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Stjepan/Ahmed- Paša Hercegović (1456.?-1517.) U Svjetlu Dubrovačkih, Talijanskih I Osmanskih Izvora
STJEPAN/AHMED- PAšA HERCEGOVić (1456.?-1517.) U SVJETLU DUBROVAčKIH, TALIJANSKIH I OSMANSKIH IZVORA Kontroverzne teme iz života Stjepana/Ahmed-paše Hercegovića Petar VRANKIć UDK: 929.7 Stjepan/Ahmed-paša Kath.-Theologische Fakultät der Hercegović Universität Augsburg Izvorni znanstveni rad Privatadresse: Primljeno: 14. ožujka 2017. Kardinal-Brandmüller-Platz 1 Prihvaćeno: 5. travnja 2017. D - 82269 Geltendorf E-pošta: [email protected] Sažetak Knez Stjepan Hercegović Kosača, prvotno najmlađi i si- gurno najomiljeniji sin hercega Stjepana Vukčića Kosa- če, postavši kasnije Ahmed-paša Hercegović, vrlo ugled- ni i uspješni osmanski zapovjednik, upravitelj, ministar, veliki vezir, diplomat, državnik i pjesnik, ostaje i dalje djelomično kontroverzna ličnost u južnoslavenskim, ta- lijanskim i turskim povijesnim prikazima. Nije ni danas lako točno prikazati njegov životni put. Povjesnici se ne slažu u podrijetlu i imenu njegove majke, godini rođenja, slanju ili odlasku na dvor sultana Mehmeda Osvajača, sukobu s polubratom, hercegom Vlatkom, uspjelom ili neuspjelom preuzimanju oporukom utvrđenoga nasli- 9 PETAR VRANKIĆ — STJEPAN/AHMED-PAŠA HERCEGOVIĆ... jeđa njegova oca Stjepana i majke Barbare, založenog u Dubrovniku, godini ženidbe, broju žena i broju vlastite djece, te o broju i mjestu najvažnijih državnih službi iz njegova četrdesetogodišnjeg osmanskog životnog puta. U ovom prilogu autor pokušava unijeti više svjetla u gotovo sva sporna pitanja služeći se prvenstveno, danas dostu- pnim, objavljenim i neobjavljenim vrelima te dostupnom bibliografijom u arhivima i knjižnicama Dubrovnika, Venecije, Milana, Firence, Riminija, Sarajeva i Istanbula. Ključne riječi: Stjepan Hercegović/Ahmed-paša Herce- gović; herceg Stjepan; hercežica Jelena; hercežica Bar- bara; hercežica Cecilija; Dubrovnik; Carigrad; talaštvo; konverzija na islam; herceg Vlatko; sultan Mehmed II.; sultan Bajazid II.; borba za obiteljsko naslijeđe; djeca Ahmed-paše. -
Ii Inci Bayezid'in O~Ullarindan Sultan Korkut
II INCI BAYEZID'IN O~ULLARINDAN SULTAN KORKUT Ord. Prof. ISMAIL HAKKI UZUNÇAR~ILI Sultan Bayezid'in o~ullar~ : Sultan Ikinci Bayezid'in Abdullah, ~ehin~ ah, Alem~ ah, Ahmed, Korkut, Selim, Mehmed, Mahmud adlar~nda sekiz O~lu vard~. Bunlardan en büyük o~lu Abdullah 5 ~evval 888 ve 6 Kas~m 1483'de Konya valisi bulunurken ve ~ehin~ ah 5 Rebiul- âhir 917 ve 2 Temmuz ~ 5~~ 'de yine Konya valisi iken ve ~ehzade Alem~ ah gog h 1503 Manisa'da (Çelebi Sultan) yani vali bulun- du~u s~rada ve ~ehzade Mehmed g ~ o h 1504 m'de Kefe Sancak beyi iken ve ~ehzade M ahmud ise 913 h 1507 m'de Manisa'da San- cak beyi bulundu~u esnada vefat ettiklerinden Sultan Bayezid'in son zamanlar~nda büyü~ü Ahmed, ortancas~~ Korkut ve en küçükleri Selim olmak üzere hayatta üç o~lu kalm~~ t~ '. Sultan Korkut bir kayda göre 872 h 1467 m ve di~er kayda göre de 874 h 1469'da Amasya'da babas~n~ n orada vali bulundu~u zaman do~mu~tur. Korku t'un validesi, Nigâr Hatun olup Bayezid'in k~z~~ Fatma Sultan'la ana, baba bir karde~dirler 2. ~ehzadelerin Sancak Beylikleri : Eyalet ve sancaklara tayin edilen Osmanl~~ ~ehzadelerinin Devlet divan~ndaki memurlar ve hizmetler gibi kendilerinin maiyyetlerinde 1 Ldtift tezkiresinde (matbu nüsha) s. 65, 66 Ahmed'in Korkut'tan büyük oldu~u zikrediliyor; Artus Tomas'da Ahmed'in büyük oldu~unu, K~nal~zâde Korkut'un Ahmed'ten büyük oldu~unu Tdc-iit-Tevaril~~ He~t Bihi~eden naklen (c. -
Ebussuud Efendi
Christian-Muslim Relations A Bibliographical History Volume 7. Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America (1500-1600) Edited by David Thomas and John Chesworth with John Azumah, Stanisław Grodź, Andrew Newman, Douglas Pratt LEIDEN • BOSTON 2015 For use by the Author only | © 2015 Koninklijke Brill NV CONTENTS Foreword ....................................................................................................... vii Abbreviations ............................................................................................... xi Martha Frederiks, Introduction: Christians, Muslims and empires in the 16th century .................................................................................... 1 Alan Guenther, The arrival of European Christians in India during the 16th century .......................................................................................... 15 Works on Christian-Muslim relations 1500-1600 ................................ 27 Central and Eastern Europe ..................................................................... 29 Middle East and North Africa .................................................................. 549 Asia, Africa and South America ............................................................... 743 Index of Names ............................................................................................ 933 Index of Titles ............................................................................................... 946 For use by the Author only | © 2015 Koninklijke -
Topkapi Palace As a Moral and Political Institutional Structure in the Ottoman Palace Organization
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 7, No. 3; March 2017 Topkapi Palace as a Moral and Political Institutional Structure in the Ottoman Palace Organization Samed Kurban Research Assistant Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Department of Public Administration Dumlupınar University Kutahya/Turkey Abstract The Topkapı Palace is a building built after the conquest of Istanbul, where the Ottoman Empire was ruled and where the sultans and their families resided until the mid-19th century. The palace, which has been in service for a period of about 400 years in the Ottoman Empire's lifetime of six centuries, functions as a living space of Ottoman administration and politics and ethics with the practices, customs and traditions that took place during this period. Therefore, it is a very important reference for the Ottoman State. It must be said that this position is very different from a state or presidential residence existing in modern states. The rules, which have been strictly respected for centuries and the existence of a system that operates on a regular basis, place Topkapı Palace in a privileged position. It is possible to see this characteristic in the organizational structure of Topkapı Palace. Especially the Enderun and Harem constructions, which are located in the third yard within the palace, have very important functions in the Ottoman State regarding the distinction between public and private spaces. In the study, the place where Topkapı Palace has taken as a moral and political institutional structure in the Ottoman State shall be revealed in terms of the three main gates of the palace and the courts that these gates open to. -
Batının Tasavvufa Bakışı Uzun Bir Zaman İslâm Dünyasını Meşgul Etmiştir
Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Yayın Geliş Tarihi / Received: 09/02/2018 2019, 8, cilt:8, sayı: 15, Sayfa: 91-115 Yayın Kabul Tarihi / Accepted: 10/01/2019 ISSN: 2146-7900 Makale Türü / Article Types: Araştırma Makalesi OSMANLI MERKEZ TEŞKİLATINDA ULEMANIN MANSIBININ, ŞEYHÜLİSLAM VE KADI KARARLARI BAĞLAMINDA TAHLİLİ Murat BIYIKLI Öz Osmanlı merkez teşkilatı bütün idarenin başında olan hükümdar ve onun sarayı çerçevesinde şekil almaktadır. Merkezi yönetim biçimini oluşturan bu idare şeklinde yönetimin bütün unsurları başkenttedir. Bu unsurları tepede hükümdar olmak üzere Divan-ı Hümayun oluşturur. Osmanlı hükümdarları hukuka riayet etmişler, şeriat hukukundan ayrılmamaya çalışmışlardır. Şeriatın hüküm koyduğu bir alan ya da konuda hükümdarın yeni bir düzenleme yapma yetkisi yoktur. Bundan dolayıdır ki hükümdarın otoritesi ulemanın onayı ile sınırlandırılmaktadır. Hükümdarın yetkileri İslam hukukunun koyduğu ölçüleri aşmamış ve hükümdarlar karar noktasında gerektiğinde ulemadan istifade etmiş, kararların şeriata uygunluğu hususunda şeyhülislamdan onay almışlardır. Fatih kanunnamesinde şeyhülislamdan ulemanın başı olarak bahsedilmektedir. Bu mansıb şeyhülislamların fetva verme vazifesine ve liyakatine sahip olmalarına binaen bu yüksek mertebelerine hürmeten tesis edilmişti. Hükümdar ve divan yapacağı işlerin dine uygun olup olmadığı konusunda şeyhülislamdan fetva almıştır. Bu fetva bazen hükümdar kararlarına uyarken bazen de bu kararların aksi olmuştur. Bu makalenin amacı şeyhülislamların ve kadıların kararlarından hareketle -
Christian Allies of the Ottoman Empire by Emrah Safa Gürkan
Christian Allies of the Ottoman Empire by Emrah Safa Gürkan The relationship between the Ottomans and the Christians did not evolve around continuous hostility and conflict, as is generally assumed. The Ottomans employed Christians extensively, used Western know-how and technology, and en- couraged European merchants to trade in the Levant. On the state level, too, what dictated international diplomacy was not the religious factors, but rather rational strategies that were the results of carefully calculated priorities, for in- stance, several alliances between the Ottomans and the Christian states. All this cooperation blurred the cultural bound- aries and facilitated the flow of people, ideas, technologies and goods from one civilization to another. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Christians in the Service of the Ottomans 3. Ottoman Alliances with the Christian States 4. Conclusion 5. Appendix 1. Sources 2. Bibliography 3. Notes Citation Introduction Cooperation between the Ottomans and various Christian groups and individuals started as early as the beginning of the 14th century, when the Ottoman state itself emerged. The Ottomans, although a Muslim polity, did not hesitate to cooperate with Christians for practical reasons. Nevertheless, the misreading of the Ghaza (Holy War) literature1 and the consequent romanticization of the Ottomans' struggle in carrying the banner of Islam conceal the true nature of rela- tions between Muslims and Christians. Rather than an inevitable conflict, what prevailed was cooperation in which cul- tural, ethnic, and religious boundaries seemed to disappear. Ÿ1 The Ottomans came into contact and allied themselves with Christians on two levels. Firstly, Christian allies of the Ot- tomans were individuals; the Ottomans employed a number of Christians in their service, mostly, but not always, after they had converted. -
1 the Turks and Europe by Gaston Gaillard London: Thomas Murby & Co
THE TURKS AND EUROPE BY GASTON GAILLARD LONDON: THOMAS MURBY & CO. 1 FLEET LANE, E.C. 1921 1 vi CONTENTS PAGES VI. THE TREATY WITH TURKEY: Mustafa Kemal’s Protest—Protests of Ahmed Riza and Galib Kemaly— Protest of the Indian Caliphate Delegation—Survey of the Treaty—The Turkish Press and the Treaty—Jafar Tayar at Adrianople—Operations of the Government Forces against the Nationalists—French Armistice in Cilicia—Mustafa Kemal’s Operations—Greek Operations in Asia Minor— The Ottoman Delegation’s Observations at the Peace Conference—The Allies’ Answer—Greek Operations in Thrace—The Ottoman Government decides to sign the Treaty—Italo-Greek Incident, and Protests of Armenia, Yugo-Slavia, and King Hussein—Signature of the Treaty – 169—271 VII. THE DISMEMBERMENT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: 1. The Turco-Armenian Question - 274—304 2. The Pan-Turanian and Pan-Arabian Movements: Origin of Pan-Turanism—The Turks and the Arabs—The Hejaz—The Emir Feisal—The Question of Syria—French Operations in Syria— Restoration of Greater Lebanon—The Arabian World and the Caliphate—The Part played by Islam - 304—356 VIII. THE MOSLEMS OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND TURKEY: The Republic of Northern Caucasus—Georgia and Azerbaïjan—The Bolshevists in the Republics of Caucasus and of the Transcaspian Isthmus—Armenians and Moslems - 357—369 IX. TURKEY AND THE SLAVS: Slavs versus Turks—Constantinople and Russia - 370—408 2 THE TURKS AND EUROPE I THE TURKS The peoples who speak the various Turkish dialects and who bear the generic name of Turcomans, or Turco-Tatars, are distributed over huge territories occupying nearly half of Asia and an important part of Eastern Europe. -
By Aijaz Ahmed
THESIS ISLAM IN MODERN TURKEY (1938-82) flBSTRflCT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF MLOSOPHY IN ISLAMIC STUDIES BY AIJAZ AHMED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF DR. SAYYIDAHSAN READER DEPARTMiNT OF ISLAMIC STTUDISS ALI6ARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 20Di STff^o % ABSTRACT In tenth century, the Turks of central Asia had converted to Islam and by the eleventh century they began to push their way into South-Eastern Russia and Persia. The Ottoman State emerged consequent to an Islamic movement under Ghazi Osman (1299-1326), founder of the dynasty, at Eskisehir, in North- Eastern Anatolia. Sufis, Ulema and Ghazis of Anatolia played an important role in this movement. For six centuries the Ottomans were almost constantly at war with Christian Europe and had succeeded in imposing the Islamic rule over a large part of Europe. The later Sultans could not maintain it strictly. With the expansion of the Ottoman dominions the rulers became more autocratic with the sole aim of conquering alien land. To achieve this the rulers granted freedom and cultural autonomy to his non-Muslim subjects and allowed the major religious groups to establish self governing communities under the leadership of their own religious chiefs. The recent work is spread over two parts containing eight chapters with a brief introduction and my own conclusions. Each part has four chapters. Part I, chapters I to IV, deals with the political mobilization of the Turkish peasants from the beginning of the modernization period and to the war of Independence as well as the initial stages of the transition to comparative politics. -
Religion: Christianity and Zoroastrianism
This page intentionally left blank ROME AND PERSIA IN LATE ANTIQUITY The foundation of the Sasanian Empire in ad 224 established a formidable new power on the Roman Empire’s Eastern frontier, and relations over the next four centuries proved turbulent. This book provides a chronological narrative of their relationship, supported by a substantial collection of translated sources illustrating important themes and structural patterns. The political goals of the two sides, their military confrontations and their diplomatic solutions are dis- cussed, as well as the common interests between the two powers. Special attention is given to the situation of Arabia and Armenia, to economic aspects, the protection of the frontiers, the religious life in both empires and the channels of communication between East and West. In its wide chronological scope, the study explores the role played by the Sasanians in the history of the ancient Near East. The book will prove invaluable for students and non-specialists interested in late antiquity and early Byzantium, and it will be equally useful for specialists on these subjects. beate dignas is Fellow and Tutorin Ancient History at Somerville College, Oxford. Her recent publications include Economy of the Sacred in Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor (2002) and she has edited a forthcoming book Practitioners of the Divine: Greek Priests and Religious Officials from Homer to Heliodorus. engelbert winter is Professor of Ancient History at the Uni- versity of Munster.¨ He has participated in numerous field surveys and excavations in Turkey and published many books and articles on Roman–Persian relations and the history and culture of Asia Minor. -
Cold Start – Hot Stop? a Strategic Concern for Pakistan
79 COLD START – HOT STOP? A STRATEGIC CONCERN FOR PAKISTAN * Muhammad Ali Baig Abstract The hostile environment in South Asia is a serious concern for the international players. This volatile situation is further fuelled by escalating arms race and aggressive force postures. The Indian Cold Start Doctrine (CSD) has supplemented negatively to the South Asian strategic stability by trying to find a way in fighting a conventional limited war just below the nuclear umbrella. It was reactionary in nature to overcome the shortcomings exhibited during Operation Parakram of 2001-02, executed under the premise of Sundarji Doctrine. The Cold Start is an adapted version of German Blitzkrieg which makes it a dangerous instrument. Apart from many limitations, the doctrine remains relevant to the region, primarily due to the attestation of its presence by the then Indian Army Chief General Bipin Rawat in January 2017. This paper is an effort to probe the different aspects of Cold Start, its prerequisites in provisions of three sets; being a bluff based on deception, myth rooted in misperception, and a reality flanked by escalation; and how and why CSD is a strategic concern for Pakistan. Keywords: Cold Start Doctrine, Strategic Stability, Conventional Warfare, Pakistan, India. Introduction here is a general consensus on the single permanent aspect of international system T that has dominated the international relations ever since and its history and relevance are as old as the existence of man and the civilization itself; the entity is called war.1 This relevance was perhaps best described by Leon Trotsky who averred that “you may not be interested in war, but war may be interested in you.”2 To fight, avert and to pose credible deterrence, armed forces strive for better yet flexible doctrines to support their respective strategies in conducting defensive as well as offensive operations and to dominate in adversarial environments. -
288 of War-Time Property Taxes in Britain. with Britain Committed To
of war-time property taxes in Britain. With Britain committed to peace, the two sides signed the Treaty of Ghent on December 24, which, tellingly, restored the status quo ante bellum.98 Writing to George Canning on December 28, Liverpool framed Britain’s continued presence in North America with a combination of realism and fatalism. The “weakness of Canada,” Liverpool observed, derived from the vast advantage in population possessed by the United States—Canada had a population of approximately 300,000, whereas the U.S. population numbered 7,500,000. Liverpool believed that Britain could continue to hold and defend British Canada, “but the frontier must in any case be of such prodigious extent, that it never could be made, as a frontier, defensible against the means which the Americans might bring against it.”99 Bathurst underlined what this understanding meant for Native Americans in two letters to Pakenham written on November 27. The British government urged native leaders to reach independent agreements with the United States based on the Treaty of Ghent, but cautioned that the British state “could not be justified in affording them further Assistance if they should persist in Hostilities.” As a means of strengthening 98 Liverpool to Castlereagh, November 11, 1814, in The Life and Administration of Robert Banks, Second Earl of Liverpool, K. G., Late First Lord of the Treasury, comp. by Charles Duke Yonge (London, MacMillan and Co., 1868), 2: 72-74. Islands in the Bay of Passamaquoddy represented the only exception to the restoration of status quo ante bellum. The bay had represented disputed territory prior to the War of 1812, and the two countries agreed to abide by a principle of uti possidetis concerning the islands in the first article of the treaty. -
An Ottoman Global Moment
AN OTTOMAN GLOBAL MOMENT: WAR OF SECOND COALITION IN THE LEVANT A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In History By Kahraman Sakul, M.A Washington, DC November, 18, 2009 Copyright 2009 by Kahraman Sakul All Rights Reserved ii AN OTTOMAN GLOBAL MOMENT: WAR OF SECOND COALITION IN THE LEVANT Kahraman Sakul, M.A. Dissertation Advisor: Gabor Agoston, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This dissertation aims to place the Ottoman Empire within its proper context in the Napoleonic Age and calls for a recognition of the crucial role of the Sublime Porte in the War of Second Coalition (1798-1802). The Ottoman-Russian joint naval expedition (1798-1800) to the Ionian Islands under the French occupation provides the framework for an examination of the Ottoman willingness to join the European system of alliance in the Napoleonic age which brought the victory against France in the Levant in the War of Second Coalition (1798-1802). Collections of the Ottoman Archives and Topkapı Palace Archives in Istanbul as well as various chronicles and treatises in Turkish supply most of the primary sources for this dissertation. Appendices, charts and maps are provided to make the findings on the expedition, finance and logistics more readable. The body of the dissertation is divided into nine chapters discussing in order the global setting and domestic situation prior to the forming of the second coalition, the Adriatic expedition, its financial and logistical aspects with the ensuing socio-economic problems in the Morea, the Sublime Porte’s relations with its protectorate – The Republic of Seven United Islands, and finally the post-war diplomacy.