points vertically downwards, has long been a topic of scien- tific fascination. Since the first in-situ measurements in 1831 of its location in the Canadian arctic, the pole has drifted inexorably towards Siberia, ac- celerating between 1990 and 2005 from its historic speed of 0-15 km/yr to its present speed of 50-60 km/yr. In late October 2017 the north magnetic pole crossed the international date line, passing within 390 km of the geo- graphic pole, and is now moving southwards. Here we show that over the last two decades the position of the north magnetic pole has been largely determined by two large-scale lobes of negative magnetic flux on the core- mantle-boundary under Canada and Siberia. Localised modelling shows that elongation of the Canadian lobe, likely caused by an alteration in the pattern of core-flow between 1970 and 1999, significantly weakened its signature on Earth’s surface causing the pole to accelerate towards Siberia. A range of simple models that capture this process indicate that over the next decade arXiv:2010.11033v1 [physics.geo-ph] 21 Oct 2020 the north magnetic pole will continue on its current trajectory travelling a further 390-660 km towards Siberia. -
Why Do We Use Latitude and Longitude? What Is the Equator?
Where in the World? This lesson teaches the concepts of latitude and longitude with relation to the globe. Grades: 4, 5, 6 Disciplines: Geography, Math Before starting the activity, make sure each student has access to a globe or a world map that contains latitude and longitude lines. Why Do We Use Latitude and Longitude? The Earth is divided into degrees of longitude and latitude which helps us measure location and time using a single standard. When used together, longitude and latitude define a specific location through geographical coordinates. These coordinates are what the Global Position System or GPS uses to provide an accurate locational relay. Longitude and latitude lines measure the distance from the Earth's Equator or central axis - running east to west - and the Prime Meridian in Greenwich, England - running north to south. What Is the Equator? The Equator is an imaginary line that runs around the center of the Earth from east to west. It is perpindicular to the Prime Meridan, the 0 degree line running from north to south that passes through Greenwich, England. There are equal distances from the Equator to the north pole, and also from the Equator to the south pole. The line uniformly divides the northern and southern hemispheres of the planet. Because of how the sun is situated above the Equator - it is primarily overhead - locations close to the Equator generally have high temperatures year round. In addition, they experience close to 12 hours of sunlight a day. Then, during the Autumn and Spring Equinoxes the sun is exactly overhead which results in 12-hour days and 12-hour nights. -
Map and Compass
UE CG 039-089 2018_UE CG 039-089 2018 2018-08-29 9:57 AM Page 56 MAP The north magnetic pole is not the same as the geographic North Pole, also known as AND COMPASS true north, which is the northern end of the axis around which the earth spins. In fact, the north magnetic pole currently lies Background Information approximately 800 mi (1300 km) south of the geographic North Pole, in northern A compass is an instrument that people use Canada. And because the north magnetic to find a direction in relation to the earth as pole migrates at 6.6 mi (10 km) per year, its a whole. The magnetic needle in the location is constantly changing. compass, which is the freely moving needle in the compass that has a red end, points The meridians of longitude on maps and north. More specifically, this needle points globes are based upon the geographic to the north magnetic pole, the northern North Pole rather than the north magnetic end of the earth’s magnetic field, which pole. This means that magnetic north, the can be imagined as lines of magnetism that direction that a compass indicates as north, leave the south magnetic pole, flow north is not the same direction as maps indicate around the earth, and then enter the north for north. Magnetic declination, the magnetic pole. difference in the angle between magnetic north and true north must, therefore, be Any magnetized object, an object with two taken into account when navigating with a oppositely charged ends, such as a magnet map and a compass. -
The Mesa Site: Paleoindians Above the Arctic Circle
U. S. Department of the Interior BLM-Alaska Open File Report 86 Bureau of Land Management BLM/AK/ST-03/001+8100+020 April 2003 Alaska State Office 222 West 7th Avenue Anchorage Alaska 99513 The Mesa Site: Paleoindians above the Arctic Circle Michael Kunz, Michael Bever, Constance Adkins Cover Photo View of Mesa from west with Iteriak Creek in foreground. Photo: Dan Gullickson Disclaimer The mention of trade names or commercial products in this report does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the federal government. Authors Michael Kunz is an Archaeologist, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Northern Field Office, 1150 University Avenue, Fairbanks, Alaska 99709. Michael Bever is a project supervisor for Pacific Legacy Inc., 3081 Alhambra Drive, Suite 208, Cameron Park, CA 95682. Constance Adkins is an Archaeologist, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Northern Field Office, 1150 University Avenue, Fairbanks, Alaska 99709. Open File Reports Open File Reports issued by the Bureau of Land Management-Alaska present the results of invento- ries or other investigations on a variety of scientific and technical subjects that are made available to the public outside the formal BLM-Alaska technical publication series. These reports can include preliminary or incomplete data and are not published and distributed in quantity. The reports are available while supplies last from BLM External Affairs, 222 West 7th Avenue #13, Anchorage, Alaska 99513 and from the Juneau Minerals Information Center, 100 Savikko Road, Mayflower Island, Douglas, AK 99824, (907) 364-1553. Copies are also available for inspection at the Alaska Resource Library and Information Service (Anchorage), the USDI Resources Library in Washington, D. -
Defining Wilderness Within IUCN
Article for the International Journal of Wilderness, to be published in 2009 Defining wilderness in IUCN Nigel Dudley, Cyril F. Kormos, Harvey Locke and Vance G. Martin The IUCN protected area classification system describes and defines a suite of protected area categories and management approaches suitable for each category, ranging from strictly protected “no-go” reserves to landscape protection and non-industrial sustainable use areas. Wilderness has its own protected area category under IUCN’s classification system, Category Ib, which describes the key objectives of wilderness protection and, more importantly, identifies the limits of what is and is not acceptable in such areas. At the 2008 World Conservation Congress, a new edition of management guidelines for the IUCN categories (Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories, Dudley 2008) was published following long consultation. Guidance for wilderness protection is now more detailed and precise than in the previous 1994 edition, and as a result will help further the application of this category around the world. We describe the revisions to the new guidelines generally, and some of the implications for wilderness protected areas specifically. Wilderness areas and protected areas The term “wilderness” has several dimensions: a biological dimension, because wilderness refers to mainly ecologically intact areas, and a social dimension, because many people – from urban dwellers to indigenous groups – interact with wild nature, and all humans depend on our planet’s wilderness resource to varying degrees. A wilderness protected area is therefore an area that is mainly biologically intact, is free of modern, industrial infrastructure, and has been set aside so that humans may continue to have a relationship with wild nature. -
Regional Fact Sheet – North and Central America
SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis Regional fact sheet – North and Central America Common regional changes • North and Central America (and the Caribbean) are projected to experience climate changes across all regions, with some common changes and others showing distinctive regional patterns that lead to unique combinations of adaptation and risk-management challenges. These shifts in North and Central American climate become more prominent with increasing greenhouse gas emissions and higher global warming levels. • Temperate change (mean and extremes) in observations in most regions is larger than the global mean and is attributed to human influence. Under all future scenarios and global warming levels, temperatures and extreme high temperatures are expected to continue to increase (virtually certain) with larger warming in northern subregions. • Relative sea level rise is projected to increase along most coasts (high confidence), and are associated with increased coastal flooding and erosion (also in observations). Exceptions include regions with strong coastal land uplift along the south coast of Alaska and Hudson Bay. • Ocean acidification (along coasts) and marine heatwaves (intensity and duration) are projected to increase (virtually certain and high confidence, respectively). • Strong declines in glaciers, permafrost, snow cover are observed and will continue in a warming world (high confidence), with the exception of snow in northern Arctic (see overleaf). • Tropical cyclones (with higher precipitation), severe storms, and dust storms are expected to become more extreme (Caribbean, US Gulf Coast, East Coast, Northern and Southern Central America) (medium confidence). Projected changes in seasonal (Dec–Feb, DJF, and Jun–Aug, JJA) mean temperature and precipitation at 1.5°C, 2°C, and 4°C (in rows) global warming relative to 1850–1900. -
Equivalence of Current–Carrying Coils and Magnets; Magnetic Dipoles; - Law of Attraction and Repulsion, Definition of the Ampere
GEOPHYSICS (08/430/0012) THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD OUTLINE Magnetism Magnetic forces: - equivalence of current–carrying coils and magnets; magnetic dipoles; - law of attraction and repulsion, definition of the ampere. Magnetic fields: - magnetic fields from electrical currents and magnets; magnetic induction B and lines of magnetic induction. The geomagnetic field The magnetic elements: (N, E, V) vector components; declination (azimuth) and inclination (dip). The external field: diurnal variations, ionospheric currents, magnetic storms, sunspot activity. The internal field: the dipole and non–dipole fields, secular variations, the geocentric axial dipole hypothesis, geomagnetic reversals, seabed magnetic anomalies, The dynamo model Reasons against an origin in the crust or mantle and reasons suggesting an origin in the fluid outer core. Magnetohydrodynamic dynamo models: motion and eddy currents in the fluid core, mechanical analogues. Background reading: Fowler §3.1 & 7.9.2, Lowrie §5.2 & 5.4 GEOPHYSICS (08/430/0012) MAGNETIC FORCES Magnetic forces are forces associated with the motion of electric charges, either as electric currents in conductors or, in the case of magnetic materials, as the orbital and spin motions of electrons in atoms. Although the concept of a magnetic pole is sometimes useful, it is diácult to relate precisely to observation; for example, all attempts to find a magnetic monopole have failed, and the model of permanent magnets as magnetic dipoles with north and south poles is not particularly accurate. Consequently moving charges are normally regarded as fundamental in magnetism. Basic observations 1. Permanent magnets A magnet attracts iron and steel, the attraction being most marked close to its ends. -
Educator Guide
E DUCATOR GUIDE This guide, and its contents, are Copyrighted and are the sole Intellectual Property of Science North. E DUCATOR GUIDE The Arctic has always been a place of mystery, myth and fascination. The Inuit and their predecessors adapted and thrived for thousands of years in what is arguably the harshest environment on earth. Today, the Arctic is the focus of intense research. Instead of seeking to conquer the north, scientist pioneers are searching for answers to some troubling questions about the impacts of human activities around the world on this fragile and largely uninhabited frontier. The giant screen film, Wonders of the Arctic, centers on our ongoing mission to explore and come to terms with the Arctic, and the compelling stories of our many forays into this captivating place will be interwoven to create a unifying message about the state of the Arctic today. Underlying all these tales is the crucial role that ice plays in the northern environment and the changes that are quickly overtaking the people and animals who have adapted to this land of ice and snow. This Education Guide to the Wonders of the Arctic film is a tool for educators to explore the many fascinating aspects of the Arctic. This guide provides background information on Arctic geography, wildlife and the ice, descriptions of participatory activities, as well as references and other resources. The guide may be used to prepare the students for the film, as a follow up to the viewing, or to simply stimulate exploration of themes not covered within the film. -
North-South” Gap in Laurel E
ARTICLES How Power Dynamics Influence the “North-South” Gap in Laurel E. Fletcher and Harvey Transitional Justice M. Weinstein “North-South” Dialogue: Bridging the Gap in Transitional Justice Workshop Transcript BERKELEY JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW VOLUME 37 2018 NUMBER 1 ABOUT THE JOURNAL The Berkeley Journal of International Law (BJIL) (ISSN 1085-5718) is edited by students at U.C. Berkeley School of Law. As one of the leading international law journals in the United States, BJIL infuses international legal scholarship and practice with new ideas to address today’s most complex legal challenges. BJIL is committed to publishing high-impact pieces from scholars likely to advance legal and policy debates in international and comparative law. As the center of U.C. Berkeley’s international law community, BJIL hosts professional and social events with students, academics, and practitioners on pressing international legal issues. The Journal also seeks to sustain and strengthen U.C. Berkeley’s international law program and to cultivate critical learning and legal expertise amongst its members. Website: http://www.berkeleyjournalofinternationallaw.com/ http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/bjil/ Journal Blog: http://berkeleytravaux.com/ Subscriptions: To receive electronic notifications of future issues, please send an email to [email protected]. To order print copies of the current issue or past issues, contact Journal Publications, The University of California at Berkeley School of Law, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720. Telephone: (510) 643-6600, Fax: (510) 643-0974, or email [email protected]. Indexes: The Berkeley Journal of International Law is indexed in the Index to Legal Periodicals, Browne Digest for Corporate & Securities Lawyers, Current Law Index, Legal Resource Index, LegalTrac, and PAIS International in Print. -
Antarctica's Wilderness Has Declined to the Exclusion of Biodiversity
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/527010; this version posted January 22, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Antarctica’s wilderness has declined to the exclusion of biodiversity Rachel I. Leihy1, Bernard W.T. Coetzee2, Fraser Morgan3, Ben Raymond4, Justine D. Shaw5, Aleks Terauds4, and Steven L. Chown1 1School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia. 2Global Change Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa. 3Landcare Research New Zealand, Private Bag 92170, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. 4Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment and Energy, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia. 5School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia. Recent assessments of the biodiversity value of Earth’s dwindling wilderness areas1,2 have emphasized the whole of Antarctica as a crucial wilderness in need of urgent protection3. Whole-of-continent designations for Antarctic conservation remain controversial, however, because of widespread human impacts and frequently used provisions in Antarctic law for the designation of specially protected areas to conserve wilderness values, species and ecosystems4,5. Here we investigate the extent to which Antarctica’s wilderness encompasses its biodiversity. We assembled a comprehensive record of human activity on the continent (~ 2.7 million localities) and used it to identify unvisited areas ≥ 10 000 km2 (1,6-8) (i.e. Antarctica’s wilderness areas) and their representation of biodiversity.