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NESC Pilot Breathing Assessment, Vol. II

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NESC Pilot Breathing Assessment, Vol. II NASA Engineering and Safety Center Technical Assessment Report Volume II Pilot Breathing Assessment November 19, 2020 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 1 of 260 Table of Contents Technical Assessment Report Appendix 1: PBA Study Design ............................................................................................................. 3 Appendix 2: Fundamentals of Pilot Breathing ................................................................................... 33 Appendix 3: VigilOX Sensors .............................................................................................................. 41 Appendix 4: Pilot Physiology ............................................................................................................... 48 Appendix 5: Development of JPL Mask ............................................................................................. 63 Appendix 6: Standardization of Test Flights...................................................................................... 81 Appendix 7: F-35 Pilot Interviews and Ground Test Data ............................................................... 88 Appendix 8: Pilot Breathing Assessment (PBA) Considerations on NESC’s F/A-18 PE Report (2017) and Other Issues ................................................................................................ 217 Appendix 9: Results of Pilot Questionnaires and Interviews .......................................................... 224 Appendix 10: PBA Machine Learning ................................................................................................ 244 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 2 of 260 Appendix 1: PBA Study Design • This appendix contains the following examples referenced in Technical Section 1. 1. A flight test report provided as an example of reports submitted by Pilot Breathing Assessment (PBA) pilots following flight. 2. A metadata report provided as an example of those submitted by the attending life support specialist for a PBA flight. 3. PBA Flight cards as executed for Profiles A-F, H (in flight), and Profile G (on the ground). These cards were reviewed during Crew Brief Review (pre-flight), followed and annotated by pilot during flight, and reviewed in Crew De-brief Review. Flight Cards for PBA Scripted Profiles - Profile A: High Altitude - Profile B: AeroBatics - Profile C: Control - Profile D: Down low - Profile E: Elimination of Cabin Pressure - Profile F: Functional Check Flight - Profile G: Ground only - Profile H: Health Check – Standardized Flight Test Profile NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 3 of 260 1. Typical example of flight test report submitted by the PBA pilot following a flight. NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 4 of 260 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 5 of 260 2. A metadata report provided as an example of those submitted by the attending life support specialist for a PBA flight. VigiLox Life Support Pre/Post Flight Report Flight Number: 099-8-846-021920-E0-XX-XX Brief: 11:00 Life Support Tech: Phil/Mark Step: 12:15 Flight Config.: NAVY/USAF Takeoff: 13:00 Landing: 14:30 Pre-Flight Duration: 1:30 VigiLox Front or Single Seat Installed Regulator Type/Ser#: N/A ISB Serial # ISB003 ESB Serial # ESB001 Madge Tech Ser# SW Ver. 1.3 SW Ver. 1.4 Cockpit Q59978 Sync Time: 6:10:42 Sync Time: 6:12:40 Pilot Q59998 O2 Connector/Regulator Used: CRU103/19820 Moisture Trap Yes VigiLox Rear Seat Installed Regulator Type/Ser#: CRU73/05858 Madge Tech Ser# ISB Serial # ISB001 ESB Serial # ESB004 Pilot N/A SW Ver. 1.3 SW Ver. 1.4 Sync Time: 6:14:29 Sync Time: 6:16:04 O2 Connector/Regulator Used: N/A Moisture Trap N/A Post-Flight Front or Single Seat ISB Serial # ISB003 ESB Serial # ESB001 Data Name: ISB_ISB003-2020-02-19-12-26 Data Name: ESB_ESB001-2020-02-19-12-27 Rear Seat ISB Serial # ISB001 ESB Serial # ESB004 Data Name: ISB_ISB001-2020-02-19-12-27 Data Name: ESB_ESB004-2020-02-19-12-27 Spirometery Fwd/Single Seat FVC1 FVC2 FVC3 VC RAD-97 At Mission Brief 11:32:15 11:33:22 11:34:09 11:33:27 11:25:49 At Aircraft Before 12:22:36 12:23:11 12:24:06 12:24:11 12:18:36 At Aircraft After 14:09:56 14:10:33 14:11:11 14:10:38 14:06:02 At Debrief 14:50:51 14:51:33 14:52:24 14:52:29 14:46:35 Spirometery Rear Seat FVC1 FVC2 FVC3 VC RAD-97 At Mission Brief 11:36:25 11:37:08 11:37:57 11:38:02 N/A At Aircraft Before 12:20:36 12:21:25 12:22:13 12:20:41 N/A At Aircraft After 14:08:40 14:10:30 14:10:58 14:11:46 N/A At Debrief 14:52:33 14:53:18 14:54:06 14:52:38 N/A NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 6 of 260 3. Flight cards as executed for Profiles A-F, H (in flight), and Profile G (on the ground). Profile A: High Altitude NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 7 of 260 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 8 of 260 Profile B: AeroBatics NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 9 of 260 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 10 of 260 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 11 of 260 Profile C: Control NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 12 of 260 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 13 of 260 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 14 of 260 Profile D: Down low NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 15 of 260 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 16 of 260 Profile E: Elimination of Cabin Pressure NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 17 of 260 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 18 of 260 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 19 of 260 Profile F: Functional Check Flight NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 20 of 260 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 21 of 260 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 22 of 260 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 23 of 260 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 24 of 260 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 25 of 260 Profile G: Ground only NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 26 of 260 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 27 of 260 Profile H: Health Check – Standardized Flight Test Profile NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 28 of 260 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 29 of 260 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 30 of 260 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 31 of 260 NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol. 2, V.1.2 Page 32 of 260 Appendix 2: Fundamentals of Pilot Breathing • This appendix contains links to the two animations discussed in PBA Volume I, Technical Section 2 o Normal breathing animation o G-Breathing animation Also the following: The Fundamentals of How Regulators Operate in Breathing Systems This appendix offers some fundamental descriptions of how regulators operate as a part of an integrated pilot breathing system. This appendix has three sections: Section 1: Twenty statements about regulators in breathing systems Section 2: Twenty paragraphs – expanding these statements with further explanation Section 3: One scenario that considers a pilot breathing system upset, and the available information about that upset event Section 1: Twenty statements about regulators in breathing systems: 1. Regulators act as pneumatic signal amplifiers. Regulators receive a relatively small pressure/flow pneumatic force input from pilot inhalation and deliver a larger pressure/flow response in the form of suppled air delivered to the mask. 2. Inhalation, which initiates and continuously controls regulator function, is highly variable. A pilot’s peak inhalation for any given breath can range from <1 mmHg to >30 mmHg. Rates of change of an individual’s inhalation pressure can range from <2 mmHg/sec to >200 mmHg/sec. The volume of a single breath can range from <0.5l to >5.0l. 3. Regulators need to provide air whether the call for air is gentle or intense, slow or sudden, small or large. 4. Breathing systems are compliant – some of the pressure/flow energy from inhalation is directed towards flexing breathing hoses and other compliant elements of the breathing system. 5. If the compliance of mechanical components like breathing hoses varies, regulator response varies. Compliance can vary if mask fit changes, or if hose length or hose shape changes. A regulator will deliver more air more quickly when it is installed in a breathing system with a short, stiff hose. A regulator will deliver less air with a greater delay when a longer hose or a softer hose is used. 6. Supply pressure effects regulator performance. Low pressure supply can delay delivery and limit driving force through restrictions in the flow path. High pressure supply can trigger overshoot and flow control instabilities. It is harder to smoothly match the timing and sequence of breathing when there is more energy to manage. Variable supply pressure is especially disruptive. 7. Regulators need to compensate for changes in cabin pressure and turbulence issues associated with airflow patterns in the cabin. This is accomplished through a system of diaphragms and through-holes. The through-holes have a specific size and are designed NESC Document #: NESC-RP-18-01320, Vol.
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