1 EDUCATIONAL INITIATIVES OF THE GREEK COMMUNITY IN BRITAIN By Elli Loizidou Papaphotis Ass. In. Ed., Dip. Ed., M.A. Thesis presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London Institute of Education. May 1984 2 ABSTRACT The problem approach is used in this thesis. An analysis of the problem is made in the Introduction. The change refers to the development of a multi-cultural society in Britain. The arri- val of parents with different language and culture from the Greek and Greek Cypriot community, who wish to maintain their Greek identity is examined as the specific change. The no-change is related to the English education system which is seen as transmitting an English culture. The problem is, how to accommodate the wishes of Greek parents while maintaining an English ethos. The lack of response of English primary education to such demands between the years 1902-1980 is examined. The Greek supple- mentary schools in Britain are seen as the proposed solution to the problem. Chapter I deals with the development of the Greek com- munity in Britain since 1955 and the demands for the maintenance of a Greek identity. In Chapter II the lack of change in English primary educa- tion to meet the educational needs of children from the various ethnic groups is analysed. Chapter III analyses multi-cultural education policies related to primary education since the 1960s. The policies of the D.E.S. at national level and two LEAS (ILEA and Haringey) are examined. Chapter IV deals with the study of aims, administration, finance and structure of the Greek supplementary schools in Britain. Chapter V examines the curriculum and Chapter VI deals with the teachers of these schools. 3 Chapter VII presents the responses to Greek supplementary schools from Greek and Greek Cypriot groups and organisations in Britain as well as the responses of the Ministries of Education in Cyprus and in Greece. Finally chapter VIII presents the responses to these schools by English educational authorities (including DES, Schools Council, NUT, ILEA, Haringey LEA) and of teachers in a selected number of schools in Haringey. 14 Contents Page Acknowledgements 11 Abbreviations 12 Foreword 13 Introduction 114 Chapter I: The Greek Community since 1955 and the Main- 23-60 tenance of a Greek Identity. Chapter II: Educational Policy in England and Wales as it 68-115 affects the Greek Community. Chapter III: Multicultural Educational Policies at the Local Level, affecting the Greek Community. 123-154 Chapter IV: The Greek Supplementary Schools Aims, Admi- nistration, Finance and Structure. 159-197 Chapter V: The Curriculum of Greek Supplementary Schools. 202-232 Chapter VI: The Teachers in Greek Supplementary Schools. 236-262 Chapter VII: Responses to Greek Supplementary Schools, from Greek and Greek Cypriot Groups and Organisations. 265-291 Chapter VIII: Responses to Greek Supplementary Schools from English Educational Authorities and Organisations. 2(1)3-339 Conclusion 342-351 Bibliography 353-35 Other Sources 365 Appendix 366 A. Responses to Greek Supplementary Schools, from Greek and Greek Cypriot groups and organisations List of Persons Interviewed 1. His Eminence the Archbishop Dr. Methodios President of K.E.S. (Central Educational Committee) of Thyateira and Great Britain. 24 March, 1982 5 2. Dr. E. Tsaparlis, Educational Adviser of the Greek Embassy in London and in charge of the Greek Educa- tional Delegation in Britain. 14 June, 1982 3.Bishop Gregorios Member of K.E.S. Head of the Greek Orthodox Church in North London, where the majority of Greek Cypriots concentrate. Responsible for the Greek School of St. Barnabas, the biggest one in Britain. 3 March, 1982 4. Cyprus High Commission Consul General Mrs. Myrna Kleopa 24 May, 1982 5.Mr. Christodoulos Stylianou President of O.E.S.E.K.A. ( Federation of Educational Societies of Greek Cypriot in Britain.) 18 January, 1982 6.Mr. Mikis Christodoulides, Organising Secretary of S.E.G. (Greek Parents Association) 28 January, 1982 7. Mr. Vakis Zesimos Cypriot Community Relations Officers Vice Chairman, Community Affairs Committee, Vice Chairman Joint Consultative Committee— Ethnic minorities, Head of the Shelbourne Greek School and Youth Centre, which are under the control of I.L.E.A. 4 February, 1981 and 23 July, 1982 6 8. Dr. Homer Habibis President of the Greek Cypriot Brotherhood and other Greek Organisations in Britain. Also involved in the establishment of Greek Schools in London for many years. 14 June, 1982 9. Dr. Andonis Papadopoullos Acting Officer-in-charge of Primary Education in Cyprus. 2 April, 1983 B. Responses to Greek Supplementary Schools from English Educational Authorities and Organisations List of Persons Interviewed 1. Department of Education and Science Elizabeth House, York Road, London SE1 Mr. John Singh H.M.I. 27 July, 1982 2. Schools' Council Mr. David Haulton Director of the Schools' Council Mother Tongue Project 15 June, 1982 3. National Union of Teachers Shirley Darlington Assistant-Administrative Officer, Education Dept., NUT Hamilton House Mabledon Place London W.C.l 2 August, 1982 7 4. Inner London Education Authority The County Hall London SE1 7PB (a)Mr. N.M. Thomson Advisory Headteacher 19 February, 1982 (b)Mr. Wight Inspector for Multi-Ethnic Education 9 June, 1982 5. Borough of Haringey Education Service Mr. Chris Power, Adviser for Multi-Cultural Education. 1 February, 1982 6. South Harringay Junior School Mattison Rd. N.4 Miss M. Godfrey, Headteacher 12 May, 1983 7. Woodland's Park, Infants' School St. Ann's Road, N.15 Mrs. Kath Knights, Headteacher 7 July, 1982 8. Marilyn Martin-Jones Linguistic Minorities Project Institute of Education University of London, 18 Woburn Square London WC1 13 August, 1982 8 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Cypriot Emigrants in England and Wales between the years 1911 and 1964. 32 Table 2: Cypriot arrivals in Britain between January 1973 and July 1975. 33 Table 3: The proportion of the two sexes in the Greek Cypriot community between the years 1931 and 1961. 34 Table 4: The relation of ages to the whole Cypriot community. 34 Table 5: Boroughs with over 2,000 Cypriots in 1971. 35 Table 6: Changes in the occupation patterns of Greek Cypriots in London between the years 1952 and 1958. 36 Table 7: Increase in the number of businesses owned by Greek Cypriots, between the years 1950 and 1958. 36 Table 8: The various businesses of Greek Cypriots in England in 1980. 38 Table 9: Cypriot Emigrants, Greek and Turkish, between 1956 and 1964. 62 Table 10: Net Inward migration from India, Pakistan and the West Indies, 1955-68. 83 Table 11: Cypriot Emigrants from Cyprus to Britain between the years 1955 and 1968. 84 Table 12: Regional distribution of immigrant pupils in England, January 1970. 90 Table 13: The LEAs with nine per cent or more immigrants on roll in January 1970. 90 Table 14: Frequency of references to areas of specific concern for the promotion of racial understanding. 127 Table 15: Frequency of references to various areas related to the special provision for children whose mother-tongue is not English. 129 Page Table 16: Live births by birthplace of mother, 1975. 132 Table 17: Pupils in ILEA whose first language is not English. Summer 1978. 133 Table 18: Pupils in ILEA requiring additional help with English. Summer 1978. 133 Table 19: Changes in main language groups in ILEA, since 1978. 135 Table 20: Posts for the special English language needs in ILEA 1978. 140 Table 21: The findings of a Schools' Language Survey in the Borough of Haringey. 1)45 Table 22: The main languages spoken by pupils in the Borough of Haringey. 145 Table 23: Presentation of the main languages spoken by pupils in the Borough of Haringey. 146 Table 24: Greek Supplementary Schools and number of pupils. School year 1967. 161 Table 25: Greek Supplementary Schools and number of pupils. School year 1980-81. 161 Table 26: Greek Parents Association. Tuition Fees 1981-82. 179 Table 27: Greek Supplementary Schools. Allocation of time per week. School year 1980-81. 183 Table 28: Greek Supplementary Schools in London under Church control. School year 1980-81. 184-186 Table 29: Greek Supplementary Schools under Church control, in various cities and towns outside London. School year 1980-81. 187-188 Table 30: Area of London Greek Supplementary Schools of 0.E.S.E.K.A. and Independent Schools. 189-192 10 Page Table 31: Area outside London Greek Supplementary Schools of O.E.S.E.K.A. and Independent Schools. 193 Table 32: The numbers of Greek Supplementary Schools in relation to the day of their functioning. School year 1980-81. 191 Table 33: Occupations of the fathers of children in the Hellenic College. 196 Table 34: Full-time teacher-pupil ratio. School year 1981-82. 238 Table 35: Growth of the numbers of teachers from Greece. 239 Table 36: Greek Supplementary Schools, the teachers of K.E.A. and other teachers. School year 1980-81. 242-244 Table 37: Part-time teachers in the Greek Supplementary Schools of K.E.S. Area of London. School year 1980-81. 245 Table 38: Part-time teachers in the Greek Supplementary Schools of K.E.S. Area of London. School year 1980-81. 245 Table 39: Teachers in St. Barnabas Greek School. School year 1981-82. 246 Table 40: Teachers working in the schools of the Greek Parents Association. School year 1981-82. 247 Table 41: Teaching time and Staffing of the schools of O.E.S.E.K.A. and Independent Schools. School year 1980-81. 249-252 Table 42: Amount of weekly teaching time for each category of teachers. 253 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my deep gratitude to Professor Brian Holmes, for the support and encouragement he offered me during the preparation of this thesis.