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Macadamia Integrated Pest Management

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Macadamia Integrated Pest Management Macadamia Integrated Pest Management IPM of Insects and Mites Attacking Macadamia Nuts in Hawaii Vincent P. Jones College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources University of Hawai‘i at Mänoa Acknowledgements I owe a great debt of thanks to Geoff Waite (Queensland The information reported in this book is a result of Department of Plant Industry), Skip Bittenbender and collaborative work with a number of excellent collegues Mike Nagao (University of Hawaii at Manoa), and Diane and friends including Maria Aihara-Sasaki, Lois C. Alston (Utah State University) for reviewing drafts of Caprio, Carrie H. M. Tome, Dr. Peter Shearer, Dr. Roy this manuscript. Any remaining errors are mine. Geoff K. Nishimoto, Puanani Anderson-Wong, Janet Hurley, Waite and Michael van den Berg graciously provided Delta Westcott, and Naomi Finson. The assistance of photographs by David Ironside and E. A. deVilliers for Ted Lilly and Dan Springer (MacFarms of Hawaii) made the section on pests not yet present in Hawaii. Addi- many of the experiments possible. tional photographs were provided by Marshall Johnson Lynn LeBeck and Ken Rohrbach (University of Ha- (UH Manoa) (Fig. 4.11), and the USDA-ARS photo gal- waii at Manoa) were instrumental in finding funds for lery (Fig. 5.22). I also thank Dale Evans and Miles publishing this book. Research projects leading to this Hakoda of the CTAHR Publications and Information book were funded by USDA-ARS TSTAR, USDA Mi- Office for respectively providing expert editing and lay- nor Crops Program, State of Hawaii Governor’s Agri- out design services. cultural Coordinating Committee, the Hawaii Macad- The help of Hilary Brown (MacFarms Hawaii), Alan amia Nut Association, and MacFarms of Hawaii. Yamaguchi (Kau Agribusiness), Jim Trump (Island Har- Finally, this book is dedicated to the memory of Dr. vest), and Dave Rietow (Argro-Resources) over the past Wallace C. Mitchell, Professor of Entomology, Univer- 12 years in providing plots, resources for experiments, sity of Hawaii at Manoa. Wally was an inspiration to all ideas, knowledge, and friendship is gratefully acknowl- who knew him, and he generously introduced me to the edged. The Hawaii Macadamia Nut Association is also delights of working with insects attacking macadamia acknowledged for its continual support through the years. nuts. Wally is sorely missed by all who knew him. —Vincent P. Jones Fall 2000, Honolulu, HI About this publication The information contained herein is subject to change uct or description of a pesticide use is in no way in- or correction; recommendations should be considered tended as an exclusive endorsement or a substitute for as suggestions only. To the knowledge of the author, the restrictions, precautions, and directions given on the information given is accurate as of December, 2000. Nei- product label. Users of pesticides are responsible for ther the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the College of making sure that the intended use is included on the prod- Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), uct label and that all label directions are followed. the United States Department of Agriculture, nor the This information may be updated in more recent author shall be liable for any damages resulting from publications posted on the CTAHR Web site, the use of or reliance on the information contained in <www.ctahr. hawaii.edu>. To obtain additional copies this book or from any omissions to this book. Reference of this book, contact the Publications and Information to a company, trade, or product name does not imply Office, CTAHR UH-M, 3050 Maile Way (Gilmore Hall approval or recommendation of the company or prod- 119), Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; 808-956-7036; 808-956- uct to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable. 5966 (fax); e-mail <[email protected]>. The mention of a pesticide material or commercial prod- Copyright 2002 © College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa ISBN 1-929325-12-6 Published by the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR) and issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Andrew G. Hashimoto, Director/Dean, Cooperative Extension Service/CTAHR, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. An Equal Opportunity / Affirmative Action Institution providing programs and services to the people of Hawaii without regard to race, sex, age, religion, color, national origin, ancestry, disability, marital status, arrest and court record, sexual orientation, or veteran status. 2 Table of Contents Part 1. Introduction to macadamia pest management Identification ...................................................... 25 Insect growth and development............................... 5 Alternate hosts ................................................... 25 Types of insect damage ........................................... 7 Damage .............................................................. 25 How insects become pests ....................................... 7 Time of damage.................................................. 25 Integrated pest management .................................... 8 Monitoring ......................................................... 26 Economic thresholds, economic injury levels ......... 8 Cultivar susceptibility ........................................ 27 Natural control vs. biological control...................... 9 Sticktight nuts .................................................... 28 Natural enemies ....................................................... 9 Management strategies....................................... 30 Biological control .................................................... 9 General, harvest modification, early season Types, success rates for classical biological harvest, mechanical harvest, use of ethephon, control, environmental concerns natural enemies, use of pesticides Monitoring programs............................................. 11 New orchard management ................................. 33 Importance, definitions, design of monitoring and Economics of pest control .................................. 33 methods, types of samples, data recording Insecticide and miticide application ...................... 12 Southern green stinkbug ..................................... 35 Orchard handguns, backpack mist blowers, History................................................................ 35 air-blast sprayers, aerial application, inspection Life cycle and description .................................. 35 and calibration, spray solution pH, hazard to bees Life history in macadamia orchards ................... 36 Pesticide regulations.............................................. 15 Alternate hosts ................................................... 38 Damage .............................................................. 38 Part 2. Horticultural factors important in Time and location of damage ............................. 39 integrated pest management Monitoring ......................................................... 39 Flowering and fruiting patterns ............................. 17 Cultivar susceptibility ........................................ 40 Nut maturation process.......................................... 17 Management strategies....................................... 40 Normal harvest operations .................................... 18 Natural enemies, chemical control Modified harvest operations .................................. 20 Cultivar susceptibility ........................................... 20 Koa seedworm, litchi fruit moth ........................ 42 Fertilizer ................................................................ 21 History................................................................ 42 Pruning .................................................................. 21 Life history ......................................................... 43 Pollination ............................................................. 21 Identification ...................................................... 44 Alternate hosts, ground covers .............................. 21 Alternate host plants .......................................... 44 Management of pests in nurseries ......................... 22 Damage .............................................................. 45 Monitoring ......................................................... 46 Part 3. Major pest insects Adult sampling, distribution of eggs and damage Overview of pest status ......................................... 23 in the canopy, sampling larvae and damage Patterns of damage ................................................ 24 Cultivar susceptibility ........................................ 47 Management strategies....................................... 47 Tropical nut borer ............................................... 24 Behavior-modifying chemicals, natural enemies, History................................................................ 24 chemical control Life cycle and description .................................. 24 continued . 3 Part 4. Secondary pests Macadamia twig girdler ........................................ 71 Broad mite ............................................................. 52 Twospotted bug, yellowspotted bug ...................... 73 Red and black flat mite.......................................... 54 False coddling moth, macadamia nut borer .......... 74 Katydids ...............................................................
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