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Melampsora Medusae
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization PM 7/93 (1) Organisation Europe´enne et Me´diterrane´enne pour la Protection des Plantes Diagnostics Diagnostic Melampsora medusae Specific scope Specific approval and amendment This standard describes a diagnostic protocol for Melampsora Approved in 2009–09. medusae1 Populus trichocarpa, and their interspecific hybrids (Frey et al., Introduction 2005). In Europe, most of the cultivated poplars are P. · eur- Melampsora medusae Thu¨men is one of the causal agents of americana (P. deltoides · P. nigra)andP. · interamericana poplar rust. The main species involved in this disease in Europe (P. trichocarpa · P. deltoides) hybrids. In addition, Shain (1988) on cultivated poplars are Melampsora larici-populina and showed evidence for the existence of two formae speciales within Melampsora allii-populina. All three species cause abundant M. medusae and named them M. medusae f. sp. deltoidae and uredinia production on leaves, which can lead to premature M. medusae f. sp. tremuloidae according to their primary host, defoliation and growth reduction. After several years of severe Populus deltoides and Populus tremuloides, respectively. Neither infection leading to repeated defoliation, the disease may predis- the EU directive, nor the EPPO make the distinction between pose the trees to dieback or even death for the younger trees. these two formae speciales but only refer to M. medusae.Not- Melampsora rust is a very common disease of poplar trees, which withstanding, since M. medusae was only reported in Europe on can cause severe economic losses in commercial poplar cultiva- poplars from the sections Aigeiros and Tacamahaca,andin tion because of the emergence and spread of new pathotypes of respect with the host specialization, it can be stated that only M. -
Evolution of Isoprenyl Diphosphate Synthase-Like Terpene
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Evolution of isoprenyl diphosphate synthase‑like terpene synthases in fungi Guo Wei1, Franziska Eberl2, Xinlu Chen1, Chi Zhang1, Sybille B. Unsicker2, Tobias G. Köllner2, Jonathan Gershenzon2 & Feng Chen1* Terpene synthases (TPSs) and trans‑isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDSs) are among the core enzymes for creating the enormous diversity of terpenoids. Despite having no sequence homology, TPSs and IDSs share a conserved “α terpenoid synthase fold” and a trinuclear metal cluster for catalysis, implying a common ancestry with TPSs hypothesized to evolve from IDSs anciently. Here we report on the identifcation and functional characterization of novel IDS-like TPSs (ILTPSs) in fungi that evolved from IDS relatively recently, indicating recurrent evolution of TPSs from IDSs. Through large-scale bioinformatic analyses of fungal IDSs, putative ILTPSs that belong to the geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) family of IDSs were identifed in three species of Melampsora. Among the GGDPS family of the two Melampsora species experimentally characterized, one enzyme was verifed to be bona fde GGDPS and all others were demonstrated to function as TPSs. Melampsora ILTPSs displayed kinetic parameters similar to those of classic TPSs. Key residues underlying the determination of GGDPS versus ILTPS activity and functional divergence of ILTPSs were identifed. Phylogenetic analysis implies a recent origination of these ILTPSs from a GGDPS progenitor in fungi, after the split of Melampsora from other genera within the class of Pucciniomycetes. For the poplar leaf rust fungus Melampsora larici-populina, the transcripts of its ILTPS genes were detected in infected poplar leaves, suggesting possible involvement of these recently evolved ILTPS genes in the infection process. -
Flax Rust and Its Control
-1 I , r TECHNICAL BULLETIN 36 MARCH 1926 University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station IN CO-OPERATION WITH UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY Flax Rust and its Control A. W. Henry Division of Plant Pathology and Botany UNIVERSITY FARM, ST. PAUL AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS W. C. COFFEY, M.S., Director ANDREW Boss, Vice-Director F. W. PECK, M.S., Director of Agricultural Extension and Farmers' Institutes C. G. SELVIG, M.A., Superintendent, Northwest Substation, Crookston P. E. MILLER, M.Agr., Superintendent, West Central Substation, AIorris 0. I. BERGH, B.S.Agr., Superintendent, North Central Substation, Grand Rapids M. J. THOMPSON, Superintendent, Northeast Substation, Duluth R E. HODGSON, B.S. in Agr., Superintendent, Southeast Substation, Waseca RAPHAEL ZON, F.E., Director, Forest Experiment Station, Cloquet F. E. HARALSON, Assistant Superintendent, Fruit Breeding Farm, Zumbra Heights, (P.O. Excelsior) W. P. KIRKWOOD, M.A., Editor, and Chief, Division of Publications ALICE MCFEELY, Assistant Editor of Bulletins HARRIET W. SEWALL, B.A., Librarian T. J. HORTON, Photographer R. A. GORTNER, Ph.D., Chief, Division of Agricultural Biochemistry J. D. BLACK, Ph.D., Chief, Division of Agricultural Economics WILLIAM Boss, Chief, Division of Agricultural Engineering ANDREW Boss, Chief, Division of Agronomy and Farm Management W. H. PETERS, M.Agr., Chief, Division of Animal Husbandry FRANCIS JAGER, Chief, Division of Bee Culture C. H. EcKLEs, M.S., D.Sc., Chief, Division of Dairy Husbandry R. N. CHAPMAN, Ph.D., Chief Division of Entomology and Economic Zoology HENRY ScH/Arrz, Ph.D., Chief, Division of Forestry W. H. ALDERMAN, B.S.A., Chief, Division of Horticulture E. -
Structural Genomics Applied to the Rust Fungus Melampsora Larici-Populina
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Structural genomics applied to the rust fungus Melampsora larici- populina reveals two candidate efector proteins adopting cystine knot and NTF2-like protein folds Karine de Guillen1, Cécile Lorrain2, Pascale Tsan3, Philippe Barthe1, Benjamin Petre2, Natalya Saveleva2, Nicolas Rouhier2, Sébastien Duplessis2, André Padilla1 & Arnaud Hecker2* Rust fungi are plant pathogens that secrete an arsenal of efector proteins interfering with plant functions and promoting parasitic infection. Efectors are often species-specifc, evolve rapidly, and display low sequence similarities with known proteins. How rust fungal efectors function in host cells remains elusive, and biochemical and structural approaches have been scarcely used to tackle this question. In this study, we produced recombinant proteins of eleven candidate efectors of the leaf rust fungus Melampsora larici-populina in Escherichia coli. We successfully purifed and solved the three- dimensional structure of two proteins, MLP124266 and MLP124017, using NMR spectroscopy. Although both MLP124266 and MLP124017 show no sequence similarity with known proteins, they exhibit structural similarities to knottins, which are disulfde-rich small proteins characterized by intricate disulfde bridges, and to nuclear transport factor 2-like proteins, which are molecular containers involved in a wide range of functions, respectively. Interestingly, such structural folds have not been reported so far in pathogen efectors, indicating that MLP124266 and MLP124017 may bear novel functions related to pathogenicity. Our fndings show that sequence-unrelated efectors can adopt folds similar to known proteins, and encourage the use of biochemical and structural approaches to functionally characterize efector candidates. To infect their host, flamentous pathogens secrete efector proteins that interfere with plant physiology and immunity to promote parasitic growth1. -
Physiologic Specialization of Melampsora Lini on Linum Usitatissimum '
PHYSIOLOGIC SPECIALIZATION OF MELAMPSORA LINI ON LINUM USITATISSIMUM ' By H. H. FLOR 2 Associate 'pathologist^ Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases^ Bureau of Plant Industry y United States Department of Agriculture INTRODUCTION Melampsora Uni (Pers.) Lev., the fungus that causes rust of culti- vated flax, Linum usitatissimum L., occurs in all the major seed flax- and fiber-flax-producing areas of the world. Injury to the seed crop results from a reduction in the amount of foliage and from the utili- zation by the fungus of some of the food of the host plant. In addition to interfering with the normal photosynthetic metaboUsm of the host plant, rust on fiber flax injures the quality by causing breakage of fibers and preventing normal retting, thus producing what is known as ''measly'' fibers (23)} Consequently a small amount of infection may injure the quality of a fiber-flax crop, while it is only under epidemic conditions that the rust may be destructive to seed flax. Only occasionally is flax rust very destructive in Minnesota and the Dakotas, where most of the domestic flaxseed is grown. However, it sometimes occurs in epidemic form in these areas, and Brentzel ^ and Hart (9) have reported losses ranging from a trace to 100 percent. Measures that have been recommended for the control of flax rust include early sowing, thorough cleaning of the seed, crop rotation, use of high, well-drained land, destruction or removal of infected straw, and the use of resistant varieties. Henry (10) considered the last- named method the most promising and found rust immunity to be inherited independently of morphologic type or wilt resistance. -
Redalyc.CIENTO CINCUENTA AÑOS DE PENSAMIENTO
Acta Biológica Colombiana ISSN: 0120-548X [email protected] Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Bogotá Colombia TORRES, ENRIQUE CIENTO CINCUENTA AÑOS DE PENSAMIENTO COEVOLUTIVO: LA VIDA ES UNA MARAÑA DE INTERACCIONES Acta Biológica Colombiana, vol. 14, 2009, pp. 231-245 Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Bogotá Bogotá, Colombia Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=319028030004 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Acta biol. Colomb., Vol. 14 S, 2009 231 - 246 CIENTO CINCUENTA AÑOS DE PENSAMIENTO COEVOLUTIVO: LA VIDA ES UNA MARAÑA DE INTERACCIONES One Hundred and Fifty Years of Coevolutionary Thinking: Life is a Web of Interactions ENRIQUE TORRES1, Ph. D. 1Profesor Asociado Emérito, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá D.C., Colombia. [email protected] Presentado 16 de septiembre de 2009, aceptado 22 de octubre de 2009, correcciones 25 de mayo de 2010. RESUMEN La supervivencia y reproducción de la inmensa mayoría de organismos multicelulares dependen de interacciones ecológicas, frecuentemente especializadas, con organismos de otras especies. La coevolución, entendida como el conjunto de cambios evolutivos recíprocos entre especies que ejercen estas interacciones, se reconoce como un proceso continuo que organiza la variabilidad darviniana en complejas redes biológicas. Esta visión dinámica suaviza el conflicto entre la natu- raleza armónica de Humboldt y la naturaleza en guerra de Darwin y otros naturalistas del siglo 19. Los cimientos conceptuales de la biología coevolutiva incluyen el papel causal de los microor- ganismos en las enfermedades, la ubicuidad de las simbiosis, su frecuente caracter especialista y la determinación mendeliana de los desenlaces de tales interacciones. -
Forest Health Conditions in Alaska 2020
Forest Service U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Alaska Region | R10-PR-046 | April 2021 Forest Health Conditions in Alaska - 2020 A Forest Health Protection Report U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, State & Private Forestry, Alaska Region Karl Dalla Rosa, Acting Director for State & Private Forestry, 1220 SW Third Avenue, Portland, OR 97204, [email protected] Michael Shephard, Deputy Director State & Private Forestry, 161 East 1st Avenue, Door 8, Anchorage, AK 99501, [email protected] Jason Anderson, Acting Deputy Director State & Private Forestry, 161 East 1st Avenue, Door 8, Anchorage, AK 99501, [email protected] Alaska Forest Health Specialists Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, http://www.fs.fed.us/r10/spf/fhp/ Anchorage, Southcentral Field Office 161 East 1st Avenue, Door 8, Anchorage, AK 99501 Phone: (907) 743-9451 Fax: (907) 743-9479 Betty Charnon, Invasive Plants, FHM, Pesticides, [email protected]; Jessie Moan, Entomologist, [email protected]; Steve Swenson, Biological Science Technician, [email protected] Fairbanks, Interior Field Office 3700 Airport Way, Fairbanks, AK 99709 Phone: (907) 451-2799, Fax: (907) 451-2690 Sydney Brannoch, Entomologist, [email protected]; Garret Dubois, Biological Science Technician, [email protected]; Lori Winton, Plant Pathologist, [email protected] Juneau, Southeast Field Office 11175 Auke Lake Way, Juneau, AK 99801 Phone: (907) 586-8811; Fax: (907) 586-7848 Isaac Dell, Biological Scientist, [email protected]; Elizabeth Graham, Entomologist, [email protected]; Karen Hutten, Aerial Survey Program Manager, [email protected]; Robin Mulvey, Plant Pathologist, [email protected] State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources Division of Forestry 550 W 7th Avenue, Suite 1450, Anchorage, AK 99501 Phone: (907) 269-8460; Fax: (907) 269-8931 Jason Moan, Forest Health Program Coordinator, [email protected]; Martin Schoofs, Forest Health Forester, [email protected] University of Alaska Fairbanks Cooperative Extension Service 219 E. -
27. Poplar Leaf Rusts Michael E
Hardwood Diseases 27. Poplar Leaf Rusts Michael E. Ostry and Jennifer Juzwik Hosts All Populus species are potential hosts of poplar leaf rust fungi, Melamp sora species. Distinguishing different leaf rust species is often problematic. Com plexity in leaf rust situations is related to the extensive planting of many poplar species and interspecific hybrids, natural or humanaided movement of Melampsora species into new geographic regions, and the occurrence of Melampsora races (formae speciales). Furthermore, mixed race infections on single leaves and the evolution of natural hybrids of rust fungi contribute to this complexity. A critical need exists for monitoring poplar rust Figure 27.1—Uredinia pustules with urediniospores of Melampsora medusae on poplar leaf. Photo by Michael E. populations in this intricate system. Two Ostry, USDA Forest Service. poplar leaf rusts are dominant in the United States. In the East, larch is the alternate host of M. medusae; in the West, Douglas fir is the alternate host for M. occidentalis. Infection of coniferous alternate hosts is confined to young needles and the damage is usually minor. Distribution Melampsora leaf rusts affect native and introduced hybrid poplars throughout North America. Damage Leaf rust can cause partial or com plete defoliation by midsummer, reducing Figure 27.2—Uredinia pustules with urediniospores of Melampsora occidentalis on poplar leaf. Photo by seedling vigor and quality. Premature Michael E. Ostry, USDA Forest Service. defoliation can predispose seedlings to environmental stresses and invasion by secondary damaging agents. rupture, large numbers of powdery and release powdery aeciospores. Aecia urediniospores are released. From late are preceded by an inconspicuous stage Diagnosis summer to autumn, yellowish crusts (pycnia) that produce their pycniospores (telia), darkening to brown, are produced in droplets (fig. -
Melampsora Medusae
Europejska i Śródziemnomorska Organizacja Ochrony Ro ślin PM 7/93(1) Organisation Européenne et Méditerranéenne pour la Protection des Plantes Diagnostyka Diagnostic Melampsora medusae Zakres stosowania Niniejszy standard opisuje protokół diagnostyczny dla Melampsora medusae .¹ Zatwierdzenia i nowelizacje Zatwierdzony we wrze śniu, 2009 roku. Wprowadzenie Grzyb Melampsora medusae Thümen jest jednym ze sprawców rdzy topoli. Głównymi gatunkami w Europie powoduj ącymi rdz ę w uprawach topoli s ą Melampsora larici-populina i Melampsora allii-populina. Wszystkie trzy gatunki obficie wytwarzaj ą na li ściach urediniospory, co mo że prowadzi ć do przedwczesnych defoliacji i ograniczenia wzrostu. Po kilku latach silnych infekcji i powtarzaj ących si ę defoliacji, patogen mo że sta ć si ę przyczyn ą wi ększej podatno ści drzew na zamieranie, a nawet powodowa ć śmier ć drzew młodszych. Rdza powodowana przez grzyby z rodzaju Melampsora jest bardzo powszechn ą chorob ą topoli, której skutkiem mog ą by ć powa żne straty ekonomiczne w uprawach komercyjnych, z powodu powstawania i rozprzestrzeniania si ę nowych patotypów M. larici-populin a, M. medusae pochodzi z Ameryki Północnej, sk ąd rozprzestrzenił si ę na inne kontynenty. W XX wieku poza USA, Kanad ą i Meksykiem patogen rozprzestrzenił si ę w Europie (patrz poni żej), Ameryce Południowej (Boliwia, Brazylia, Chile), Południowej Afryce (Republice Południowej Afryki, Zimbabwe), Azji (Japonia), Oceanii (Australia, Nowa Zelandia). W regionie EPPO pojawienie si ę M. medusae odnotowano na ograniczonym obszarze w Belgii, Francji i Portugalii (EPPO, 1997). Gospodarzami pierwszorz ędowymi, na których wytwarzane jest stadium telium grzyba są drzewa nale żą ce do rodzaju Populus oraz ich miesza ńce. -
National Poplar Rust Disease Survey 2009-10
National Poplar Rust Disease Survey 2009-10 Siva Sivakumaran and Ian McIvor (Plant & Food Research, Palmerston North) e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Leaf samples bearing a heavy rust load were collected from a range of infected poplar clones (mostly Euramericana hybrids or P. nigra) and in most of the regions nationally. Collections were made late in the season during February-March 2009 and March-April 2010. Identification of the rust species was made from 37 separate samples taken in two years and geographically apart. All rust samples were identified as belonging to Melampsora larici-populina. More importantly, there was no evidence of hybridisation or new rust species based on the urediniospore appearance. Previous evidence of Melampsora medusae- populina, a unique interspecific hybrid (Spiers & Hopcroft 1985, appears not to be any more extensive and probably reflects the limited range of Melampsora medusae. Future research will endeavour to develop a DNA marker-based technique for identifying Melampsora rust races/species, since we are uncertain how definitive urediniospore ID is in distinguishing rust mutation and changing virulence. Introduction The rust fungi (Uredinales) are one of the largest groups of fungi, accounting for one-third of the teleomorphic species of Basidiomycetes (Hawksworth et al. 1995). Rust fungi found on poplars (and also on willows) belong to the genus Melampsora. Rust caused by Melampsora is one of the most important leaf diseases of poplars. Internationally some 13 species and two hybrids of Melampsora have been described on Populus, of which three have been identified in New Zealand, namely Melampsora larici-populina, Melampsora medusae and Melampsora medusae-populina, a unique interspecific hybrid. -
Habitat Type and Interannual Variation Shape Unique Fungal Pathogen Communities on A
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/545632; this version posted July 7, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Habitat type and interannual variation shape unique fungal pathogen communities on a California native bunchgrass Johannah E. Farner1, Erin R. Spear1,2, Erin A. Mordecai1 1Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 USA; 2 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama, Republic of Panama Author for correspondence: Johannah Farner E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 1 (805) 317 – 5432 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/545632; this version posted July 7, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract The role of infectious disease in regulating host populations is increasingly recognized, but how environmental conditions affect pathogen communities and infection levels remains poorly understood. Over three years, we compared foliar disease burden, fungal pathogen community composition, and foliar chemistry in the perennial bunchgrass Stipa pulchra occurring in adjacent serpentine and nonserpentine grassland habitats with distinct soil types and plant communities. We found that serpentine and nonserpentine S. pulchra experienced consistent, low disease pressure associated with distinct fungal pathogen communities with high interannual species turnover. Additionally, plant chemistry differed with habitat type. -
Host Jumps Shaped the Diversity of Extant Rust Fungi (Pucciniales)
Research Host jumps shaped the diversity of extant rust fungi (Pucciniales) Alistair R. McTaggart1, Roger G. Shivas2, Magriet A. van der Nest3, Jolanda Roux4, Brenda D. Wingfield3 and Michael J. Wingfield1 1Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Tree Protection Co-operative Programme (TPCP), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; 2Department of Agriculture and Forestry, Queensland Plant Pathology Herbarium, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia; 3Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; 4Department of Plant Sciences, Tree Protection Co-operative Programme (TPCP), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa Summary Author for correspondence: The aim of this study was to determine the evolutionary time line for rust fungi and date Alistair R. McTaggart key speciation events using a molecular clock. Evidence is provided that supports a contempo- Tel: +2712 420 6714 rary view for a recent origin of rust fungi, with a common ancestor on a flowering plant. Email: [email protected] Divergence times for > 20 genera of rust fungi were studied with Bayesian evolutionary Received: 8 July 2015 analyses. A relaxed molecular clock was applied to ribosomal and mitochondrial genes, cali- Accepted: 26 August 2015 brated against estimated divergence times for the hosts of rust fungi, such as Acacia (Fabaceae), angiosperms and the cupressophytes. New Phytologist (2016) 209: 1149–1158 Results showed that rust fungi shared a most recent common ancestor with a mean age doi: 10.1111/nph.13686 between 113 and 115 million yr.