MNL36-EB/Jan. 2007

Subject Index

A safety inspection, 99 Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), 81 Abrasive blast cleaning, 79 transportation, 99–100 Cleaning, 76–86 Access control, 89 weld testing, 114 methods and aids, 77–81 Acid cleaning, 80 Autogenous ignition (autoignition) procedures, 81–84 Aluminum and aluminum alloys, 48 temperature of nonmetals safety, 77 American National Standards Institute data, 28–36t, 37 specific materials, 84 (ANSI), 117 test method, 28, 37, 38f Cleanliness American Petroleum Institute (API), 117 design for, 60–61, 60f B American Society for Testing and Materials inspection and verification, 82–84 Barricades, oxygen propellant test areas, (ASTM), 117 levels, 76, 77–78t 98–99 American Society of Mechanical Engineers maintaining in oxygen systems, 86 Blasts, 122–123 (ASME), 117 maintaining through assembly, 85–87 Breathing applications, 4 Ancillary equipment, in oxygen-enriched Clothing, in oxygen-enriched environment, 5 Building explosions, 121 environment, 5 Codes, regulations, and guidelines, 116–120 Bulk GOX and LOX storage Aqueous and semiaqueous cleaning, Cold flow, seals, 59 nonpropellant use, 90, 91t 80 Combustion tests, 16–46 propellant use, 90–91 ASME B31.3, 66–67, 70, 108, 110, 115 Compatibility assessment, 132 Burrs, 85 ASME Boiler Pressure Vessel Code, 95, 97, Component reassembly and functional 114 C testing, 84 Assembly, clean, 84–86 Cadmium, 48 Composites, 49–50 Association of American Railroads (AAR), Caustic cleaning, 80 Compressed Gas Association (CGA), emergency procedures, 7 Central nervous system oxygen toxicity, 4 117–118 ASTM D-2863, 28 14CFR, 70 Compressed gas cylinders, storage and ASTM D-4809, 27–28 14CFR-171-180, 73 handling, 95–96 ASTM G-63, 16, 53, 56, 59 29CFR-1910.104, 67, 74, 90, 93, 96, 111 Concept design review (CDR), 129 ASTM G-72, 28, 35 49CFR-171.8, 99 Confined space, 87 ASTM G-74, 36 49CFR-172.101, 101-102 Contaminant-entrapping configurations, 60, ASTM G-86, 38, 40 49CFR-172.700, 101 60f ASTM G-88, 57, 60 49CFR-173.31, 102 Cooldown and loading procedures, 87–88 ASTM G-93, 60 49CFR-173.115, 101 Copper and copper alloys, 47–48 ASTM G-94, 16, 49, 53, 59 49CFR-173.302, 76 Copper oxidation, 59 ASTM G-120, 81 49CFR-173.318, 102, 113 Cryogenic cold-shock, 88 ASTM G-124, 16–17 49CFR-173.329, 102 Cryogenic injuries, 7–8 ASTM G-136, 83 49CFR-173.338, 102, 113 Cryogenic oxygen systems, design, 70–74 ASTM G-144, 83 49CFR-177.840, 102, 113 Authority having jurisdiction (AHJ), 124 49CFR-178.345, 101 D cleaning, 76–77 CGA 341, 73, 114 Deformable parts, 85 design, 57 CGA G-4.0, 66, 96 Deionized water, 81 designation/assignment of, 124 CGA G-4.1, 81 Design electrical wiring, 70 CGA G-4.3, 4 approach, 57–58 in emergencies, 6 CGA G-4.4, 57, 59 cleanliness, 60–61, 60f facility maintenance, 99 CGA G-4.5, 4 component and system testing, 57–58 facility planning and implementation, 90 CGA P-1, 96 components, 66–70 hazard reviews, 132 CGA S-1.1, 70 fire management, 74–75 inspection, 115 CGA S-1.2, 70 guidelines for oxygen systems, 58–59, 59f operating procedures, 81 CGA S-1.3, 70 materials guidelines, 59–60 oxygen detection, 97 CGA V-6, 73 minimizing ignition mechanisms, 61–66 personal protective equipment, 77 Chemical cleaning, 79 oxygen compatibility assessment, 57 personnel, 87 Chemical properties, 103–104, 103t reviews, 57, 129 piping systems, 66 Chemical reaction, 14–15 risk training, 57 pressure testing, 113 Chemical Transportation Emergency specifications, 57 pressurization and purging of gases, 74 Center (CHEMTREC), 7, 104 Design certification review (DCR), 129

NOTE: This index cites entries from pages where substantive information is given about topics. Peripheral mentions of topics are not indexed. Entries marked with f indicate figures; t indicates tables.

135

136 SAFE USE OF OXYGEN AND OXYGEN SYSTEMS I 2ND EDITION

Diluents, effects of, 50 system failures, 89 safety, 3–4 Disassembly and examination, cleaning, 82 transportation, 101–102 space applications and considerations, Document assessment results, 55 venting, 96–97 74 DoD 6055.9, 90–92 Glossary, 132–134 storage and handling of cylinders, 96 DOT Emergency Response Guidebook, 7 Gloves, in oxygen-enriched environment, 5 system failures, 89 Drying, 83–84 Good practices, operating procedures, 88 thermal insulation, 74 Ground-handling system explosions, 121 transportation, 101–102 E venting, 96–97 EIGA IGC 33/0/E, 76, 81 H vessel considerations, 73–74 Elastomers, 49 Hastelloy, 47 Low-pressure oxygen systems, design, 70 Electrical arc, 14, 65, 66f Hazards Lubricants, 50 data, 45–46, 46t assessment, 89 fluorinated, 60 test method, 36, 45, 45f fire, 16 thread tape and, 85–86 Electrical design, LOX systems, 74 reviews, 131–132 Electrical wiring and equipment, design, 70 Head and face protection, in oxygen- M Emergencies, 6–8 enriched environment, 5 Magnesium, 48 Emergency plans, 125 Health, hazards in LOX, 4 Material compatibility assessment, 130 Emergency procedures review (OPR), 131 Heat of combustion Materials Emergency response, transportation, 101, data, 28–35t certification, 59 103 test method, 27–28, 27f control, 50 Engineering materials, physical properties, Heat of compression, 9, 11–12f design guidelines, 59–60 107–110t, 107–112, 111–112f design, 63–64, 64f flammability, ignition, and combustion, European Industrial Gases Association Heat of vaporization, 105, 105f 16 (EIGA), 118 High-pressure oxygen poisoning, 4 metallic, 46–49 Examinations, operating procedures, 88 Hot-water cleaning, 80 nonmetallic, 49–50 Explosions, 121–122 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HFC), 81 selection using oxygen compatibility Explosives, definition, 92 Hydrofluoroethers (HFE), 81 assessment, 55–56, 56f External heat, 15 Hydrostatic testing, 88 types, 49–50 weight and strength, 59–60 F I Mechanical cleaning, 79 Facility maintenance, 99 Ignition mechanisms, 3, 9–15 Mechanical impact, 11–13, 13f, 13t Facility planning, 89–100 assessment, 54–55, 55t data, 34, 36, 41–44t general guidelines, 89–90 definition, 9 design, 64, 64f inspection, 99 effects of physical and thermal test method, 38, 40 testing, certification, and recertification, properties, 50 Medical oxygen, 4 99, 104–105 guidelines for minimizing, 61–66 Metallic materials, 46–49 Facility repairs, modifications, and Ignition-resistant materials, 59 Metal oxides, 49 decommissioning, 99–100 Ignition temperature MIL-PRF-25508G, 4 Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), metals, 17, 21–22t MIL-PRF-27210G, 4 130 nonmetallic materials, 59 Monel, 47 Federal regulations Ignition tests, 16–46 government organizations, 119 Inconel, 47 N hazardous material, 116t, 118 Inspections, 83 National Fire Protection Association Final cleaning, 82 Insuring associations, 118 (NFPA), 119 Final design review (FDR), 129 Intermediate cleaning, 82 NFPA-50, 66, 74, 90, 92–94, 96, 111 Fire International Organization for NFPA-51, 90, 96 design for management, 74–75 Standardization (ISO), 118–119 NFPA-53, 16, 69, 96 hazards inherent in oxygen systems, 16 Iron alloys, 48 NFPA-55, 65, 96 ignition hazards in oxygen systems, 3–4 Isopropyl alcohol (IPA), 81 NFPA-68, 97 techniques for fighting, 8 NFPA-70, 65 Fire-extinguishing systems/agents, 98 J NFPA-220, 93 Fire protection systems, oxygen-enriched Joule-Thomson effect, 106–107, 106f, 106t Nickel and nickel alloys, 28t, 46–47 environments, 97–99 Nickel-copper alloys, 28t, 46–47 First-aid procedures, 7–8 K Nickel-iron alloys, 47 Flow friction, 9–11, 12t Kindling chain assessment, 55 Noncommercial transport equipment, design, 64 L 102 Footwear, in oxygen-enriched environment, Leaks and spills, 6 Nonmetallic materials, 49–50 5 Liquid air, 89 Nonpropellant, bulk GOX and LOX storage, Fragments, 121 Liquid oxygen (LOX) 90, 91t, 93 Friction, 13, 14f, 14t bulk storage, 90–92, 91–93t O data, 22–23, 23–24t component and systems design, 73–74 Operating conditions, worst case, 54 design, 65 description, 3 Operating procedures, 87–88 test method, 17, 22–23, 22f disposal, 96 Operational readiness inspection (ORI), 131 G electrical design guidelines, 74 Operational readiness review (ORR), 131 Gaseous oxygen (GOX) handling hazards, 3–4 Operational reviews, 131–132 bulk storage, 90–92, 91–93t piping system design considerations, 73 Operator certification, 87 handling hazards, 3–4 pressurization and purge gases, 74 training review, 131

SUBJECT INDEX 137

Organizational policies and procedures Physical properties, 103–104, 103t Solvents, 81 oxygen use, 6 Pickling, acid cleaning, 80 extraction, 83 project management, 123–132 Pig cleaning, 79 Stainless steels, 48 Overpressurization, 7, 89 Plastics, 49 Standard operating procedures (SOPs), Oxygen compatibility assessment, 53–56 Pneumatic impact of nonmetals 125 design, 57 data, 38, 39–40t Static discharge, 13–14, 46, 65 document assessment results, 55 test method, 38, 38f Steam cleaning, 80 flammability assessment, 54, 54f Policies and procedures, 124–125 Stem configurations, 68f kindling chain assessment, 55–56 Precleaning, 82 Storage vessels, 95 material selection, 55–56, 56f Preliminary design review (PDR), 129 Subsonic particle impact tests, 27t reaction effect assessment, 55, 56t Press fits, 85 Supersonic particle impact tests, 26t worst-case operating conditions, 54 Pressure, storage of GOX and LOX, 4 Surface preparations, 59 Oxygen-deficient environment Pressure relief devices, design, 69–70 Surface tension, 105, 106f injury within, 8 Pressure vessels, 112–116 Swab, spray, and dip cleaning, 79 OSHA definition, 5 Pressurization and purge gases, LOX, 74 System safety program plan (SSPP), 130 Oxygen detection, 97 Professional societies, codes, regulations, T Oxygen-enriched environment and guidelines, 119 Tank ruptures, 121 fire protection systems for, 97–98 Project management, 126–129 Technical and trade groups, codes, injury within, 8 Promoted-ignition combustion transition regulations, and gu8delines, 119 OSHA definition, 5 (PICT), 16–17, 17f, 18–21t, 21f Temperature, storage of GOX and LOX, 4 Oxygen-enrichment, 89 Promoted ignition of metals in GOX, 16–17 Testing standards and safety groups, codes, Oxygen index Propellant, 4 regulations, and guidelines, 119 data, 27–35t, 28 barricades in test areas, 98 Test readiness review (TRR), 131 test method, 28, 37f bulk LOX storage for, 90–92 Thermal insulation, LOX system, 74 Oxygen systems definition of explosives, 92 Thermal runaway, 15 basic safety, 3–4 storage tanks and impounding areas, 95 Threaded assembly, 85 clean assembly, 84–86 Protection policies, 125 Toxicity design considerations for installations, Q in breathing gas systems, 49 70–74, 71–72f Quality control, 125–126 cadmium, 48 emergencies, 6–8 Quantity-distance guidelines, 90–92 fire-extinguishing agents, 98 fire hazards inherent in, 16 hazard reviews, 133 handling hazards, 3–4 R magnesium, 48 hazard considerations, 72 Reaction effect assessment, 55, 56t materials, 50 importance of cleaning, 4 Resonance, 15, 15f, 46, 66–66 oxygen, 3, 104 LOX piping system design Restricted alloys, 48–49 Transportation, 101–103 considerations, 73 Rinsing, 82 emergency, 6, 103 LOX vessel considerations, 72–73 Risk management, fire, 53, 54f general operating procedures, 102 maintaining cleanliness, 86 Risk training, 57 public thoroughfares, 101–102 organizational policies and procedures, 6 Rollover, 95 site-controlled thoroughfares, 102 personnel protective equipment, 5 S Tumbling, 79 personnel training, 4–5 SAE ARP 1176, 76, 81 principles for safe use, 3 Safety analysis report (SAR), 130 U purity requirements, 4 Safety assessment review (SAsR), 130 Ultrasonic cleaning, 79 safety reviews, 5–6 Safety guidelines, 3–8 US Coast Guard, National Response safety standards, 117–121 Safety reviews, 5–6, 131 Center, 7 warning systems and controls, 5 Scaling laws, 120–121 V P Seal assembly, 85 Vacuuming and blowing, 79 Packaging, 84 Seal configurations, 69f Valves, 67–68, 68f Paramagnetism, 104 Seal extrusion, 59 Vapor pressure, 104–106f Particle impact, 9, 10t, 11f Sealing interfaces, 59 Ventilation, cleaning, 77 data, 25, 26–27t Silicone, 59–60 Venting and disposal systems, 96 design, 61–62, 62f Society of Automotive Engineers, 119–120 test data, 25, 25f Soft goods W Personal protective equipment, 77 assembling seals, 85 Warning systems and controls, 5 Personnel cleaning solvents and, 81 Water break test, 83 operating procedures, 87 design principles, 59–73 Welded soldered and brazed joints, 85 protective equipment, 5, 76 friction, 13 Wipe test, 83 training, 4–5, 123 Solubility, 104–105 Wire brush or grinder cleaning, 79