Contrôle Biologique Naturel Des Papillons Piqueurs De Fruits Dans Le Monde

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Contrôle Biologique Naturel Des Papillons Piqueurs De Fruits Dans Le Monde Fruits - vol. 28, n05, 1973 - 3G7 CONTROLE BIOLOGIQUE NATUREL DES PAPILLONS PIQUEURS DE FRUITS P. COCHEREAU” CONTR~LEBIOLOGIQUE NATUREL DES PAPILLONS PIQUEURS DE FRUITS P. COCHEREAU Fruits, mai 1973, vol. 28, nos, p. 367-37s. RESUME - De nombreuses noctuelleq sont capables de transpercer les fruits tropicaux succulents L l’aide de leur trompe et se nourrissent des jus sucrés ou non. Les trous de piqûre constituent alors des portes d’entrée L divers champignons saprophytes qui provoquent la pourriture des fruits et leur chute. Ces ravageurs nocturnes de fruits se manifestent en général certaines années seulement, sous forme de. pullulations brutales dans les plantations fruitières, faisant suite L de semblables pullulations de chenilles sur diverses plantes-hôtes, sou- vent dans des localités très éloignbs de lieux oÙ les papillons vont commettre leurs dégâts. Ces nbctuelles sont en effet capables d’effec- tuer des vols migratoires très importants lorsqu’elles recherchent leur nourrituie. Les années où ils ne pullulent pas les papillons sont évidemment tenus en échec par divers facteurs antagonistes du milieu dhysique et du milieu biologique ; mais on connaît peu de choses sur ce contrôle biologique naturel des papillons piqueurs de fruits dans le monde. L’auteur en donne un aperçu B la lumière de la bibliographie et de ses propres travaux en Nouvelle-Calédonie. De nombreuses espèces de papillons de nuit sont signalées l’Ouest Pacifique sont aussi des ravageurs redoutables en diverses régions du monde comme très nuïsibles aux lorsqu’elles pullulent. I1 faut leur ajouter diverses espèces plantations fruitières du fait de la faculté que possèdent ces d’dchaea, notamment A. catocazoides GUEN. et A. lienardi insectes à I’état adulte de percer la peau des fruits les plus BOISD. en Afrique, plusieurs Anua, Serrodes inara GRAM. divers, principalement les agrumes, et de se nourrir de leur en Afrique du sud, divers Culpe et Calyptm au Japon et jus (KUNCKEL D’HERCULMS, 1875 ; TRYON, 1924) ; plusieurs Gonodonta en &nérique (FENNAH, 1942 ; les trous de piqûre constituent ensuite une porte d’entrée KING et THOMPSON, 1958 ; TOOD, 1959). On a signalé aux ravageurs secondaires, notamment d’autres noctuelles et quelques espèces en Europe, mais elles n’ont aucune impor- les moisissures Oospora et Penicillium (MULLER, 1939). tance économique (BANZIGER, 1969, 1970). Une vingtai- ne d’espèces de noctuelles sont ainsi susceptibles d’être des Ces papillons sont des Noetuidae, souvent appartenant ravageurs primaires importants. En effet, presque tous les généralement à la sous-famille des Catocalinae qui, pour la fruits tropicaux cultivés ou sauvages peuvent être piqués plupart, se cantonnent dans les régions équatoriales, tropica- par ces papillons ; citrons d’abord, oranges douces, manda- ; les et subtropicales du monde l’espèce principale est rines, tangerines, pamplemousses, limes douces ; puis les Othreis fullonici CLERCK, répandue dans les zones tropica- goyaves, mangues, ananas, papayes, corrossols, letchis, bana- les d’Afrique, d’Asie, d’Australie et dans le Pacifique ; mais nes, cerises de café, tomates, melons, fruits de l’arbre à les espèces Othreis materna L. et Eumaenas salaminia pain et du jacquier, pommes-cannelle, jamelongues, noix à CRAM., répandues de l’Inde l’Australie et aux îles de d’acajou, raisin, grenades et figues ; enfin, en zones sub-tro- picales et même tempérées comme en Afrique du sud * - Entomologiste, Maítre de Recherche 1 I’ORSTOM, Centre de (KREGLER, 1958), les poires, pommes, pêches, abricots, Nouméa, B.P. E, Nouvelle-Calédonie. et nectarines. 368 - Fruits - vol. 28, ne5, 1973 Ces noctuelles sont sujettes à des pullulations soudaines général s’en apercevoir, loin des vergers, en rkgions reculées (TRYON, 1924 ; HUTSON, 1941 RISBEC, 1942 ; RA- et parfois même encore inconnues. C’est pourquoi ces hlAKRlSHNA AYYGR, 19444 ; BAPTIST, 1945 ; COHIC, noctuelles restent des ravageurs sérieux et encore incontrô- 1958 ; COCHEREAU,1965 ; COMSTOCK,1966 ; ASAMI, lables, car toutes les méthodes de lutte jusqu’alors préconi- 19671, leurs chenilles jouant parfois le rôle de dkfoliatrices sées, visant essentiellement la destruction des papillons de plantes cultivées ou d’essenres forestières (GARTHWAI- s’avèrent ghéralernent trop tardives pour éviter une attaque TE, 1936, 1940 ; RIPLEY, 1939 ; FROGGATT, 1941 ; massive des fruits en verger. Certaines méthodes qui ont pu BRAITHWAITE, 1941 ; OSSOWSKI, 1957 ; SMEE, 1963 ; faire leurs preuves par ailleurs, et beaucoup d’autres qui ont MYBURGH, 1963 ; DUN, 1967) et semblent présenter pu être imaginées, s’avèrent peu recommandables. Reste d’importantes migrations dont le but est la recherche de même hors de question l’utilisation rationnelle des insectici- leur nourriture,du moins sur les continents (VINNAL,1930 ; des en verger, d‘un maniement délicat sur des fruits mdrs ou HARGREAVES, 1936 ; COTTERELL, 1940 ; BOX, 1941 ; proches de la maturité et contre des ravageurs qui ne restent GOLDING, 1945 ; MYBURGH, 1963 ; hlOSSE-ROBINSON pas sur la plante traitée, qui sont absents pendant la journée 1968). Les plantes-hòtes de chenilles se répartissent dans les lorsque les traitements peuvent en général être faits et se familles botaniques les plus diverses. Ce sont souvent des nourrissent d’une partie interne des fruits : leur jus. On espèces indigènes, lianes ou arbres de forêts. En ce qui aboutit alors au paradoxe suivant : on serait conduit à concerne Othreis fullonia, ses larves se nourrissent en Aus- utiliser des insecticides de contact très rémanents épandus tralie, en Afriqne et en Asie de diverses espèces de hlénis- sur les fruits oil se posent temporairement les papillons, permacées, en Afrique du sud peut-étre d’une Euphorbiacée, alors que la lutte contre ces ravageurs serait plutôt justicia- dans les îles du Pacifique de Légumineuses du genre ble d’insecticides d’ingestion systémiques, puisque les papil- Erythrina. La biologie de ces lépidoptères est souvent assez lons se nourrissent des jus de fruits ; mais il ne peut être bien connue, parfois aussi un élevage de masse sur milieu question d’empoisonner ces jus ! On a aussi préconisé des artificiel a été réalisé. recherches sur les substances attractives OLI répulsives. Cependant, les dégàts de c’es ravageurs sont consécutifs L’illumination continuelle des vergers expérimentês au à de fortes populations de nortnelles qui apparaissent Japon et en Afrique du sud en est une forme particnlii.,re, brutalement dans les vergers à la saison des fruits avec une mais cette méthode ne peut étre appliquée partout, pour des fréquence pluriannuelle, en Australie, en Afrique, en Inde et raisons techniques et surtout érononiiques. Ceylan, au Japon et dans rertaines îles du Pacifique. Sujets Du fait des caractéristiques biologiques très particulières à des variations de populations très importantes, ces papil- manifestées par ces lépidoptères, nos connaissances sur les lons disparaissent ainsi pendant plusieurs années consécuti- mécanismes des très importantes variations de populations ves pour réapparaítre brusquement en grand nombre, durant observées chez les papillons piqueurs de fruits restent très quelques mois et rertaines années seulement, à la suite de réduites, peu de travaux suivis ayant éié consacrés à ces pullulations de chenilles qui se développent, non pas dans problèmes pourtant importants au point de vue économique les vergers, mais sur des plantes sauvages peu connues 011 mais aussi théorique. souvent inconnues, en des régions sans doute particulières, Durant les périodes où ils disparaissent des vergers, ces souvent très eloignées des régions cultivées ; puis se produi- ravageurs doivent être tenus naturellement en échec par sent les migrations massives des papillons, parfois sur de divers facteurs antagonistes du milieu. Mais on ne trouve grandes distances, vers les zones fruitières. rien à ce sujet dans la littérature. Quelques parasites et La plupart des auteurs se sont bornés à signaler les années prédateurs sont cités, épars, plus à la suite d’une obFerva- de pullulations et l’importance des dégáts correspondants tion passagère que d’une étude suivie, et les complexes dans les vergers ; certains donnent parfois une liste des parasitaires connus concernent plutôt des noctuelles rava- espèces de noctuelles les plus couramment observées sur les geurs secondaires que des ravageurs primaires. fruits, en mClant sans discrimination les espèces commensa- Ainsi, en ce qui concerne Othreis fullonia, ses chenilles les secondaires aux ravageurs primaires ; d’autres donnent, seraient parfois piqukes aus Samoa occidentales par une plus rarement, une liste des plantes-hôtes des chenilles ou petite mouche Ceratopogonide du genre Forcipomyia (HOP- font allusion à des facteurs climatiques particuliers et à des KINS, 1927). Aux Samoa américaines, HOYT (1955) obser- aires de multiplication privilégiées. Une difficulté supplé- ve la tachinaire Winfhemia sp. (W.dispar MACQ. ’( ) parasite mentaire est constituée par le fait qu’on ne peut observer des cochenilles, ses larves émergeant de la chrysalide. ces noctuelles que pendant la nuit, sur les fruits des vergers, car elles ne restent pas sur les lieux de leurs déprédations En Inde, BHATNAGAR (1951) obtient Euplectrus ma- nocturnes, mais regagnent à l’aube les buissons, les taillis terna n. sp. (Eulophidae) des chenilles d’O. fullonia et d’O. et les peuplements forestiers des alentours où, très miméti- materna et à Ceylan, un Apunteles sp. (Bruconidae) parasite ques, elles s’immobilisent durant le
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