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Royas Cancrosis Presencia De La Enfermedad ENFERMEDADES EN SALICACEAS Royas estaqueros - plantaciones Cancrosis Presencia de la enfermedad – Distribución en nuestro país • Delta del Río Paraná • Cuyo • Patagonia • Pcia de Buenos Aires (zonas de secano) ROYA . ANTECEDENTES Argentina • fines XIX Populus deltoides subesp. angulata cv. ‘Carolinensis’ “ “Álamo Carolino”” (origen, procedencia Delta Mississippi, EEUU) Melampsora medusae (Thuem.) orig EEUU • 1920 reemplazado por P. nigra cv. itálica “ Álamo criollo” (origen italiano, procedente del centro de Asia) Melampsora larici-populina (Kleb.) (1940) orig Europa • mediados siglo XX P. x canadensis ‘I-154’ Septoria musiva (Peck.) (cancrosis) en lo sucesivo se probaron distintos clones euroamericanos hasta dar con la introducción de los americanos P. deltoides Populus deltoides (americanos) roya manifestación tardía cancrosis en términos generales a nivel foliar • mediados de los 90 Roya: ataques tempranos e intensos “Catfish 2“ , “151 – 68“ ; “Stoneville 71” ; I 72-51 “Onda” P. deltoides ‘Catfish 2’ (90 % del área cultivada en la región) “Stoneville 67”; R-22 (568-1); “Australiano 106/60”; A. “129/60” mas destacados, recomendados y ampliamente cultivados Susceptibilidad clonal expresada como número total de pústulas por hoja. Cortizo, S. SAUCES • ataques esporádicos - enfermedad no consolidada; • excepción: ataque temprano e intenso. Salix x argentinensis cv “Mestizo Pereyra” hibrido natural, reemp. nuevos clones M. alli fragilis o M. alli salicis • muerte parcial de copas en ejemplares adultos; • muerte de individuos jóvenes. S. nigra: M. epitea M. salici-populina, M. amigdalina, M. coleosporioides, M. abieti - capraearum ANTRACNOSIS DEL SAUCE – CERCOSPORIOSIS • Marsssonina kriegeriana / Drepanopeziza triandrae • Marsssonina salicícola / Drepanopeziza sphaeroides • Cercospora salicina • S. nigra, • Ragonese “A 131-25” , “A 131- 27” (S. babylonica x S. alba) • sauce americano (S. babylonica var sacramenta) • híbridos de S. matsudana x S. alba baja incidencia y severidad y por aparición tardía 1 2 3 6 4 5 7 AGENTE CAUSAL ROYA SALICACEAS Melampsora spp. • A nivel mundial entre 80 y 100 especies de Melampsora, entre las cuales hay especies autoicas y heteroicas. • 13 especies y dos híbridos interespecíficos son capaces de infectar a las distintas especies de álamo………..y algunas 6 para sauces…….. AGENTE CAUSAL Melampsora spp. Fungi, Basidiomycota, Pucciniomycotina, Pucciniomycetes,Pucciniales, Melampsoraceae, Melampsora • biótrofos obligados; • micelio intercelular, haustorios; • penetración indirecta (estomas) / directa; • 5 estadios esporídicos; • teliosporas (familia); • aecios sin peridio; • urediniosoros con parafisis capitadas; M. larici – populina • sin especificidad a nivel género. M. medusae 1 2 3 u u M. epitea 4 5 6 Plant Parasites of Europa; Cotizo, 2005 SIGNO-SINTOMAS plantbio.berkeley.edu http://www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk/ Cotizo, 2014 PERJUICIOS • biotróficos, parasitan tejidos jóvenes de plantas vigorosas consumen fotosintatos, incrementando la respiración y la transpiración; • defoliaciones estivales intensas; • > susceptibilidad a bajas temperaturas, estrés ambiental, otros parásitos; • retraso en la brotación del año siguiente; • reducción del crecimiento; < densidad madera • consumo de fotoasimilados (hongo fuerte destino de nutrientes); altera la redistribución de los carbohidratos y N. • la vida media y el tamaño de las hojas son significativamente reducidos; • el contenido de clorofila y la concentración de N foliar se reducen en plantas atacadas por roya; • la intercepción de luz por parte de las plantas enfermas se reduce por el ataque de roya. A tener en cuenta: respuesta condicionadas por el clon A 106 / 60 vs I 72 / 51 Cortizo et al. 2007 los clones que compensen la defoliación más rápidamente serán los menos afectados en la acumulación de biomasa al final de la etapa de crecimiento. CICLO DE LA ENFERMEDAD Vialle et al., 2011 CICLO DE LA ENFERMEDAD Cotizo, S. 2011 Argentina: ciclo reducido: hemiciclica uredosoros - uredosporas: penetración de los tubos germinativos por estomas diferenciación de haustorios manchas cloróticas transcurridos 5 días de la infección CONDICIONES PREDISPONENTES • cultivo de clones susceptibles – monocultivo; • altas densidades - aireación restringida; • 15 ° C – 20 °C y 8-10 hs de humedad en superficie foliar. SEVERIDAD • dependiente del clon; • condiciones climáticas durante la estación de crecimiento; • microclima del sitio. MANEJO DE LA ENFERMEDAD Medidas – herramientas culturales • eliminación de hojas caídas • mayor distanciamiento entre individuos en una plantación • poda y raleo Medidas – herramientas biológicas • Darluca filum densidad poblacional deficiente como para controlar la roya urediniosoros parasitados Herramienta química • Aplicación de fungicidas foliares oxicloruro de cobre c – prev. zineb c – prev. caldo bordeles mancozeb c – prev. triadimefon sist. prev. y curat. miclobutanil c – sist. prev. y curat. tebuconazole sist. prev. curat. errad. 25.8 gr pa / hl agua ciproconazole ** sist. prev. curat. Errad. 10 gr pa / hl agua Cortizo, 2005 ** fitotoxicidad > concentrac: < área foliar; aspecto coriáceo, ondulaciones márgenes Resistencia clonal – búsqueda de genotipos resistentes.
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