Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta) Recognize Group Membership Via Olfactory Cues Alone

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta) Recognize Group Membership Via Olfactory Cues Alone Behav Ecol Sociobiol (2015) 69:2019–2034 DOI 10.1007/s00265-015-2013-y ORIGINAL ARTICLE Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) recognize group membership via olfactory cues alone Stefanie Henkel 1,2 & Angelina Ruiz Lambides1,3,4 & Anne Berger5 & Ruth Thomsen1,6,7 & Anja Widdig1,3 Received: 9 April 2015 /Revised: 18 September 2015 /Accepted: 21 September 2015 /Published online: 31 October 2015 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 Abstract The ability to distinguish group members from con- paradigm to investigate whether rhesus macaques (Macaca specifics living in other groups is crucial for gregarious spe- mulatta) can discriminate between body odors of female cies. Olfaction is known to play a major role in group recog- group members and females from different social groups. nition and territorial defense in a wide range of mammalian We conducted the study on the research island Cayo Santiago, taxa. Although primates have been typically regarded as Puerto Rico, in the non-mating season and controlled for kin- microsmatic (having a poor sense of smell), increasing evi- ship and familiarity using extensive pedigree and demograph- dence suggests that olfaction may play a greater role in pri- ic data. Our results indicate that both males and females in- mates’ social life than previously assumed. In this study, we spect out-group odors significantly longer than in-group carried out behavioral bioassays using a signaler-receiver odors. Males licked odors more often than females, and older animals licked more often than younger ones. Furthermore, individuals tended to place their nose longer towards odors Communicated by E. Huchard when the odor donor’s group rank was higher than the rank of Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article their own group. Reuse of odor samples decreased odor inten- (doi:10.1007/s00265-015-2013-y) contains supplementary material, sity (rated by human experimenters) during the course of a which is available to authorized users. given test day and with longer exposure to ambient air; how- ever, the reuse of odor samples did not significantly influence * Stefanie Henkel the response behaviors. Our findings uncover key roles of stefanie_henkel@eva.mpg.de; steffi_henkel81@hotmail.de olfactory communication in a species not possessing distinct scent glands and thus shed light into the evolution of primate 1 Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, Faculty of olfactory communication. Bioscience, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany . 2 Keywords Olfactory communication Rhesus macaques Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Bioassay . Group recognition . Individual recognition . Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Familiarity 3 Junior Research Group of Primate Kin Selection, Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Introduction 4 Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Puerto Rico, USA For gregarious species, the ability to distinguish group mem- 5 Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. bers (in-group individuals) from conspecifics living in other 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany groups (out-group individuals) is of crucial importance as it 6 Department of Anthropology, University College London, Gower allows individuals of the same group to protect resources such Street,LondonWC1E6BT,UK as food, mating partners, or sleeping sites against intruders 7 Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary while ensuring social cohesion within the group. In addition Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany to visual (domestic cattle, Coulon et al. 2010;Barbary 2020 Behav Ecol Sociobiol (2015) 69:2019–2034 macaques, Schell et al. 2011) and acoustic (elephants, with the processing of non-volatile odorants by the McComb et al. 2000; chimpanzees, Herbinger et al. 2009; vomeronasal organ (Charpentier et al. 2013). Furthermore, horses, Lemasson et al. 2009; dolphins, Quick and Janik western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are able to 2012) cues, olfaction plays a major role in group recognition discriminate between different odors such as almond and and territorial defense in a wide range of taxa (reviewed, for vanilla (Hepper and Wells 2012) and produce individual mammals, in Tang Halpin 1986). For example, black-tailed body odors which can be identified by human raters deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus, Müller-Schwarze (Hepper and Wells 2010). 1971), African dwarf mongoose (Helogale undulata rufula, In order to fully assess the importance of olfactory commu- Rasa 1973), and Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus, nication in the primate order and to shed light on its evolution, Tang Halpin 1976) treat familiar individuals and strangers it is essential to consider catarrhine species without distinct differently, discriminating between them using olfactory cues. scent glands and scent-marking behavior as well. There is Domestic dogs (Dunbar and Carmichael 1981), horses (Equus very limited information on olfactory behavior in species caballus, Péron et al. 2014), and Columbian ground squirrels which lack these features (chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, (Spermophilus columbianus, Harris and Murie 1982)alsodis- Mitani and Watts 2005; Herbinger et al. 2009; chacma ba- criminate between in-group and out-group individuals, spend- boons, Papio hamadryas ursinus,Clarkeetal.2009). Rhesus ing more time investigating odors from unfamiliar conspe- macaques (Macaca mulatta) represent an ideal model species cifics as compared to odors from group or colony members. as they have been observed to use olfaction in a variety of In primates, however, the role of olfaction is far less under- contexts, although they do not seem to possess scent glands stood than in other mammalian species, most likely because and do not perform scent marking (Geissmann 1987). They primates were typically regarded as microsmatic, relying more inspect food via smelling and sniff various body parts includ- on visual and acoustic rather than on olfactory information. ing the head or anus of conspecifics, and males sniff females’ The olfactory bulbs and olfactory epithelia are proportionately genitals, especially during the mating season (SH, personal smaller in primates compared to most other mammals (Baron observation). Rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago were re- et al. 1983; Smith and Bhatnagar 2004), and among primates, cently observed to exhibit exploratory behavior, including the ratio between total brain volume and olfactory bulb vol- smelling, towards the body of a dead and heavily injured ume decreases from strepsirrhines to anthropoids (Stephan monkey (Buhl et al. 2012), possibly to gain information about et al. 1970). Despite the anatomical evidence for a relative its individual identity or group membership. Furthermore, as reduction in olfactory structures during primate evolution, it rhesus macaques are considered to be a highly despotic spe- is currently debated whether this corresponds to a functional cies demonstrating high levels of intra- and intergroup ag- reduction in olfactory abilities of Old World monkeys. In fact, gression (Loy 1970; Boelkins and Wilson 1972; Flack and a growing body of evidence suggests that olfactory commu- de Waal 2004), they are ideal to study the mechanisms of nication may play a significant role in the regulation of a wide group recognition in primates. range of primate behaviors (Heymann 2006;Drea2015). While visual cues appear to be well suited for individual or Strepsirrhines and New World monkeys, in particular, appear group recognition during daytime (Pokorny and de Waal to have well-developed olfactory capabilities with odor cues 2009;Schelletal.2011), olfactory cues pertaining to group indicating reproductive state, dominance rank, individual membership are also available at night. Nocturnal primates are identity, and even genetic information which can be perceived known to rely heavily on their olfactory sense. Owl monkeys by the animals (e.g., cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus oedipus, (Aotus nancymaae), for example, are able to recognize sex, Ziegler et al. 1993; common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, age, and family membership via olfactory cues (MacDonald Smith et al. 1997; ring-tailed lemurs, Lemur catta, Palagi and et al. 2008). Nocturnal activity including moving, vocalizing, Dapporto 2006; Scordato and Drea 2007; Charpentier et al. feeding, or even playing has also been described for several 2008; Charpentier et al. 2010). diurnal primate species (gelada baboons, Theropithecus In contrast, very little is known about the olfactory capa- gelada, Kawai and Iwamoto 1979; Japanese macaques, bilities of Old World monkeys and apes, although recent evi- Nishikawa and Mochida 2010; ring-tailed lemurs, Donati dence indicates that, in these taxa, chemical communication et al. 2013; Guizhou snub-nosed monkeys, Rhinopithecus plays an important role as well. Most evidence until now has brelichi, Tan et al. 2013; chimpanzees, Zamma 2014;Krief come from species which perform classical scent marking et al. 2014) including rhesus macaques (Vessey 1973). Thus, and/or have specific glands used for olfactory communication. olfactory signals and body odor may play an important role Mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), for example, signal both vari- when it comes to territorial defense
Recommended publications
  • Rhesus Macaque Sequencing
    White Paper for Complete Sequencing of the Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) Genome Jeffrey Rogers1, Michael Katze 2, Roger Bumgarner2, Richard A. Gibbs 3 and George M. Weinstock3 I. Introduction Humans are members of the Order Primates and our closest evolutionary relatives are other primate species. This makes primate models of human disease particularly important, as the underlying physiology and metabolism, as well as genomic structure, are more similar to humans than are other mammals. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are the animals most similar to humans in overall DNA sequence, with interspecies sequence differences of approximately 1- 1.5% (Stewart and Disotell 1998, Page and Goodman 2001). The other apes, including gorillas and orangutans are nearly as similar to humans. The animals next most closely related to humans are Old World monkeys, superfamily Cercopithecoidea. This group includes the common laboratory species of rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), baboon (Papio hamadryas), pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) and African green monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops). The human evolutionary lineage separated from the ancestors of chimpanzees about 6-7 million years ago (MYA), while the human/ape lineage diverged from Old World monkeys about 25 MYA (Stewart and Disotell 1998), and from another important primate group, the New World monkeys, more than 35-40 MYA. In comparison, humans diverged from mice and other non- primate mammals about 65-85 MYA (Kumar and Hedges 1998, Eizirik et al 2001). In the evaluation of primate candidates for genome sequencing there should be more to selection of an organism than evolutionary considerations. The chimpanzee’s status as Closest Relative To Human has earned it an exemption from this consideration.
    [Show full text]
  • A Stepwise Male Introduction Procedure to Prevent Inbreeding in Naturalistic Macaque Breeding Groups
    animals Article A Stepwise Male Introduction Procedure to Prevent Inbreeding in Naturalistic Macaque Breeding Groups Astrid Rox 1,2, André H. van Vliet 1, Jan A. M. Langermans 1,3,* , Elisabeth H. M. Sterck 1,2 and Annet L. Louwerse 1 1 Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Animal Science Department, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; astrid.roxrox@gmail.com (A.R.); vliet@bprc.nl (A.H.v.V.); E.H.M.Sterck@uu.nl (E.H.M.S.); louwerse@bprc.nl (A.L.L.) 2 Animal Behaviour & Cognition (Formerly Animal Ecology), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands 3 Department Population Health Sciences, Division Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands * Correspondence: langermans@bprc.nl; Tel.: +31-152-842-620 Simple Summary: Housing of primates in groups increases animal welfare; however, this requires management to prevent inbreeding. To this end, males are introduced into captive macaque breeding groups, mimicking the natural migration patterns of these primates. However, such male introduc- tions can be risky and unsuccessful. The procedure developed by the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands, to introduce male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) into naturalistic social groups without a breeding male achieves relatively high success rates. Males are stepwise familiarized with and introduced to their new group, while all interactions between the new male and the resident females are closely monitored. Monitoring the behaviour of the resident Citation: Rox, A.; van Vliet, A.H.; females and their new male during all stages of the introduction provides crucial information as to Langermans, J.A.M.; Sterck, E.H.M.; whether or not it is safe to proceed.
    [Show full text]
  • Macaca Fascicularis) in Thailand
    The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University 8(2): 185-204, October 2008 ©2008 by Chulalongkorn University Current Situation and Status of Long-tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Thailand SUCHINDA MALAIVIJITNOND1* AND YUZURU HAMADA2 1Primate Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. 2Section of Morphology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan. ABSTRACT.– Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are the most frequently encountered primate in Thailand. They are currently considered at low risk for extinction, however, they are threatened by habitat fragmentation or loss, inbreeding or outbreeding depression and hybridization. At present, no management measures have been taken and updated information on their situation and status are urgently needed. We sent questionnaires throughout Thailand to a total of 7,410 sub-districts, and received 1,417 (19.12%) replies. We traveled to the sub-districts from which the positive replies to questionnaires on macaques were obtained, from December 2002 to December 2007 and found long-tailed macaques in 74 locations which ranged from the lower northern and northeastern (ca. 16° 30´ N) to the southernmost part (ca. 6° 30´ N) of Thailand. The distribution of long-tailed macaques at present is similar to that reported 30 years ago, but their habitats have changed from natural forests to temples or recreation parks. On average, 200 monkeys per location were counted and some populations had more than 1,000 individuals. In some locations they were regarded as pests. Local authorities took short-term management measures such as translocation and contraception. Although many troops of Thai long- tailed macaques have inflated population densities, some local troops exhibited morphological, genetic and behavioural uniqueness that may be important to conserve.
    [Show full text]
  • A Decade of Theory of Mind Research on Cayo Santiago: Insights Into Rhesus Macaque Social Cognition
    American Journal of Primatology REVIEW ARTICLE A Decade of Theory of Mind Research on Cayo Santiago: Insights Into Rhesus Macaque Social Cognition LINDSEY A. DRAYTON* AND LAURIE R. SANTOS Psychology Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut Over the past several decades, researchers have become increasingly interested in understanding how primates understand the behavior of others. One open question concerns whether nonhuman primates think about others’ behavior in psychological terms, that is, whether they have a theory of mind. Over the last ten years, experiments conducted on the free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) living on Cayo Santiago have provided important insights into this question. In this review, we highlight what we think are some of the most exciting results of this body of work. Specifically we describe experiments suggesting that rhesus monkeys may understand some psychological states, such as what others see, hear, and know, but that they fail to demonstrate an understanding of others’ beliefs. Thus, while some aspects of theory of mind may be shared between humans and other primates, others capacities are likely to be uniquely human. We also discuss some of the broader debates surrounding comparative theory of mind research, as well as what we think may be productive lines for future research with the rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago. Am. J. Primatol. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Key words: theory of mind; social cognition; rhesus macaques INTRODUCTION following a discussion of some of our own work, we Few people can observe nonhuman primates for examine some of the broader debates that surround any length of time without being struck by the this area of study and suggest what we believe will be richness of their social lives.
    [Show full text]
  • 4944941.Pdf (742.8Kb)
    Phylogeny and History of the Lost SIV from Crab-Eating Macaques: SIVmfa The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation McCarthy, Kevin R., Welkin E. Johnson, and Andrea Kirmaier. 2016. “Phylogeny and History of the Lost SIV from Crab- Eating Macaques: SIVmfa.” PLoS ONE 11 (7): e0159281. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0159281. Published Version doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159281 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:29002415 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA RESEARCH ARTICLE Phylogeny and History of the Lost SIV from Crab-Eating Macaques: SIVmfa Kevin R. McCarthy1,2☯¤, Welkin E. Johnson2, Andrea Kirmaier2☯* 1 Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America, 2 Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States of America ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. ¤ Current address: Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America * kirmaier@bc.edu a11111 Abstract In the 20th century, thirteen distinct human immunodeficiency viruses emerged following independent cross-species transmission events involving simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) from African primates. In the late 1900s, pathogenic SIV strains also emerged in the United Sates among captive Asian macaque species following their unintentional infection OPEN ACCESS with SIV from African sooty mangabeys (SIVsmm).
    [Show full text]
  • Rhesus Macaque Eradication to Restore the Ecological Integrity of Desecheo National Wildlife Refuge, Puerto Rico
    C.C. Hanson, T.J. Hall, A.J. DeNicola, S. Silander, B.S. Keitt and K.J. Campbell Hanson, C.C.; T.J. Hall, A.J. DeNicola, S. Silander, B.S. Keitt and K.J. Campbell. Rhesus macaque eradication to restore the ecological integrity of Desecheo National Wildlife Refuge, Puerto Rico Rhesus macaque eradication to restore the ecological integrity of Desecheo National Wildlife Refuge, Puerto Rico C.C. Hanson¹, T.J. Hall¹, A.J. DeNicola², S. Silander³, B.S. Keitt¹ and K.J. Campbell1,4 ¹Island Conservation, 2100 Delaware Ave. Suite 1, Santa Cruz, California, 95060, USA. <chad.hanson@ islandconservation.org>. ²White Buff alo Inc., Connecticut, USA. ³U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Caribbean Islands› NWR, P.O. Box 510 Boquerón, 00622, Puerto Rico. 4School of Geography, Planning & Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia. Abstract A non-native introduced population of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) was targeted for removal from Desecheo Island (117 ha), Puerto Rico. Macaques were introduced in 1966 and contributed to several plant and animal extirpations. Since their release, three eradication campaigns were unsuccessful at removing the population; a fourth campaign that addressed potential causes for previous failures was declared successful in 2017. Key attributes that led to the success of this campaign included a robust partnership, adequate funding, and skilled fi eld staff with a strong eradication ethic that followed a plan based on eradication theory. Furthermore, the incorporation of modern technology including strategic use of remote camera traps, monitoring of radio-collared Judas animals, night hunting with night vision and thermal rifl e scopes, and the use of high-power semi-automatic fi rearms made eradication feasible due to an increase in the probability of detection and likelihood of removal.
    [Show full text]
  • Olfactory Communication in Mammals 4034
    Copyright 1972. All rights reserved OLFACTORY COMMUNICATION IN MAMMALS 4034 JOHN F. EISENBERG AND DEVRA G. KLEIMAN National Zoological Park Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC INTRODUCTION In the broad perspective chemical communication has been the subject of several recent reviews (Wilson 138; Johnston, Moulton & Turk 59; Wilson 137). The present review will be more restrictive; we will deal with one as- pect of chemical communication in one class of vertebrates, i.e., olfaction in the Mammalia. For the purposes of this review, olfactory communication is defined as the process whereby a chemical signal is generated by a presumptive sender and transmitted (generally through the air) to a presumptive receiver who by means of adequate receptors can identify, integrate, and respond (either be- haviorally or physiologically) to the signal. It is assumed that the sender-re- ceiver relationship is in some way the result of natural selection so that signal production by the sender leads to an increased likelihood that the sender or the species will benefit from the transmission of the message; the whole pro- cess of communication is subject to the pressures of natural selection. A chemical signal which serves to trigger a response in a conspecific re- ceiver is generally referred to as a pheromone (Wilson 137)•in contrast to an allomone, which is a signal used to communicate with a member of an- other species (Brown 16). By thus defining olfactory communication, we have eliminated from consideration in this review problems of food selection, habitat selection, etc, which do involve the chemical senses but which result from different sorts of interactions of the organism with the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Wild Tigers in Captivity: a Study of the Effects of the Captive Environment on Tiger Behavior
    Wild Tigers in Captivity: A Study of the Effects of the Captive Environment on Tiger Behavior Leigh Elizabeth Pitsko Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOGRAPHY Lisa M. Kennedy, Chair Lawrence S. Grossman Marcella J. Kelly Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA 25 April 2003 Keywords: Panthera tigris, environmental enrichment, stereotypies, conservation, exhibit design Copyright 2003, Leigh Elizabeth Pitsko ABSTRACT Wild Tigers in Captivity: A Study of the Effects of the Captive Environment on Tiger Behavior Leigh Elizabeth Pitsko Humans maintain wild animals in zoological parks for the purposes of education, conservation, research, and recreation. However, abnormal behaviors may develop in animals housed in human-made environments, if those environments do not allow them to carry out their natural behaviors (such as swimming, climbing, stalking, and predation). Captive environments in zoological parks often do not provide for natural behaviors due to spatial constraints and negative public reaction. Tigers (Panthera tigris) present a difficult case; they have large home ranges in the wild and natural predatory hunting behaviors that are difficult to provide for in captivity. As the numbers of wild tigers decline, captive breeding programs have become a major focus of the zoo community, which magnifies the importance of research on tiger husbandry. A body of research exists on small felids, but little, if any, has focused on tigers. This thesis presents an analysis of the effects of the captive environment on the behaviors of 18 captive Bengal and Siberian tigers in four zoological parks in Virginia and Pennsylvania.
    [Show full text]
  • Species, the Bonnet Macaque (Macaca Radiata)
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Losing its ground: A case study of fast declining populations of a `least-concern' species, the bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) Joseph J. Erinjery1,2☯, Shanthala Kumar3☯, Honnavalli N. Kumara4☯*, K. Mohan1☯, Tejeshwar Dhananjaya1☯, P. Sundararaj3³, Rafi Kent2³, Mewa Singh1,5³ 1 Biopsychology Laboratory and Institute of Excellence, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India, 2 Department of Geography and Environment, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel, 3 Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India, 4 SaÂlim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, India, a1111111111 5 Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India a1111111111 a1111111111 ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. ³ These authors also contributed equally to this work. a1111111111 * honnavallik@gmail.com a1111111111 Abstract OPEN ACCESS The populations of many species that are widespread and commensal with humans have been drastically declining during the past few decades, but little attention has been paid to Citation: Erinjery JJ, Kumar S, Kumara HN, Mohan K, Dhananjaya T, Sundararaj P, et al. (2017) Losing their conservation. Here, we report the status of the bonnet macaque, a species that is con- its ground: A case study of fast declining sidered `least-concern' for conservation. We show that the widely ranging rhesus macaque populations of a `least-concern' species, the bonnet is expanding its range into the distributional range of the bonnet macaque, a species macaque (Macaca radiata). PLoS ONE 12(8): endemic only to southern India. Bonnet macaques have very low abundance in forests of all e0182140. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0182140 types indicating that it is not a typically forest dwelling species.
    [Show full text]
  • (Mandrillus Leucophaeus) CAPTIUS Mireia De Martín Marty
    COMUNICACIÓ VOCAL EN DRILS (Mandrillus leucophaeus) CAPTIUS Mireia de Martín Marty Tesi presentada per a l’obtenció del grau de Doctor (Juny 2004) Dibuix: Dr. J. Sabater Pi Codirigida pel Dr. J. Sabater Pi i el Dr. C. Riba Departament de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clínica Facultat de Psicologia. Universitat de Barcelona REFLEXIONS FINALS I CONCLUSIONS 7.1 ASPECTES DE COMUNICACIÓ UNIVERSAL L’alçada de la freqüència dins d’un repertori correlaciona amb el context o missatge que es vol emetre. Es podria pensar que és un universal en la comunicació. Davant de situacions de disconfort o en contextos anagonístics, la freqüència d’emissió s’eleva. A més tensió articulatòria, augmenta el to cap a l’agut. La intensitat és un recurs que augmenta la capacitat d’impressionar l’atenció del que escolta. A la natura trobem diferents exemplificacions d’aquest fet, fins i tot en espècies molt allunyades filogenèticament com el gos o l’abellot que en emetre el zum-zum, si se sent amenaçat, eleva la freqüència d’emissió. En les vocalitzacions de les diferents espècies de primats hi ha trets acústics homòlegs, que s’emeten en similars circumstàncies socials. Els senyals d’amenaça acostumen a ser de to baix en els primats i, en canvi, els anagonístics estridents i molt aguts; alguns senyals d’alarma tenen patrons comuns en els dibuixos espectrogràfics i, fins i tot, altres espècies diferents a l’espècie emissora en reconeixen el significat. Podríem deduir una funció comunicativa derivada de l’estructura acústica. En crides de cohesió, les de reclam d’atenció o amistoses, l’estructura acústica és tonal; quan informa d’una ubicació, tenen diferents bandes de freqüència; les agressives i d’alarma tenen denses bandes freqüencials; i les agonístiques o més emotives – que expressen un elevat estat emocional (‘desesperat’)- són noisy o molt compactes.
    [Show full text]
  • A High-Quality SNV Database for Interspecies Genetic Divergence
    Database, 2020, 1–8 doi: 10.1093/database/baaa027 Original article Original article Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/database/article/doi/10.1093/database/baaa027/5827658 by guest on 29 September 2021 MACSNVdb: a high-quality SNV database for interspecies genetic divergence investigation among macaques Lianming Du1,†, Tao Guo2,†,QinLiu3,4, Jing Li3, Xiuyue Zhang3, Jinchuan Xing5, Bisong Yue3, Jing Li3,* and Zhenxin Fan3,* 1Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, 2025 Chengluo Rd, Chengdu 610106, China 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, 20 Section 3, South Renmin Rd, Chengdu 610041, China 3Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco- Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu 610065, China 4College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Yibin University, 8 Wuliangye Rd, Yibin 644000, China 5Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA *Corresponding author: Email: zxfan@scu.edu.cn. Correspondence may also be addressed to Jing Li. Tel/Fax: +86 28 85416928; Email: ljtjf@126.com. †These authors contributed equally to this work. Citation details: Du,L., Guo,T., Liu,Q. et al. MACSNVdb: a high-quality SNV database for interspecies genetic divergence investigation among macaques. Database (2020) Vol. 2020: article ID baaa027; doi:10.1093/database/baaa027 Received 3 June 2019; Revised 6 January 2020; Accepted 22 March 2020 Abstract Macaques are the most widely used non-human primates in biomedical research. The genetic divergence between these animal models is responsible for their phenotypic differences in response to certain diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Cattle Behaviour
    4 Cattle behaviour This chapter discusses the details of cattle behaviour (in other words, what cattle do) such as the relative importance of the five body senses, the various ways stock communicate with each other and their keepers and behavioural problems arising from clashes with their environment. The main points of this chapter • Of the five senses cattle possess, sight is the most dominant. Hearing and smell also play important roles in how cows assess their environment. • As a prey species, cattle have an inherent fear of unfamiliar objects, situations, smells, sudden movements and noises. As well they can experience fearfulness in situations where they are solitary or isolated. Understanding this is critical to managing them in a low stress manner. • Cattle are less expressive of pain and injury than humans. Therefore, behavioural indicators of pain that cattle do express are subtle. An animal experiencing pain has compromised welfare, and consequences to their health and productivity are also likely. • The presence of stereotypic behaviours indicate that a cow is in a compromised welfare state, and is feeling frustrated at the inability to behave naturally. In cattle, oral stereotypies, which relate to nutritional and foraging deficits, and ambulatory stereotypies, the result of restricted movement, are common. 05_Chapter_04.indd 37 01-12-2014 08:25:00 38 Cow Talk • The intensification of cattle housing, feeding and management contributes to behavioural problems not seen in grazing animals. Frustrations lead to some cows engaging in often repetitive and pointless (stereotyped) behaviour that can be interpreted as a reflection of reduced activity, hence restricted normal behaviour, in intensively managed housing systems.
    [Show full text]