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NASA Technology Roadmaps TA 6: Human Health, Life Support, and Habitation Systems May 2015 Draft 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps DRAFT TA 6: Human Health, Life Support, and Habitation Systems Foreword NASA is leading the way with a balanced program of space exploration, aeronautics, and science research. Success in executing NASA’s ambitious aeronautics activities and space missions requires solutions to difficult technical challenges that build on proven capabilities and require the development of new capabilities. These new capabilities arise from the development of novel cutting-edge technologies. The promising new technology candidates that will help NASA achieve our extraordinary missions are identified in our Technology Roadmaps. The roadmaps are a set of documents that consider a wide range of needed technology candidates and development pathways for the next 20 years. The roadmaps are a foundational element of the Strategic Technology Investment Plan (STIP), an actionable plan that lays out the strategy for developing those technologies essential to the pursuit of NASA’s mission and achievement of National goals. The STIP provides prioritization of the technology candidates within the roadmaps and guiding principles for technology investment. The recommendations provided by the National Research Council heavily influence NASA’s technology prioritization. NASA’s technology investments are tracked and analyzed in TechPort, a web-based software system that serves as NASA’s integrated technology data source and decision support tool. Together, the roadmaps, the STIP, and TechPort provide NASA the ability to manage the technology portfolio in a new way, aligning mission directorate technology investments to minimize duplication, and lower cost while providing critical capabilities that support missions, commercial industry, and longer-term National needs. The 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps are comprised of 16 sections: The Introduction, Crosscutting Technologies, and Index; and 15 distinct Technology Area (TA) roadmaps. Crosscutting technology areas, such as, but not limited to, avionics, autonomy, information technology, radiation, and space weather span across multiple sections. The introduction provides a description of the crosscutting technologies, and a list of the technology candidates in each section. TA 6 - 2 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps DRAFT TA 6: Human Health, Life Support, and Habitation Systems Table of Contents Executive Summary . 6-4 Introduction . 6-19 6.1 Environmental Control and Life Support Systems and Habitation Systems ............6-20 6.2 Extravehicular Activity Systems. 6-20 6.3 Human Health and Performance ............................................6-21 6.4 Environmental Monitoring, Safety, and Emergency Response .....................6-21 6.5 Radiation . 6-22 TA 6 .1: Environmental Control and Life Support Systems and Habitation Systems . .6-23 Sub-Goals . 6-23 TA 6 .2: Extravehicular Activity Systems . 6-32 Sub-Goals ................................................................6-32 TA 6 .3: Human Health and Performance . .6-41 Sub-Goals ................................................................6-41 TA 6 .4: Environmental Monitoring, Safety, and Emergency Response . 6-51 Sub-Goals ................................................................6-51 TA 6 .5: Radiation . 6-59 Sub-Goals ................................................................6-60 Appendix . 6-67 Acronyms .................................................................6-67 Abbreviations and Units ......................................................6-71 Contributors ................................................................6-73 Technology Candidate Snapshots. 6-74 TA 6 - 3 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps DRAFT TA 6: Human Health, Life Support, and Habitation Systems Executive Summary This is Technology Area (TA) 6: Human Health, Life Support, and Habitation Systems, one of the 16 sections of the 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps. The Roadmaps are a set of documents that consider a wide range of needed technologies and development pathways for the next 20 years (2015-2035). The roadmaps focus on “applied research” and “development” activities. This roadmap provides a summary of key capabilities and technologies for the Human Health, Life Support, and Habitation Systems TA, which include game-changing or breakthrough items. These capabilities and technologies are deemed necessary to achieve predicted national and Agency goals in space over the next few decades. The sub-TAs included in the roadmap are Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) and Habitation Systems; Extravehicular Activity (EVA) Systems; Human Health and Performance (HHP); Environmental Monitoring, Safety, and Emergency Response (EMSER); and Radiation. Goals For future crewed missions beyond low-Earth orbit (LEO) and into the solar system, regular resupply of consumables and emergency or quick-return options will not be feasible, and spacecraft will experience a more challenging radiation environment in deep space than in LEO. Therefore, TA 6 focuses on developing technologies that enable long-duration, deep-space human exploration with minimal resupply consumables, increased independence from Earth, within permissible space radiation exposure limits. Planetary protection policy and guidance for Mars missions have not yet been formalized, but will need to be considered at the TA 6 level. Overarching sub-goals include: transitioning from partially-closed life support systems on the International Space Station (ISS) to a more fully-closed integrated system; developing advanced technologies for spacesuits that enable more frequent and rapid EVAs in both microgravity and surface environments (e.g., exposure to dust); significantly improving in-space crew health diagnostics, treatments, and countermeasures; and enabling real-time analysis of a broad range of compounds and microbial organisms in the vehicle. In addition, the radiation effort is focused on developing technologies that increase crewed mission duration (100 to 1,000 days, depending on the mission) in the free-space radiation environment while remaining below the space radiation permissible exposure limits (PELs). Technology snapshots with more detailed performance metrics for various Design Reference Missions are provided in the Appendix of TA 6. Table 1. Summary of Level 2 TAs 6.0 Human Health, Life Goals: Enable long-duration, deep-space human exploration within permissible space radiation Support, and Habitation exposure limits, minimal resupply consumables, and increased Earth independence. Systems 6.1 Environmental Control Sub-Goals: Maintain an environment suitable for sustaining human life throughout the duration of a mission. and Life Support Systems and Habitation Systems 6.2 Extravehicular Activity Sub-Goals: Enable crew operations outside the vehicle or habitat in all mission environments. Systems Protect the crew during launch, entry, and landing, and for the potential events of cabin contamination or depressurization. Protect the crew during ascent/decent transition for planetary excursions. 6.3 Human Health and Sub-Goals: Maintain the health of the crew and support optimal and sustained performance throughout the Performance duration of a mission as well as terrestrial life, thereafter. TA 6 - 4 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps DRAFT TA 6: Human Health, Life Support, and Habitation Systems Table 1. Summary of Level 2 TAs - Continued 6.0 Human Health, Life Goals: Enable long-duration, deep-space human exploration within permissible space radiation Support, and Habitation exposure limits, minimal resupply consumables, and increased Earth independence. Systems 6.4 Environmental Monitoring, Sub-Goals: Ensure crew health and safety by providing the crew early warnings of potentially hazardous Safety, and Emergency conditions and to provide the crew time for effective response should an accident occur. Response 6.5 Radiation Sub-Goals: Increase crew mission duration in the free-space radiation environment while remaining below the space radiation permissible exposure limits. Benefits The primary benefit of developing technology for the Human Health, Life Support and Habitation Systems TA is the ability to successfully achieve affordable crewed space missions to LEO and beyond. As a unique, human-tended test platform in the space environment, continued operations and missions on the ISS will directly contribute to the knowledge base and spur advances in these areas in the coming decade. Developing long-duration ground test capabilities and either extending ISS operations or using an alternative permanent or semi-permanent in-space facility would facilitate sustained testing and associated advancements into the following decade as well, in preparation for missions beyond LEO. Ground and in-space test beds will be crucial to the development and validation of technologies needed for those bold space missions. TA 6 - 5 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps DRAFT TA 6: Human Health, Life Support, and Habitation Systems 1 of 13 Figure 1. Technology Area Strategic Roadmap TA 6 - 6 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps DRAFT TA 6: Human Health, Life Support, and Habitation Systems 2 of 13 Figure 1. Technology Area Strategic Roadmap (Continued) TA 6 - 7 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps DRAFT TA 6: Human Health, Life Support, and Habitation Systems 3 of 13 Figure 1. Technology Area Strategic Roadmap (Continued) TA 6 - 8 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps DRAFT TA 6: Human Health, Life Support, and Habitation
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