Planning History
Bulletin of the Planning History Group
Vol. 11 No. 2 1989 Planning History
BuUetin of the Planning History Group Contents
lSSl 0267-0542 1 EDITORIAL Editor 2 Professor Denni Hardy NOTICES Sc.hool of Geography and Planning M1ddle ex Polytechnic Queensway ~~!!.~.~~~S _ ...... ~·--- ·~· .. ······~·-·····.... - ...... -·········· ·············v··--«·«·"·--·····-...... - ...... ~.. Enfield Middlesex Built Form versus Urb an Planning Legis lation of the Last Century: E 3 4SF Genius Loci versus International Influen ces ...... · · . 4 Telephone 01-368 '1299 Extn 2299 H alina Dunin-Woyseth Telex 8954762 Urban Reconstr u ction in France after World War 11 ...... · .13 Fax 01-805 0702 Daniele Voldman Social Democratic Reform and Aus tralia's Cities: The Whitlam Legacy ...... 18 Associate Editor for the Americas Lio nel O rch a rd Or Marc A. Weiss 25 School of Architecture and Planning PORTS Massachusetts Institute o f Technology RE Building -l-209 Cambridge, 1A 02'139 Joint PHG/AESOP Planning His tory Pan el at Dortmund Congress ...... 25 USA David Massey 26 Associate Editor for the Pacific SOURCES Or Robert Freestone DC Research John J ohnson Collection of Printed Ephemera, Bodleian Library, O xford ...... 26 Design Collaborative Pty. Ltd. Dennis Hard y 225 Clarence Street Sydney SW 2000 28 PLANNING HISTORY PRACTICE Australia .....:...... ---....~---· ..-.:·-~----~· -·:·:------·- - ...... _ ...... ~-·········_...... _ ...... _..._.,.. _ _...... _.,...... ,..,. ,.._4-.-.-·------.- ...~ ·······-...... """""""--··:·_.._~,-···...... ~~_,.,._.--.-·· ···· ...... ·-·····-... ·----· Planning History: How Relevant is it to P lanning Policy a nd Practice? ...... 28 Production Alan Hutchings Design: Steve Chilton W?r~ Proce.ssing: Sandy Weeks 29 Pnntmg: M iddlesex Polytechnic Print Centre NETWORKS UNESCO Study Prospectus: Cultural Identity in Internation al Urban Program s ...... 29 Plan~in l? Hi~tory is published three times a year fo.r d1 stnbut10n to members of the Planning Rob ert Freestone H1story Group. The Group a a body is not 30 responsible for the v iews expressed and PUBLICATIONS s tate~ent~ made by individual writing or repo~tm~ m Planning History. o part of this Abs tracts ...... 30 pubhcat10n may be reproduced in any form w1 thout permission from the editor. Catalogues ...... 32 Notes for Contributors Bibliograph y ...... 33 The prime aim of Planning Hi tory is to incrca e an awareness of developments and ideas in 34 planning history in all parts of the world. In PLANNING HISTORY GROUP pursuit of this aim, contributions arc invited fron:' members and non-members alike for any Treasurer's Rep ort for 1987 ...... 34 section of t he b ulletin. Articles should norma lly not exceed 2500 word s, and may well reflect ~o r k in. progress. Pho tographs and other Il lustratiOns may be included. Contri butions submitted on a d isc, wi th accompanying hard copy, are to be encouraged; p lease contact the editor for format details. Planning His tor y Vol. 11 No. 2 Editorial Editorial But such generalised models are difficult to con If the focus of planning history has sometimes struct. We are accum ulating the building blocks, been directed t oo much on the British tradition, but how should they be arranged? What general this issue is welcome evidence of a more interna explanations can we offer, for instance, for the in tional approach. Planning has evolved in a var troduction of a planning system at a particular iety of national and cultural settings, and there is time, for the extent to which it might have d e a wealth of experience to share. As if to illus veloped features unlike those of any other sys trate the p oint, the articles in this issue arc drawn tem , and for the ways in which ideas and from the varied perspectives of scholars in Nor experience are exchanged between countries? way, France and Australia. There is no easy way forward, but the role of in Halina Dunin-Woyseth (Oslo School of Architec ternational conferences is an obvious source of ture) compares the development of planning in progress. Last year's international conference in Britain, Germany and Norway, showing that lo Tokyo raised interesting conceptual questions to cality and the unique characteristics of place arc d o with the exchange of ideas and the particular attracting renewed attention following a long characteristics of the Asian experience. The forth phase of submergence in the face of generalising coming conference at Bournville has a challeng influences. In turn, Daniele Voldman (Institut e d' histoire du temps present, Paris) offers an ac ing role in carrying forward the debate, th building blocks in this case being the evidence of count of a more specific process, that of urban rec the garden city tradition, an international topic if onstruction in France after World War 11, though questions are raised about processes that are no ever there were. less applicable to those that occurred in neigh bouring European countries. Finally, Lionel Or Dennis Hardy chard (Department of History, University of Adelaide) brings planning history to the relative ly recent period of the early 1970s, through the example of the urban policies of the Whitlam Ad ministration. A sharing of experience and different cultural per spectives such as the above is essential to a deeper understanding of those processes which have accounted for the development of planning systems, and of variations in systems adopted in different countries. Each contribution provides another building block that can be used to con struct more generalised models of comparative ex planation. Planning ll•s tory Vol 11 No 2 Planmng I h!> to ry Vo l 11 No. 2 Notices Notices
EUROPA NOSTRA AWARDS 1989 Notices Applications are invited for the 1989 Awa~d s fo.r the protection of Europe's Heritage. About thtrty-ftve awards are made annually by Europa t:Jost~a for pro jects which make a distinguished contnb~ttOn t~ the SIXTH EUROPEAN SYMPOSIUM OF HISTORIC GRADUATE STUDIES IN THE HISTORY AND conservation and enhancement of Europe s archttectu TOWNS THEORY OF ART AND ARCHITECTURE, STATE ral and natural heritage. All the awards ar~ . Cambridge, England, 20-22 Se ptember 1989 UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BINGHAMTON , USA commemorated by a wall plaque and a certtft~ate, a.nd the most outstanding entries are presented wtth a stl· ver medal. This international conference is being hosted by Cam The graduate program offers opportunities for ad· bridge City Council under the auspices of the Council history and theory vanced studies and research in the r than 20th October, of Europe' s Standing Conference of Local and Regional Entries should be received no late of art and architecture, with a particular commitment 1989 by: Europa Nostra Awards, 9 Buckingham Gate, Authorities of Europe. The event is being organised in to new theoretical and methodological approaches. London SW1E6JP, England. collaboration with Europa Nostra, the English Historic Supported by university strengths in history, socio Towns Forum and the Local Government International logy, anthropology, and critical theory, it aims to Bureau in the United Kingdom. develop scholars, teachers, museum curators, and prac SELECTION OF EUROPA titioners in the planning professions, capable of For further information, please contact: interpreting the role of art and architecture within cul NOSTRA 1988 AWARD Conference Contact, 42 Devonshire Road, Cambridge tural production in the broadest sense. WINNERS CBl 2BL, England. Telephone (U K) 0223-323437. Fax (UK) 0223-460396. Telex 81304. Because of its links with other interdisciplinary re search centers and graduate programs within the university, the program in the history and theory of art and architecture offers a unique opportunity to grad 1. THESSALONIKI, WILLIAM MORRIS SOCIETY uate students wishing to undertake innovative studies GREECE - for the restoration of a cross disciplinary nature. It places emphasis on of the 16th century White News from Nowhere Centenary the development of critical, theoretical, and historical Tower to house an art and perspectives in the study of the visual arts, photo d:ill"'•• history exhibition. graphy, architecture, planning, and the wider built Next year marks the centenary of the publication of environment, and of the social and political contexts in William Morris's utopian romance, portraying London which they may be embedded at a local, national, and 'after the revolution'. The William Morris Society, an global level. organisation with 1700 members, is planning conferen 2. UTRECHT, THE NETHER· ces in London and Oxford to mark the event. Details As the program stresses the development of analytical LANDS - for the restoration of these and of other activities of the Society may be ob and conceptual skills over a broad range of specialized of five churches dating from tained from Hans Brill, William Morris Society, fields, it provides opportunities for students to work to the 11th to the 17th centuries Kelmscott House, 26 Upper Mall, Hammersmith, Lon wards careers in research, education, museum and for religious and cultural don W6 9T A, England. gallery practice, publishing and editorial work, cultu uses. ral policy, or urban design, planning, and conservation at local, national, and international levels. AUSTRALIAN PLANNING HISTORY of Applications are invited from students in a variety 1 3. HERTFORDSHIRE, ENG· disciplines, especially in the fine arts, humanities, and "In reference to notes about planning history activities social sciences. The department welcomes inquiries LAND - for the rescue from in Australia (Vol.ll, No.l, 1989) the correspondent per from all regions of the world as well as the United demolition and rebuilding sists with an outdated myth. William Light did not States and encourages applications from minorities of Tuthill Manor, dating design the Adelaide city plan (or "plan-form", what and under-represented groups. from the late 15th century. ever that means). He was hired in 1836; the plan was prepared in London in 1835 under the supervision of Application forms for admission to the Graduate George Strickland Kingston. Minutes and diaries con School may be obtained from the Graduate Admissions firm this and the new evidence is contained in the Office, State University of New York at Binghamton, 4. GLASGOW, SCOTLAND book, Donald Leslie Johnson and Donald Langmead, Binghamton, New York 13901, USA. The Adelaide City Plan, Wakefield Press, Adelaide, 1986. - for the regeneration of the Sadly, there are a few in Adelaide's social and bureau· Merchant City through an cratic establishments unwilling to accept the ongoing programme of city obviousness of the evidence. Observers outside Ade centre housing. laide seem to be more objective. Also, re. p.32, Waiter Burley Griffin designed the.Ca n berra pian, not "Griggen." Further, not all planmng historians in Australia were invited to join that "small band", the A. P.H .G: wonder why?"
The above note is from Donald Leslie Johnson, Box 75, Kangarilla, South Australia, 5157. 3 4 3 2 Planning History Vol. 11 No 2 Articles Planmng lllsto rv Vol 11 No. 2 Articles 1973:103). Fro m the 1860s on, most s tress was put These periods could be described in the following on control of building s tandards, which was re way: garded as a t ool fo r the prevention of dangerous e the "Genius-loci planning" period, until 1918; diseases (Sutcliffe, 1981:51). Articles e the "Cosmopolitan planning" pe riod, 1918- The Public Health Act of 1875 enabled a reform of 1968; local government in England and Wales; th~ During the last hundred years, the urban physical e and the n probably a new period of "Genius country was divided into urban and rural diS Built Form versus Urban environment, urban built form, has c ha nged dra loci planning", from 1968 and until the tricts, super vised by a central government depart Planning Legislation of matically. Looking back, one can indicate periods present time. me nt the Local Governme nt Board . The Board of "good urban form", and those which are re For the first period, three countries ha ve been publi,shed a model set of bye-laws which th~ local the Last Century: garded as "bad". chosen as representative of different ways to au thorities began t o adopt for the constructiOn of wards the creation of compre hensive planning new housing from the 1875s o nwa rds (Harper, Genius Loci versus What is "good urban form"? systems: Britain, Germany and Norway. The ~ec 1985:XXI). Bye-law housing has been a well ond period is to be illustrated by g:neral consider A comprehensive literature has been d edicated to known fea ture of many British t owns, as most International Influences level. Fmally, for the this subject (Lynch, 1981:359-372). Still, no s ingle ations on the international urban building was governed by regulations has been chosen in the definition can be introduced, a definition valid as third period a case study which in fact were very similar from t own to an archetype. In attempting to describe physical United States. town. Halina Dunin-Woyseth environments analytically, one misses the con "Public Health and Bye-l aw legislation resulted, Oslo School of Architecture , Norway crete environmental character, that is, the very "Genius-Loci Planning" Period with all the ri gid, unimaginative inadequaCies of quality which i s the object of man's identification regulation .. though affording mitigation of un (Norberg-Schulz, 1980:5) It is rather by looking Britain sanitary conditions (it) retained the monotony a t urban physical e nvironments as " places" of dis Can we learn from the past? Modern urban and regional planning arose in Bri and dreariness that commonly attaches to mech 1 tinct, individual cha racter, and thus to draw near rigidity, fixed by rule, and from The idea of this paper was to study the develop tain in response to specific social and economic anized building their substance and nature, that "the spirit of problems, which in turn were a r esult of the In which the exercise of artistry and imagination IS ment of urban built fo rm during the last hundred places", genius loci, can be found. years, and to look at it through two relationships: dustrial Revolution at the end of the eighteenth excl uded" (Hiorns, 1956:325-6). century (Hall, 1985:19). ~rban built form as a result of planning legisla The assumption could be made that good urban In British society began a debate on how man's ti on, and at the same time, a result of influences, form, as a source of man's identification, poten Manufacturing was often localized in the central well-being was affected and even determined by created by dialectics between national, local, and tially giving him a sense of existential foothold, areas of towns, followed by an army of poor in the physical environment and its qualities objectives. international processes. should be an "evergreen" of planning dustry workers. The worsening environment in (Cherry, 1972:114-5). Good planning legislation, being a t ool for im the centre drove out the more prosperous. As This d ebate went on at the same time, whe n the p lementation of planning objectives, should also there were no fortifications in the British towns, trends of decentralization of urba n populatio n be promote good urban form; good form meaning a the outskirts of the towns became the new came heard of more and more. This intellectual fo rm of distinct, individual character; good legis residential districts of the privileged (Sutcliffe, lation meaning a good tool for enhancement of d evelopment coincided with the technological de 1913). URBAN BUILT FORH genius loci of urban "places", the physical environ velopment of transportation systems (Lichten ment. berg, 1986:203). Slowly, the attention of society ne ... re'i'llentlll ll1\tfiCU of shifted from the clearance of slums in the central Does the term " international" m ean in this con tne on" lec;eo ~ • Q l • Appro.c n lO tt•t! prOb I ell! areas of towns to the newly-created, green s ub text "negative" or at least " ne utral", whilst urbs. An ideal, a pattern to follow, was the "local" is synonymous to quality? f6,tcne-; Jna rotS1Cie"'U-i1 lreJs The built form of the town has been a physical ex ~ r eo~str/ .. or.. ~ors example o f two v illages, built by factory owners: pression of the to tal situation of people who have Port Sunlight (1888) and Bo urnville (1894) (Gal lived in towns at any ti me in history. Both the lion, 1950:72). unique, monumental, expressed in wood, brick i\(..' VAtUO.: sub oftett Cf"eUt-0 D)' lftdlvlcJwjh, All these factors were bringing about a search fo r and stone, and the "rest", a n anonymous t~~o~i CO'"~ fro-t jbo\'f'•, ·u•u .. trul • , not cot~:ntctto • 1l'- •"1 p~u·ll Path to Real Refonn, th1s idea was presented in an tcenth century. tension planning became an everyday munici almost pract1cal way. In a restricted competition, pal activity in Prussia. the wmners, architects Raymond Unwm and Industry was often localized in large towns, Barry Par\..er produced a plan fo r Letchworth, where both land and house rents were already From 1890 onwards, the housing questio~ came the f1rst garden City, which was to become a high (Sutcliffe, 1981 :5). In the older districts into focus in a new way: it was regarded tn the model to follow m Britain and abroad. many houses of the pre-industrial period were broader context of the social questio~ (Galli? n, turned into smaller, cheaper apartments. The 1950:101-2). The quality of the phystcal envtron 08 The plan was an example of comprehensive new residential districts were built up by multi ment of urban surroundings had been looked at ·'. u rban planning, containing distinct industrial family buildings. as an important factor influencing people's well and commercial areas, a network of communica being, even as its conditio sine qua non (Kabel, . . . ~ .. tions, a ci vie centre, a g reen belt, a park system, Urban revolution caused new problems and inten sified the old ones. Some of the problems were 1949:155). and housing areas with fixed densities. The hous Norway Among other important pers.onalities of this . ing followed a new code of building regulations, In Norway urban development and urban pla.n phase, one has to be emphastzed; a ne.w quall.ty. different to building bye-laws. The authors intro ning is especially influen~ed by the geograph1cal, approach to planning found a the?rettcal b~s~s tn duced a low net d ensity in new residential areas topographical and chmattc character of the a little book: City Planning Accord1ng !o Art1 st~c of about twelve houses to the acre, whilst the net country (Lemberg, 1981 :37_}. More th~n 7?% of Principles (1889), written by a~ Austnan a:cht t ~c t density according to bye-laws was usually 40-50 the land area is covered wtth mountatns, t ~e, and planner, Camillo Sitte. Hts source o~ m~ptra houses to the acre (Su tcli ffe, 1981 :67). wtth . tion was the town of the Middle Ages, wtth tts snow and lakes. Almost 25% is covered Unwin and Parker made a revolutionary impact variety of forms, the picturesque, "irrational." forest and only about 3% is arable land (Houstng of on quality thinking in planning. "Their design He abstracted from the layout of the towns a in the North Countries, 1960:85). The length ~he to the dts changed traditional relationships of dwelling and not unlike those of Britain: swamped drainage, ex series of principles which was a guide for a "gen country is over 1750 km, almost equal tance between Oslo and Rome. About 30% of the environment... They democratized the stylistic hausted water supplies, pollution of air and ius-loci-planning" (Cherry. 1972:29). The mess~ territory lies no rth of the Arctic Circle. Long and achievement of their time, making great advances water (Kabel, 1949:56). The developing transport age of the book made a strong i:"pact not o~ly m. m the planning of the smallest dwelling ... and in technologies, railways and canals, pushed and de all the German speaking countnes, but also m Bn deep fjords cut into the land .. I~ the area of aesthetic landscaping and grouping of dwellings" s troyed parts of central areas; roads became con tain and Scandinavia (Jensen, 1980:33). 324,000 sq.km Jive about 4 mtlhon people: Great (Day, 1981 :156-7). gested; low-income housing overcrowded. distances and topography make communtcattons Many reform associations ~eg.an to prop~ ga te both difficult and expensive. The other strategy was town-extension planning What tools were available for managing the situ stepped, or differential, bmldmg regulattons (Staf on the lines similar to the German p lanning sys ation in the German towns? felbauordnungen). The principle was that full These factors have always d eeply influenced s~ t ry wtth tem, wh1ch was supposed to replace the British height and high densities on sites should be tlement in the country. Being a big count Urban authorities could use the legal instruments tradition of piecemeal planning actions. From allowed in central areas of towns, where land a low population, Norway followed a d~fferent for the development of land, descending from the 1906 onwards, extenston planning, now called values were high (Sutcliffe, 1981 :43). In outer pattern of urbanization to that of other mdus Middle Ages and evolved during absolutism to wn planning, began to be a leading strategy in areas only a less intensive use of sites and lower trialized countries. Urban settlements concen (Arnst, 1953:208-9). In Prussia they were codified the struggle fo r improvement of the urban envi densities should be permitted. Narrower streets trated mainly in a few larger urban areas: Oslo, by the General Territorial Code (AIIgemeine Land- ronment. around smaller houses could be planned on the Bergen, Trondheim and Stavanger, and towns recht) in 1794 (Kabel, 1949:53). Giving to all along the coast and in the valleys. citizens the ri ght to own land, it also defined cheaper land. the powers of the local administrative organs In 1891, Germany's first comprehensive set of dif - / , ;-"'"" ,, '"" of the State (the Poli zei). One of them was the ferential building regulations was passed, di vi - .. power to establish the boundaries of areas o f ding Frankfurt into an inner and an outer .., I • tO l ;1'1: J\~ land to be reserved for use as new public thor building zone (Kabel, 1949:147). The new Frank ~~~u~~· ~:~ 0" \tt,l" ,;or oughfares (Fluchtinien) in and around the furt regulations had a revolutionary influence on towns. Thus, the tools were ready to be ap the development of German urban planning. By plied, when the rapid urban growth demanded the early 1900s, the majority of larger towns had new initiatives. introduced differential building regulations. But soon it became obvious that the new tool needed The year 1875 is an important moment forGer Industrialization in Norway began round 1850; a more scientific approach, when applied to prep man legislation, as it is for the British. The after 1916 industry had become the main trade in Germany aration of development plans. Now it was only a densities in Law on Street Lines (Fiuchtiniengestetz) made the the Norwegian economy. Population step to the comprehensive planning of whole The urban development pattern of Germany was municipalities responsible for drawing up exten creased in the existing towns at the end of the old towns. new one (Jensen, different to that of Britain and in a way similar to sion plans (Croon, 1983:72). The compulsory pur century and the first years of the o ther countries of Continental Europe. Until the chase of land reserved in plans for new streets In 1900, the general urban development law (AII 1980:46). m iddle of the nineteenth century, fortifications re was another resolution of the law. The cost of gemeine Baugesetz) was passed by. the Saxony Urban legislation, i.e. urban r egulations, have a strained the outward growth. Then their role building, draining and lighting of the new streets parliament (Kabel, 1949:86). Now tt was the re long tradition in the country. The fi rst regula faded, they were removed, but a new restriction was transferred onto the owners of the frontage sponsibility of urban authorities to prepare tions originate in the twelfth century (Hagerup, replaced them, the factory belt. Thus, the outer sites. Although greatly relieved of the costs for general plans for both new and established dis 1979:2). They concerned urban building, aiming districts o f towns did no t attract the middle carrying out town extensions, municipalities were tricts. The example of Saxony was followed by at reduction of fire risk. No actual building legis classes who continued to live in the central areas, not empowered to interfere with the healthy other states, and in 1906 by the conservative Prus lation, valid for all the country, was passed be whilst the lower middle classes and working standards of the new residential blocks. sia. Thus, early in the 1900s, town planning had fore 1845, at which time building and regulation people moved to the suburbs. Bu t this 'exodus' become a recognized municipal activity. The period after 1875 is that of consolidation of commissions were established in all towns. Their was too weak to change the pattern of vertical de duty was to provide land for extensions of the velopment, established in the first half of the nine- the new municipal powers (Sutcliffe, 1981 :91). Ex- 6 7 Planning Hlsto ry Vol. 11 No. 2 Plan ning Histo ry Vol 11 No 2 Articles Articles exis tmg and new s treets o r building o f new ones these fifty yea rs meant a b reak f~ o.m the c o n ~i - - quest for stronger public intervention. Planning building regulations (Staffelbauord nungcn) (Kalu- {Hagerup, 1981:337). The law recommended nuit of local a nd h istori cal traditiO ns. The func s hou Id contain more sectors than street regula . 07). The o nly direct 'beauty para- g ridiron p lans o f equal bl ocks and equa l breadth se h e, 1976·2 . . t' ti onrl' ideals erased the and nature tion. New t erms appeared: curved street, villa aphs' were those on 'd lshguremen ~ubsta ~ ce o ~ o f streets {Dun in-Woyseth, 1988:32) . As in the u rban "places", their gem us loct. Urban form b e colonies, separation of functions, differentiation the laws which German urba n practice, there were no restrictions f~erun s taltungsgesetz e), fo ~ bade came "cosmopolitan": to wns resembled each of traffic streets. The law was a breakthrough for buildings fr om "d isfiguring" the urban environ- on the content o f new blocks. other on all continents. modern planning in Norway. ment. Between 1845 a nd 1913, the social debate in As in the previous peri ods, a lso in th ~ co ~ rse o f What is s pecifi c in the law is its consideration and Norway is in a way representative of ma,nr o th,~ r cl uded such issues as improvement of health con these fift y years, the prevaili ng planm ng Id eology respect for the local character of the physical envi countries which were inOuenced b y the g iants . d iti ons, sound housing, laws and regulations and al n ronment, its genius loci. In the period when a 't . Germany France and the U nited Sta tes. was fo ll owed by the legisla tion. As th: fo rm p olitical ideas. New p olicies and the technologi Bn am, , . d d ideals were those resulting from functio ns, ~rb a" functionally pl anned town, a town of functionally The Norwegian planning system IS regar e as a cal progress in m od es of transportation, and its e and more "standard.Ized , designed architecture, was regarded as a beauti a, 1970:22). fo rm was getting mor impact on urban d evelopment, led to a demand descendant of the German (Cibul ful town; when the leading concept was the arriv d ' to the "standardization" of functions. fo r new legislation t ools. U t'l World War 1, the German inOuence w ~s the azcco.r lng d Fl oor Area Ra tios two-dimensional ing functionalism, the Norwegian legislation one, with the line" planmng of omng an ' . t st~o~gest ·~cu~ved land-use planning, were the tools of Imp 1e me n a- The laws o f 1860 and 1875 are an expression of renected in the law of 1924 an independent ap Camillo Sitte, zoning pnnCJples, et~ . But later on, ti on of the ideals, thus "forming" the to:vns. consideration for public health {Stang, 1943:16). proach, integrating international planning ideals, the influence of British social housmg and ~he gar Form became a by-product of the planmng pro- The building law of 1896 was more comprehens but retaining particular urban form ideals, fo den city principles were more .and n:ore evident. ive than that of 1845 {Hagerup, 1979:2-3). It was cused on environmental identity. But in spite of strong internatJonalmOuences, cess. a r esponse to the urban development which fol Based on this law many plans were prepared. the 'Norwegian urban tradition of co.ncern for the These fifty y ears could be called the "cos.mo.po li lowed rapid industrialization of the country. The best known, even internationally, were the physical environment has been contmuously pres- tan planning" period, when the who le tnad . conditions, increased Overcrowding, bad sanitary wo rks of Professor Sverre Pedersen (1882-1971). ent. , td}~ ~t, .. l~ ideals tools a nd u rban form, became umfo rm all in fire risk, all the symptom s well known in other "Hi s planning was based upon his eye fo r a city's over the world and towns lost their local fla vo ur. dustrialized countries, produced a s ituation in particular features of nature and the determined The Table on Page 10 (overleaf) att e mp t ~ to give a towns which d emanded a better, more efficient usage o f topography and terrain. His fo rms have short review of urban development dunng the system of public interventio n. impressions of d ominant axial patterns stressing period of the "cosmopolitan planning" and the be The g ridiron s treet pattern was still regarded a s natural viewpoints" (Jensen, 1980:XXII). ginning of the next one. an ideal arrangement for street regulation. But ,~ .. ··:·" .. s functional matters and concerns were the main OUt~.. .a·, ~ii•t.·.~t "' .. "'' ~- \ •, P,.lo\ '" " .. •.J[(' ... r or ~,...... ?!'·U·, ·.! content o f the law . .,,SI::I(\ -1.. : ltt. , ~ "' .. ~ e :~ ' . t~ .. .:. •I '~ As earl y as 191 3, a commission began to prepare for a n ew building law {Stang, 1943:34 ). In 1924 ' • \ the new law was passed, giving the legal basis to I C ll-"'~D(~E 'I ~ lv'. Pl,.:.•t"fi \ C. SY fE .. S 0 all urban planning until 1965 (Heggelund, 8EB ·ate ct·•ES" ·or·~!~. 1929:20-34). There was no directive as to the char -! I 19 18 19 68 I 19 88 t 1g.9. Jr 0, , ~l .t Mtng ~yUt"''~ll e ~psh t lons to .. otr 8 9 Planmng H1story Vol 11 No 2 Planmng 1-!J~tory Vol 11 o. :! Articles Articles Urban form, produced as a r esult of the process, Are we on the way towards a new "Genius-loci had been thus deliberately created. planning" period? As the "Zeitgeist" changed and the quantity on en The example of San Francisco illustrates how the tation, the "rational" ideals, became prevalent, OUTLINE OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT 1918-1988 "quality of place" happened to be one of the main the legislation omitted the "beauty paragraphs". objectives of the planning policy of the city. The Urban form changed according to this oscillation. legisla tion, using such tools as the General Plan, and, especially, the Urban Design Plan of 1971 , The world is getting smaller. The diffusion of dif has promoted a "good city form." ferent leading concepts, ideas, opmions, IS mo re 1918-1940 1945-1968 1968-1988 rapid than ever before. "Rudiments o f to wn plan The Urban Design Plan was an expression of the ning as a repetitive feature of civilizatiOn the general consensus of the people of San Francisco, Functionalism. world over represents both artistiC creativity and "'Cl.l No new basic ideologies Postmodern architecture. that something should be done for the protection a way of community life" (Cherry, 1974:6). How ·-00 Le Corbusier. (~ nr ea liz ed ideal concep Postmodern urban design. of the acknowledged high environmental 0 to reconcile the objectives of beauty of physical 0 tiOns as Archigram, Urban renewal. qualities of the town. The Plan, being a part of Cl.l environment with the accelerating process of dis "0 J. Friedman ..... ) the General Plan, deals with the problems of both Cf) solution of differences between societies of the ...J - Separation of land use conservation and development. It recognizes u Zoning as basic principle Qualitative instead of world in the period of overall advanced communi ...."' into zones. physical qualities of San Francisco and gives guid !,;.J< ·- in planning. quantitative development. is, after ·- ance for protection and enhancement of them. It cations? Beauty of physical environment 0 -0 all, synonymous with its uniqueness, singleness. ~ also proposes how to improve parts of the town Where should one search fo r a creative basis, a - "'Cl.l Vertical compaction Promotion of tower block Return·to the primary which are not satisfactory. "The Plan is a defini > foothold when shaping urban enviro nments? ·....- of buildings and hori flats as an incorrect inter values. New design, more tion of quality, a definition based upon human u (Relph, 1976:44 ) . .Cl.l..... zontal green space. pretation of the Ville maintainance rather than needs" (San Francisco Master Plan , 7.2) ..0 Residential areas in Radieuse. tearing down. Preserva When the period of the "cosmopolitan planning" 0 green space. The foJlowing issues were dealt with in the Plan: tion. City Pattern, Conservation, Major New Develop was over, the broad and strong reaction against it ment and Neighbourhood Environment. In each did not give rise to a new, "universal" ideology, as that of the previous epoch. Instead, a new, Zoning. Floor area case, the foJlowing subjects had been taken up: es Zoning. Floor area ratio. Protected zones. Core broad consensus arose: that o f repugnance to the ratio as modern tool sential human needs; fundamental principles, Cf) Planning becomes in an zone planning. Design modem placelessness of the environment, of a re ...J for land use planning . with graphic illustrations among parts of the envi increasing extent two planning. Preservation of quest for the enhancement of its genius loci. This 0 ~ompu lsory building dimensional land use ronments, such as open spaces, buildings, hills 0 c monuments, distinctive quality approach to town planning resulted in c ltne loses its meaning planning. quality of places, town and streets; a series of policies necessary to f achieve or approach the overall objective, based new planning objectives the world over: a return ...J "' as a tool for forming scape conservation; all of -c.. on the acknowledgement of needs and principles, to the primary values. the urban built envi t~em plan < 00 as new forms of 0 -c ronment. Now it nmg. and which is supposed to be a continuing guide It should be regarded as positive, that this ~ for public and private decisions ...J - keeps the traffic apart and directive general objective is shared internationally, and ·- from the built area. (San Francisco Master Plan, 7.2). still there is no belief that there are "universal" In the professional circles of architects, urban de ways to achieve the goals. They should be sear signers and planners, an important event took ched for in the local context of "places", thus rec onciling the positive of the international System of paralell rows of houses.- - - place: the San Francisco Downtown Plan of 1985, 'guided' by the Urban Design Plan, won an influences, general urban policies, but at the same award from the periodical Progressive Architecture time seeking for artistic inspiration in genius loci (1 /86). The members of the jury emphasized the of the local environment. What should be the M. I 1xed arrangement of buildings. approach of the planners who had taken the start role of urban legislation? It should create a frame ...E I ing point in the "soul of the city", its genius loci. work for the promotion of quality thinking, of 0 grows out of an under good solutions to existing and future urban prob r.:.. Initially focused on Open, often irregular ar "Much in this document .... Urban renewal/town standing of particular conditions that one finds in lems. - street axes, so more rangements of buildings of scape conservation. ·-::I uniqueness of it is a strength; and more turning different heights. The San Francisco. The ::0 you pick up an urban plan and it could be c away from the street. street becomes a purely usuaJJy References Planning by small steps. about any city in North America" (Prog r. Arch. ..0 First attempts at dif traffic axis. Division be Barnett, Jonathan The Elusive City, New York, ..."' Small "selfreliant" building 123-4 ). :::> ferentiation of height tween predestrian and groups, enclaves, instead 1985. -"' between floors. vehicles. of general overall plans. Benevolo, Leonardo Den moderna stadsplaneringens - More consideration to Quo Vadis, Urban Form? uppkomst, Stockholm, 1973. urban open space. More By following the history of the last hundred renovation activities. years, one can indicate periods when the quality Cherry, Cordon E. Urban Change and Planning, orientation was an integrated part of the planning Henley-on-Thames, 1972. process, when planners were not afraid of using Cibula, Evelyn Building Control in West Germany, the term "beauty of urban environment". It was (Based partly on Hornberger) Ministry of Public Building and Works, Current incorporated into the whole of other, more "ra Paper CP10/70 UK, Kent, 1970. tional" objectives of planning and was followed by planning legislation for implementation. Croon, Helmut 'Staat und Stadte in den west- 10 11 Planntng 1-Usrory Vol 1 1 No 2 Articles Planmng Htstory Vol. 11 No 2 Articles hchen Provtnzen Preussens 1817-1875: Ein Beitrag Housing in the Northern Countries (Four Ministries both the conceptual and the practical level. zum Entstchen des Preussischen Bau-und Fluchtli of Housing), Copenhagen, 1960. niengesetzes von 1875', in Fehi / Rodriguez-Lores Urban Reconstruction in And here the history of town planning became a (ed ): Stadterwezterungen, Hamburg, 1983. Jensen, Rolf H. Moderne norske byplanlegging blir War 11 part of the histo ry o f France. This was, in fact, til, Trondheim, 1980. France after World the first time France had a M in istry. tn ~ha r ge of Day, Michael G. ' The contribution of Sir Ray urbanism. Fo r, although in the be81nn1ng of the Bernd Baurecht und Raumordnung, Ravens mood Unwin and Barry Parker to the develop Kabel, century some bills had been passed with regard burg, 1949. ment o f site planning theory and practice Daniele Voldman to lanning the d evelopment of towns and sub c.1890-1919' in British Towrt Planning: Th e Forma Kalusche, Bernd Baurecht und Bauiisthetik seit den ur~s, never before had any Mlnistry.controlled all tive Years, Sutcliffe, A.R. (ed), Leicester, 1981. 15. fahrhundert unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung lnstitut d'histoire du temps present, the urban planning issues of the natiOn. And thiS Drammen, General Plan, Rapport 8/1975, Dram siiddeutscher Stiid te, Heidelberg, 1976. CNRS, Paris, France process was now taking place asyart of the men, 1975. general reorganisation of post-V!chy France. Lemberg, Kai Planl 12 13 Pbnmng H1ston Vol 11 No 2 Planning History Vol. 11 No. 2 Articles Articles to become the OAT AR. He was also to be the functio nalist principles. ~~as of an architect on all building sites. The 1943 such as Gaston Ba rdet and Le Corbusier, maga t1rst. d1recto r of the agency which, in 1958, o r regulations represented an effort of synthesis, ra zines like Urbanisme or L'architecture d'aujourd'hui When we carefully compare the two projects, we gamzed the budding of the new La Defense a rea tionalization and harmonization of previous con kept dreaming up theo ries during the war. They find that the differences a re no t so great as we near Paris. And he had begun his career in town cepts. They were to become a real legacy fo r the thought now would be the time to start moving might have expected. In both cases the same ef plannmg in 1937 with the International Exhibi post-war period. and acting. Just before World War 11, there was fo rt had been made to facilitate traffic, wtden llon m Pans, which glorified modem techniques an outbreak of town planning theories. There streets, space out buildings. In both cases, ~~ the serv1ce of art and the happiness of man 3. The reconstructors themselves. As we have were also innovations in architectural thinking, priority had been given to tidying up and. putt1ng kJ.nd. There he met many people such as Pie rre seen, the "decision makers" who had helped to as for example by the Modern Movement. And in o rder houses, buildings, s treets and neighbour G1bel and And re Thiebaut with whom he later ~labo rate and put into practice the Ministry's pol lastly, there was an increased use of new building as the Beaux-Arts School had al w o rked for years. ICy, the people who designed projects and 8 hoods, exactly worked on the big buildil}g sites, were the same technologies such as reinforced concrete. But, 1n ways taught. The histo.n cal analysis of the MRU gives us an a sense, all these were experiments rathe r than during the war and after. .:> In fa ct, the conceptions of the new designs we re overall v1ew of Government intervention in town large-scale realities. very similar: a prudent, non-revolutio nar_y mod pla~ning . It provided an opportunity of studying In twentieth-century wars, towns and cities were For we have to remember how limited was town ernism. Gien might look like an old-fashiOned the 1mpact of these policies on urban structures at s take. A vital part of strategy, they became tar planning experience in France. All over Europe, town, yet it had been restored with a .rea.l concern and landscapes. Moreover, it induces us to ask gets, and held an important place in the concep the s tudy of urbanism was at an early stage of de for town planning. And Royan, desp1te 1ts avant several questions. What is the extent of govern ti on of strategic bombing between 1941 and 1945. velopment in the inter-war period. This was even ga rde buildings, had a very moderate new plan. ment power? What are its limits? What are the "In the twentieth century, cities per se, as a social more accentuated in France, also after the war. So it mattered little that the final aspect of the relations between the Town Councils and the na and economic category, became vulnerable to de 6 Town planning did not exist as a profession. two towns was very different: neither the recon tional Government? How were the decisions struction in war ." They constituted residential There were architects, sometimes engineers, who nor the officials, no r the Fre nch people made? How should we study phenomenon quarters, areas of production, centers of decision, structors, a were interested in town planning. They came were ready to accept any real change in their such as rebuilding, which extends over such a possible places of resistance ... For some, they from the Beaux-Arts School, which was tradi towns.11 Even tho ugh some o f the reconstrcto rs long period of time? It is fortunate for scholars ought to be destroyed, for others, they ought to tional and oriented towards the past. In the of Royan were proud of their that the CTRI was created in October 1940 and be protec.ted. And in the towns and cities, during and inhabitants 1940s, French town planners were more familiar new town, old-fashioned towns which had sim ~he MRU in November 1944, with practically the war, 1t became a challenge for life to continue with the d esigns of Greek columns than with in resto red as an academic exercise were 1dentical attributions and teams. It makes the despite the bombs ... They formed not only a ply been physical, but even more a moral part of the war. dustrial areas or housing fo r workers. Few of generally preferred. quest.ions.easier to answer, by comparing a dicta them, like R. Auzelle, M. Lods, Beaudoin, A. Per and rebuild ~orshlp w1th a democracy. Building This, rather than the question of safety, was an ret o r M. Roux-Spitz were acquainted with the There was in fact a real mental resistance against taken by mg n~ed a lot of time. Some decisions other reason why the Vichy Government, as soon Bauhaus or the ClAM. A small circle, which was change in urban matters. The victims wanted to their impact the V1chy Town Planners only made as it was formed, wanted to begin to rebuild. to become the nucleus of modern reconstructors, recover the same place, with identical curtains o r ten years later. Mankhal Petain and his staff wanted the new was critical of the teaching at the Beaux-Arts. Al stained glass windows. I believe it would not be rated to say that the French people were So, in this fi eld, continuity between the war and towns to illustrate their aims: to build well-de though they did not completely reject its spirit, exagge unaware of urban issues. They did no t a ccept de the post-war period is more important than politi signed towns in a well-governed country, far they did try to surpass it. They aimed at being For this, politicians and offi cal change. We have to bear in mind the duration from fashionable suburbs and industrial modern technicians as well as arti sts, mindful of social is lays in rebuilding. some responsibility. The closeness o f o.f the arc ~itec ts ' projects, the delays on building ization. As we know, the grandfather-type sues and ideas of space development and plan cials bore s1tes, the t1me needed to see trees grow in a new speeches hid very modern projects7. Not all the ning. They had taken courses at the Institut elections, the need for rapid results, we re often in area ... Moreover, obvious obstacles had delayed new projects were dream cities, far removed from d'Urbanisme de I'Universite de Paris, which had contradiction with town planning schedules. keep victims waiting for new plans, or prevented the implementation of the main deci modern industrial development. Different been specially set up in the inter-war period to Rather than preferred to give them temporary sions made between 1940 and 1945. Neither at though the situation might be in 1945, the pur give training in urbanism to architects in need of governments A rapidly re 9 shelter, and hastily made buildings. peac~ nor a.t .war, France might be attacked any pose was in many respects the same. such training. Most of them were to be active at ttme tn a ml11tary operation. Towns rebuilt in built France was a challenge for the new the major rebuilding sites. But they really were 1941 or 1942 could be destroyed again during the ~overnment; not only on account of the popula few in number. The others were conservative, Reconstruction: what is at stake? summer of 1944 or after. (This happened in Nor tiOn, but also on account of the Allies, especially and had no great interest in thinking about town The reconstructors were faced with three ques money and the mandy and in the Eastern areas around the Ger the American people, who had the planning. ti ons: man border). Moreover, the Germans did not materials needed. We can illustrate this by comparing two recon 1. Who should take the initiative and responsi allow building work in France except for military struction projects carried out respectively in Gien bility of rebuilding, i.e. who would have the con purposes. This is why an analysis of the practical Bombardments and devastation: an oppor and in Royan, each considered to be a model of becomes con trol of projects and findings; realities of building and rebuilding tunity? its kind. Gien was rebuilt along conservation fused when we consider: From a dWerent point of view, the destruction lines, and restored much as it had been before 2. How were they to decide betwee n the need for urban modernization, involving radical changes, 1. Theories. From the 1920s to the 1950s, various caused by war provided an opportunity for new being bombed. Royan is held out as an example 10 and the general desire for identical reconstruc theories were expounded, both in speeches and in conceptions in town planning methods. In the of a modernistic reconstruction. The two towns writing, by different movements which, however, 1930s and 1940s, urban planners in France were were of similar size, with a population of about tion? continued to co-exist through the whole period.4 critical of the lack of town planning in the 1920s. 10,000, but while Gien, which had a bridge over 3. What kind of patterns should have been fo l The war gave them a chance to break with old ha the Loire river, was damaged mostly during the lowed or rejected for these new tasks? 2. Laws and legal provision. The most import bits and obligations. For the urban population fi ghting of the 1940s, Royan was almost wholly ant legal provisions of this period were laid down had increased during the 1930s and after the war demolished by British and American air-raids in The new Government's answer to the first ques in 1943. Entitled the "Town Planning Code", this i~ fact since 1935, it exceeded the rural popula- ' 1944. The two towns, both destroyed, soon be ti on was clear: the establishme nt of the MRU as an obli set o f laws provided for town planning tlon. So 1940 and again 1945 were opportune came the symbols of two ways of rebuild in~. proved the State's desire for reconstruction. But, gation fo r all towns, extended "building p er times for town planners to set up and implement Gien was restored to its pink brick and anctent fa in spite of the number of laws governing all the mits", and introduced the compulsory presence new theories. Writers and experts in urbanism ~ades; Royan, on the contrary, was rebuilt on aspects, and in spite of the Government's inten- 14 15 Planntng Htsto ry Vol 11 No. 2 Planning His tory Vol 11 No 2 Articles Articles t1 on of supervising development plans and recon taken care of them. Maybe the French reconstruc 7. Richard F. Kuisel, Le capitalisme et /'Etat en struction sites, vast areas eluded them. Particular tion was done without patterns? France, Modernisation et dirigisme au siecle, ly the housing problem, crucial at this time, was xx · Paris: Gallimard, 1984. First published by Cam left almost entirely to private enterprise.12 In First of all, choices were made under the pressure bridge University Press, 1981. fact, most of the reconstruction sites were out of of events, and often in connection with election Government hands. It could be said that the State dates. The winter of 1953-54 was a good 8. Daniele Voldman, "Le batiment, une branc ~e was a rebuilder, but not a builder. It destroyed example. It was so cold that a protest movement sollicitee," to be published in 1989 in a collect1ve slums, but was unable to set up a State housing arose among the homeless. This campaign, under book on French companies during the war. the leadership of Abbe Pierre, caused consider d epartment until 1953. It wanted to encourage 9. Remi Baudoui, Le premier enseignement de l'ur the building industry but, through its rental laws, able repercussions in the press, especially after a banisme en France, to be published in 1989. e tended rights to those who refused to make this child was found dead in an unheated house. an important item in family budgets. In fact, by From then on, and not only on account of this 10. Oaniele Voldman, "Du pastiche a la modern trying to combine urbanism with construction, campaign, of course, greater impetus was given ite," Monuments Historiques, No.140, August-Sep French town planners failed in both; for the hasty to construction. tember 1985. construction of housing near industrial areas is The assessment of reconstruction in France after 11. Oaniele Voldman, "Les sinistres les batisscurs not town planning. the Second World War shows to what extent econ et tes villes," paper to La France en voie de moderni And this is the answer to the second question. Re omic factors, the extensive destruction, the indif sa tion, Fondation nationale des Sciences po building is not building. The reconstructors' first ferent legacy of the inter-war years, hampered the litiques, 1981. thought was for the victims; therefore they opted reconstructors. fo r the temporary solution. They immediately re lt also shows the gap between theorists' dreams 12. Frederique Boucher, "Abriter vaille que vaille, paired and fitted out shelter fo r the most and everyday requirements. And it suggests a se loger coute que coute," in Images , discours, op. wretched. For rethinking a new urban organiza people more interested in political organization cit. Daniele Voldman, "la loi de 1948 sur les tion, redividing and remodelling parcels of land, than in its environment. loyers," Vingtieme siec/e, Revue d'histoire, No.20, would take time, and the victims would not, and October 1988. indeed could not wait. Notes Reconstructing, if it was to be done in accordance 1. A version of this paper was presented in a sem with the wishes of numerous town dwellers, inar of the Center for European Studies (Harvard would mean encouraging people to want to live University) in February 1988. As a general pres in detached houses, refusing apartment build entation of my thesis in progress, it goes over ings, forgetting the increasing number of private some published articles which will be indicated cars and ignoring a future already beginning to in the following footnotes. The reconstruction of be outlined in American cities. Some French devastated areas is my own translation for "la rec town planners had crossed the Atlantic and were onstruction des regions devastees" which was the aware of this, without always fully realizing all official title. the implications. 2. This topic is treated in more detail in "Recon Building, on the other hand, would mean waiting; structors' tales; an example of the use of oral sour waiting for the end of austerity and the general ces in the history of reconstruction after the shortage of materials and machines; waiting for second world war," in Reconstructions in Europe, the surveyors to finish redi viding the town plans, Jeffrey Diefendorf, editor, London : Macmillan using property registers that were sometimes do Press, 1988. zens of years old. Occasionally, especially in Nor mandy, archives had burnt and there was a total 3. The sources for the history of that topic are very absence of both buildings and documents. And it abundant. The MRU papers are numerous and would mean waiting for government approval of rather well kept. Those Boards are an reconstruction plans and of damages to be paid. example of this. Building would mean following civil service 4. Martine More!, "Reconstruire, dirent-ils," in theorists, for whom finding a place to live was be Daniele Voldman (ed), Images, discours et enjeux de coming a function to be developed like a machine. la reconstruction des villes fram;aises apres 1945, Les In short, the choice was whether to build or to re Cahiers de I'IHTP, No.5, June 1987. build, now or later, office building or housing de 5. Daniele Voldman, "Les architects reconstruc velopments, monuments or factories, planned or teurs forment-ils une generation," in Jean-Fran unplanned towns. ~ois Sirinelli (ed), Generations intellectuelles, Les To build or to rebuild, it was also a question of Cahiers de I' IHTP, No.S, November 1987. patterns. But the way of fascination was really 6. Josef W. Konvitz, Cities as targets: conceptions of strange: English and American realities, as Scan strategic bombing 1914-1945, Working Papers dinavian ones, were well known and appreciated. No.85, International Security Studies program; But, in spite of analysis, reading and studying, The Wilson Center, 1988. and travels, French planners did not seem to have 16 17 Plannsns H•s to ry \'o l 11 No 1 Articles Planmng H istory Vol 11 No. 2 Articles ~a s desc~ibed DURD as the 'brightest administra to look at the overall coherence o f public spe nd Social Democratic 1 osophy centred on what Whitlam calls 'the doc ttve star tn the firmament of our Government'. the sta te govern trine of positive equality' . This had the goal of ing on urban d evelo pment b y O thers hold more critical and detached views. ed and Reform and Australia's greater equality in the provision of community ments. The develo pment of integrat Certainly DURD's activities were controversial. services. Whitlam argued that these services had coordina ted ~budgeting at the s tate level w o uld be The Fraser Government, elected in 1975 after the 3 Cities: a great bearing on the standard of living. encouraged .=» Whitl_am Government was dismissed, sought to Whitlam appointed Tom Uren shado w Minis te r The Whitlam Legacy curtatl the power of central government in Austra The main vehicle of implementation was a new fo r Urban Affairs in 1969. He agreed with the lian society on the basis of many of the American 'cooperative' federalism. This was built upon the Whitlam analysis and advocacy of a f ederal ro le neo-conse rvative ideas. One of Fraser's first acts idea that tied grants under section 96 of the Con in decentralisation, land developme nt and urba n was to abolish DURD and wind down many of stitution became the vehicle for reform. This ap Lionel Orchard planning although he was mo re committed t o the the policies and programs sponsored by it. proach would provide the means to address some The Flinders University of of Australia's social and urban problems and the idea of regi onal, participatory governme nt. Ever since 1975, those engaged in urban studies constitutional and political limits to reform in the South Australia and urban policy in Australia have been on the Australian federal system. In particular, it pro The Legacy defensive. Public consciousness of urban prob vided one means by which the dominance of DURD's mandate was to address the fede ral ne lems has withered. Public confidence in theca states' rights in that system could be challenged. glect of urban and regional problems and to im pacity of government to deal with complex social In many of the capitalist democracies, the 1960s In the eyes of many, the states were an obstacle to plement the urban programs outlined by of a~d 1970s were a time when urban and other so problems, of which urban problems are some reform. A commitment to participatory regional Whitlam. Reflecting his general analysis, DURD import eta! problems were widely discussed. The role of the most urgent, has declined. With some ism also informed Whitlam's ideas about 'cooper conceived its overall mission to reform the tradi ant exceptions, the Australian debate about urban 4 central go vernment in helping to resolve them ative' federalism. tional role of federal government to take account issues has become sterile. It reflects either a fair was wtdely appreciated. But almost as soon as o f its urban consequences, in particular to esta b ly uncritical defence of the hopes and initiatives Whitlam's advocacy of a strong federal role in central governme nt was brought to bear on these li sh structures fo r coordina tion, and to push fo r problems, a backlash against 'big government' of the late 1960s and early 1970s, a critical dismiss urban and regional policy reflected many of these themes. At the general level, he argued that the the reform of u rban planning at the state level. ~ ":' ~ r g:d which sought to curtail many of the ne w al of them drawing upon the conservative tnttlat1ves. Many argued that these programs rep critique of central government already referred provision of social and physical services had an DURD bureaucrats went a bout their task with urban dimension which resented an over-extension of government. This to, or neo-marxist despair about the limits and important locational and zeal. By the e nd of its short li fe, the de partme nt backlash came about partly in response to the biases of government intervention in democratic necessitated a federal role in urban affairs. A was undertaking research and giving complex ad needed to be addressed. 'stagflation' crisis which emerged in the western capitalist society. Further, economic and social number of specific issues vice on economic, housing, industry and trans consequences of urban democracies in the early 1970s. Since then, cor problem~ and the need for appropriate responses These included the social port policy and had developed a capacity in sprawl, in particular the social and physical ser pora_tism with its emphasis of economic policy, in to them m an era of public austerity now domi urban resource planning. Work on a 'natio nal vice deprivations in the outer suburbs of Sydney part1~ular mcomes policy, has emerged as a pro nate the national agenda in Australia. Urbanists urban and regional strategy' and an 'urban a nd re and Melbourne, metropolitan domination and the gressive electoral strategy to counter neo-conser- have had some difficulty in defining a role for gional budget' was proceeding. In undertaking problems of population concentration in the big va tism: everth ~ less, the political strength and urban policy in the changed context. this policy work, DURD issued a strong c halle nge cities, the domination of central business districts to traditional power bases in the federal bureau reformtst credentials of corporatism are some As a result of all of these factors, the Hawke on the structure of the metropolitan areas, and cracy, particularly the Treasury, and to urba n what uncertain while conservative approaches Labor Government elected in 1983 has shown no the imbalance in power and resources between planning agencies in the state bureaucracies. currently enjoy power in some of the western interest in urban problems, preferring instead to the three levels of government, in particular, the DURD a lso implemented many programs. There democracies. concentrate o n incomes policy and structural relative underdevelopment of the role of local were important connections between DURD's pol change of the Australian economy. Meanwhile The Australian experience reflects the pattern. government in Australian federalism. icy work and its sponsorship of programs. Many Urban and other social problems were prominent t~e new ri ght gains strength in Australian poli_' For Whitlam, the main political and institutional of the latter were conceived and implemented on the national agenda through the late 1960s and t1cs. Some a rgue that this has been facilitated sources of these problems were inaction on the with strategic aims in mind. early 1970s. The agency of Cough Whitlam, as de through some of the economic policy changes part of the federal government and lack of coordi puty leader then leader of the Australian Labor made by t_he Hawke Government, particularly the Much of DURD's work addressed important nation on the part of state governments. He was ~a rty (ALP): was instrumental in raising the na deregulatt?n of ~he Australian financial system. needs quickly and effectively, and helped change partic'ularly critical of existing approaches to tiOnal consciOusness of urban issues in particular. The ~a lt er IS havmg a dramatic impact on the urban thought and action in Australia. Local go v urban decision-making at the state level. The Urban resea rch flourished, particularly through qual~ty ~f urban life in Australia, in particular, ernment was given access to federal fina nce state bureaucracies were organised so that the the Australian National University' s Urban Re mak1ng 1t much more difficult to provide adequ through changes to the operation of the Grants various agencies simply provided the service or search Unit and the Australian Institute of Urban ate and affordable housing and public infrastruc Commission, provisions which are s till operative. good for which they were established without Studies, bo th established in the mid 1960s. One ture. Future urban reform through central While local government is yet to achieve recogm any real regard for overall social and urban conse of the most important books on Australian so government must necessarily focus on these prob ti on in the Australian constitution, the changes quences. Short term functional and instrumental ciety since World War 2 focussed on Australia's lems. But for such reform to gain new political re sponsored by the Whitlam Government have e n goals dominated longer term urban planning. urban problems- Hugh Stretton's Ideas for Austra lev~nce, an understanding of the legacy of the abled it to be a more effective partner in the Aus lian Cities, first published in 1970. Wh.ltlam urban and regional reforms highlighting Whitlam saw a federal role in urban renewal, tralian federal system and to provide a greate r thetr strengths and weaknesses is needed. This land development and decentralisation programs. range of services to it constituents. An area im The Whitlam Government gained office in 1972 essa~ summari ses research undertaken to this A commitment to eliminating the sewerage back provement program was established. While partly on the basis of its urban promises. Many end. log in the big cities was added later. He pro being small in terms of spending, the program of the hopes held about the Whitlam victory cen posed the establishment of a federal department provided a wide variety of services and resources tred on the implementation of those promises. A The Whitlam Doctrine of urban affairs drawing explicitly upon the prece in the deprived western suburbs of Sydney and new Department of Urban and Regional Develop 6 had two es!;cntial dent of the United States Federal Department of Melbourne in particular. Just as significantly, ment (DURD) was established for this purpose. Whitlam's program of reform Housing and Urban Development. One of the the regional machinery established to implement Whitlam's Minister of Urban Affairs, Tom Uren, cornerstones. One concerned philosophical ends, the other the means of implementation. The phil- main functions of the new department would be this program has provided a political vehicle to 18 19 Planmns H1story Vol. 11 No. 2 Pla nning H1s 1or y Vol 11 No. 2 Articles Articles m aintaining land d eveloper and house the reforming 1mpetus a nd to pro consequent dominance of finance capital on the mission program. Es tablished in 1973, it quick.ly builder us•ng a cha ng- vide the ing mix ture of grant and c means fo r effecti ve coordina tio n on a pattern of private investment in Australia. This acquired a large broadacre land bank on the fnn heap loan money, the SAHT pa rticularl range of 1ssues where there was none before. boom has had and will continue to have dramatic ges of Adelaide and set about a program of devel y over the twen ty years 1950 tod Th 1970 provided cheap h ousing is has been very important in depri ved outer consequences for balanced urban growth and for opment which aimed t o capture a large portton of fo r bo th rental an suburbs. sale ~nd exercised a investment in transport and other infrastructure. the market for allotments. Problems loomed h ow restraining i~flu e n ce ? n tj'e overall land a nd housi ng market tn Adelaide. Amo ng the aims of DURD' s urban strat Unfortunately, there is less political pressure to ever. By the time SALC was full y operational, egy were Reform through central governmen t must o f . to s low d own the g rowth o f central busin counter the centralising trend than there was in Adelaide's land market was e ntering a depressed ess dis necessity ride over local co nt i n ~en c i CS but thts tricts, to limi t the freeways u pon the years prior to 1972. period. SALC fa ced b oth low d emand and oppo which t hey must be done sensitively and with a n eye to local depend ed , to encou rage t he develop ment sition from private land d evelopers w ho resented of cen In the early 1970s, it was estimated that over half differences and complexities, particularly w here tres in outer suburban areas, and to ensure the SALC's competition especia lly in the d e presse~ . a millio n homes in Australia's capital cities were market. new institutions a re to be created to fulf•.l func preservatiO n of old inner city housing for low in Both factors coalesced to produce a cns1s unsewered . Sydney's backlog peaked at some tions which in some cases are al r.eady bem.g come people. It took a number o f actio 7 for SALC in the late 1970s. Because SALC was ns to help 209,000 homes in 1960 while Melbourne's back undertaken s uccessfully by exi the highly geared - it was fund e~ with loan.money s tmg agenCieS. se aims. It was centrally involved in defend log was 160,000 homes in 1972. The Whitlam Gov without any equity capital - 1ts d ebt on 1ts balance Four ing the idea that the rehabilita tio n of inner city ernment made a commitment to eliminate this regional gro wth centres were established - sheet mounted rapidly. High levels of d evelop Albur housing was more efficient and equitable than de backlog by 1978. While problems of inter- and y 1 Wodonga on the border between N~ w ment activity and low demand for its p~o duct South molitio n and redevelopment. In order to show intra-governmental coordination meant that this Wales and Victoria, Ba thurst/Orange 1n exacerbated this problem. For some pnvate devel New Sou this by demonstrati on and to preserve inner ci ty aim w as not met, o ver $330 million was spent on th Wales, Macarthu r on the fringes o ~ ho opment interests, SALC .Provided ~ good ex~ mpl e using in public ha nds for lo w income tenants, the natio nal sewerage backl og program over the Sydney, and Monarto in So u .t ~ Austrah a. AI! ~~ of inadequacies and hm1 ts of pubhc enterpnse. vo areas of old, run-d o wn housing were bought in period 1973 to 1977. This was by far the biggest lved large scale land acqu1S1t10 n and sophiSti SALC's crisis was highlighted during a ~ tate el:c Glebe and Wooll oomooloo in Sydney and Em item on DURD's budget. By the mid 1980s, cated planning for their fu tu re d e v e l ~ p m e nt. tion campaign which saw the conserva tt ves,gatn Albury / erald Hill in Melbourne. The Glebe and Wool Sydney's sewerage backlog had been reduced to Wodonga is located on the R1ver Murray power. They immed iately took away SALC s loom ooloo purchases also helped s ome of some 40,000 homes and Melbourne's to 24,000 on the majo r inland transport route between powers of land acquisition and development and Sydney DURD's o ther aims. Glebe s tood in the path o f a homes. The all ocation made by the Whitlam Gov and Melbo urne. lt is the m ost successful took up negotiation s with the Fraser Go proposed freeway which focu ssed on Sydney's ernment played a major role vernment growth centre e ven though it is something of ~n in that reduction. over SALC's d ebt. Ever since CBD. Woolloomooloo was s ubject to office red e 1980, there has 'embattled survivor'. Its mandate and operatmg Probab been no e ffective public pr velopment p lans w hich were being blocked b y a ly the least successful of DURD programs esence in the Adelaide arrangements have been subject to many c hanges were its most ambitious- land market. A reasonable stoc variety o f means including the NSW Builders La the land commission k of developed al and it nearly came to grief in the early 1980s f ~ r lotments ensu bourers Federatio n's famous ' Green Bans' . and regional growth centre programs. Both oper red that this was not a problem in essentially the same reasons that sa w the d em •se the early ated on the same basic principles. Public corpora 1980s, but a surge in d em~nd in the m id of the SALC. Its financial arran gements were The d evelopment of suburban centres in Sydney ti 1980s caused ons would be established t o acquire broadacre a doubling of land pnces over a t wo changed in 1984 whereby some o~ the loans used and Melbourne were e nco uraged b y DURD's year perio lc.nd and to develop and market it. Loan funds d . Some stability has returned in the to es tablish the centre were red efmed as eqUtty sponsorsh ip of office development. Decisions would be used on the grounds that this would late 1980s but another surge in d emand could see capital in the project. Since its establishment in were mad e to develop major Commo nwealth of not give unfair financial advantages to the corpor land prices again rise rapidly. 1973, Albury/ Wodonga's rate o f grow th ~a s been fices at Parrama tta i n Sydney's western s uburbs ations vis-a-vis private d evelopers. The growth It is ironical that in the state where the land com strong w ith many major i ndu stries choosmg the and in R ingwood in M elbourne. In the dying centre development corpora tions would also have mission reform fa ced least resistance and where it centre as a b ase fo r their operations. days of the Whitlam Government, DURD was cen the role to facilitate and plan for the balanced de was establi shed most completely on the DURD trally involved in a major plan for office develop velopment of the regional centre. Both programs Bathurst/ Orange was established as a concession model, it has been least successful and has put ment in the outer suburbs of Sydney and fa ced the woblem of political for the New South Wales Governmen t' s a gree oppositio n at the back the cause of reform in urban land market Melbourne and in some of the regional cities d es state leve\.8 s ment to the Albury/ Wod onga scheme and has most severely. One of the main rea ignated as g rowth centres. Private developers sons for this had a stormy h istory. It has not attracted the Four agencies w relates to the fact that land commission would build offices in the knowledge of guaran ere established through the land s were to growth originally envisaged . Its status as a commission compete with the private teed rental by the federal go vernment. The plan program. Only one reflected the sector on basically t~e gro wth centre was changed in the mid 1980s and DURD model same terms. To this end, SALC was met bureaucratic resis tance and did no t survive -the Adelaide based South Austra funded w1th much of the land acquired f or the centre was sold lian Land Commission (SALC). loan money without any equ the change o f government. DURD also sought to The other three ity capital. The. back to rural uses. Macarthur has enjoyed buoy in Sydney, general lesson of SALC's influence investment in trans port so that it Melbourne and Perth were established failure i.s that pubhc ant growth as Sydney has expanded w estwards as non-statutory urban agencies which seek to meshed m ore closely with its v ie ws about good land councils without the reform pnvat.e n:arkets but the role of the corporation was also changed should not emulate urban policy. level o f funding o r the po wers of land acquisition private sector pnnc1ples too in the mid 1980s from that of public developer t o and development envisaged by DURD. The NSW closely. more a facilitator of private development. Id eas abo ut decentralisation of work within cities urban land council was upgraded to land com There is an added irony in the South Australian and the preservation of inner ci ty housing de mission status by the Wran Labor Government Monarto was probably the most ambitious o f all history of the land commission program. Th~ pro veloped within DURD and the actions taken to which gained office in NSW in 1976. But its level the regional growth centres, again r eflecting the gram was conceived in re s po ns~ t~ the pe r ce~ved those ends have had an importa nt influence over of operation was still small due to lack of adequ positive reception o f the W hi tla m . r efo r~ s in . , failure of public housing agenc1es m Austraha, the past fifteen years. Inner ci ty housing rehabili ate funds. While each of the agencies established South Australia. It was the only ltteral new c1 ty particularly in Sydney and Melbourne. They . tation is no w conventional wisdom, while the vir in Sydney, Melbourne and Perth still acquire in the overall program, that is, a n e w city to be and were seen as conservative and inadequate. Th1s tues o f inner city li ving inform the ubiquitous d evel op land, their overall impact on the land built on a virgin site. Nevertheless, Monarto had reasoning ignored the much more rad ~ cal and pro d efence of urban consolidation in Aus tralia's market in those cities is small and reflects rathe a som ewhat ambivalent s tatus o n other fron ts be r gressive example o f the South Austrahan Hous ci ties. Inner city freeways remain taboo. Never than counteracts activities in the private mark cause it was neither a satellite city o n A delaid e' s et. ing Trust (SAHT). The SAHT is probably the theless, office development within the central In this sense, they were 'unfair trials' of the pro fringes- like the successful Elizabeth develop most important Australian exampl of business d istricts o f Australia's cities has boomed gram. ~ the p~te~ ment had been- nor was it an autonomous re tial and virtue of arms length pubhc enterpnse m during t he 1980s - ano ther result of the d eregula gional centre. It was close enough t o A delaide so The SALC was the only ' fa ir trial' of the land the area of urban development. As land banker, tion of the Aus tralian financial system and the com- that a relationship of d ependence may have d e- 20 21 Pl.1nnang Hlstorv Vol !I N o 2 Planmng History Vol 11 No 2 Articles Articles 15 velopcd. In any case, events conspired to under infras tructure has developed these arguments. ~ight_ be positively received. Some took up posi had that purpose. But they were certainly ca mme the project beiore much headway was Given the direct relation between infras tructure tiOns tn the South Australian public service. John pable of being used to that end if it was so made. :he proJec ted decline in South Australia's and the health of Australia's cities, the re newal of Mant was pri ncipal among them. He had been a desired. Views about 'urban management' have population growth undermined the need for the cularly through cen key figure in DURD and was Whitlam's principal te nded to undermine institutional and intellectual inte rest in urban reform, parti new to,~n while ma~y questioned it as an appro s o n the capaetty of pnvate secre tary at the time of the dismissal. support for strong public involvement in urban tral government, now depend pnat~ ~ttc and locat10n for a new city. The site development. This is most evident in the critique urbanists to take up these arguments. was latrly austere and in a rainshadow area in the A new Department of Housing, Urban and Re of the SAHT refe rred to earlier. The activities of already dry state oi South Australia. When the gional Affairs (HURA) was established in South the SAHT needed reform in the 1970s. The inter Conserva tives gained state office in 1980 the Australia in 1976 with Mant as its head. It re NOTES ests of tenants needed to be more strongly repre 1. rd', in C.J. Lloyd and P .N . abandoned the project. Federal loans were r~paid placed the State Planning Office (SPO). Its man T. Uren, 'Forewo sented in decision-making while some changes e life and death of and most of the acquired land sold back to rural date was to coordinate the activities of the Troy, Innovation and Reaction: Th were necessary to the SAHT's approach to large uses, much of it to the original owners. various urban agencies and to reform the tradi the Federal Department of Urban and Regional Devel ti onal approach to urban planning, caiJed some scale urban development. But these changes have opment, Sydney, Alien and Unwin, 1981, pp.ix . The growth centre program has been the s ubject taken place and they did not require the general what pejoratively 'end-state' planning. For some, 2. L. O rchard, 'Whitlam and the Cities: Urban o_£ ':'"'uch . deb~te, much of it content to dismiss and challenge to the SAHT's holistic approach and the SPO's urban plan-making was pretentious and Social Democratic Re n dtcule 1ts at m s. Certainly mistakes were made philosophy that emerged within HURA . As al and Regional Policy given the absence of any control or influence over form', Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Politics Depart The financial arrangements for the program · in ready argued, that approach has many strengths the providers of urban services. The SAHT's ment, Universi ty of Adelaide, 1987. presented problems for all growth centres in the vo l ve~ en t in ~11 aspects of urban development in not the least being its capacity to d irect and not same way as they did for some of the land com Adelatde and 1ts autonomy from direct political just respond to trends in Adelaide's private land 3. For the most recent account o f this doctrine see missions. Bathurst/Orange should never h ave control also came in for criticism. For some, and housing markets. G. Whitlam, The Whit/am Government 1972-1975, ach1eved growth centre s tatus while it may have many problems were caused by having land de DURD's long term impact of federal policy-mak Melbourne, Vi king, 1985, pp.2-3. been better to develop a satellite new town on the velopment, house building and public landlord ing has likewise been mixed. It was hoped that 4. On Whitlam's 'cooperative' federalism see E.G. southern fringes of Adelaide in place of Mona rto. functions under the control of one agency. This DURD would develop the capacity to provide an Whitlam, 'A ew Federalism', Australian Quarter But the co nti~u e~ rapid growth of Sydney and created an inertia which was difficult to change. alternative source of economic advice to the Treas cen ly, 43, 3 (1971), pp.6-17. Melbourne h1ghllghts the need fo r alternative ury. In important ways it was successful in this tres of urban growth on Australia's eastern sea A new regional system for urban and regional in the early years of the Whitlam Government. 5. Whitlam's u rban analysis and policy thinking board. The Albury/Wodonga experience management and new structures for the coordina is contained in a number of his speeches from the tion of urban development were established. The DURD officers were crucial in the fo rmation of s~ggests that strong and sensitive public plan the first two Whitlam budgets. But the pe rcep period 1965 to 1972. They included: E.G. Whtt if new 'Metropolitan Adelaide Staging Study' was to be ntn? can successfully cater for this growth tion now on both sides of Australian politics is lam, 'Cities in a Federation', Australian Planning lo the main vehicle for this coordination. It defined reg_10 nal centres a re chosen in the appropriate that those budgets were irresponsible given the In sti tute journal, 3 6 (1965), pp.209-213; E.G. Whi t catiOns. a ~eq uenc e for new urban development in Ade rapidly changing economic circumstances of the lam, 'Responsibilities fo r urban and regional de laide over a ten year time pe riod which took ac iter Burley Griffin Memorial DURD has also left a legacy at more general le early 1970s. Further, some of DURD's work on velopment: 1968 Wa count of and tried to influence the activities of the lia, 58, 1 (1969a), vels through its impact on both state and federal economic policy, in particular the 'urban and re Lecture', Architecture in Austra va ri ous providers of urban services. 'Urban man Whitlam, 'An Urban Nation', policy making. As no ted earlier, Whitlam was gional budget' which aimed to give an under pp.115-119; E.G. ageme nt' replaced 'urban planning' as the modus t 19, Melbourne, very critical of urban decision- making at the standing of the urban impact of fed eral spending, Victorian Fabian Society Pamphle operandi of this aspect of the new department's ac- 1969b; E.G. Whitlam, 'Governments and Cities', sta te level, seei ng the providers of urban services ttvttl. · · es. 10 T he department also became an alterna- were limited in their capacity to provide the intel as excessively bureaucratic and uncoordinated, lectual support necessary for alternative econ Address to the University of Melbourne Political ti ve source of housing policy advice from the Science Society, August 1970 (published in E.G. a_nd urban planning agencies as basically ineffec SAHT. omic advice based on the defence of the public tu tion, Melbourne, tive. DURD took up this critique. It sought to in sector and the 'social wage' in Australian society. Whitlam, On Australia's Con sti fluence the states to reform bo th their approaches Alon? ~ith th~se institutional changes went a Indeed, Whitlam's own ambivalence on the conse Widescope 1977). For Whitlam's later summary t? urban planning and to implement more sophis s~phtstlca t ed mtellectual critique of public plan quences for the federal budget of a strong commit of the burden of these speeches, see Whitlam, ticated mechanisms to coordinate those agencies ntng an? public intervention in housing markets. ment to urban policy expresses those limits. On 1985, op cit, pp.373-381. The baste thrust of that critique was that it was and departments providing urban services. It en the o ne hand, he argues that such a commitment 6. For a recent defence of the worth of the a rea better to manage efficiently and equitably what couraged this by making stipulations in agree means substantial federal outlays and, on the improvement program see C. Lloyd and P .N . we know we have rather than assume a commu m ents between the federal and state governments other, he argues that such involvement may lead Troy, 'Duck C reek revisited? The case for na it. establishing some of its programs, and where nal view of an ideal future and work towards to a reduction in outlays if they are prope rly coor tional urban and regional policies', in J. Halligan federal grants were given to the states to finance A kind of pragmatic nihilism informed these argu dinated.13 ments.11 and C. Paris (eds), Australian Urban Politics: criti urban services. DURD articulated policy a rgu The Hawke Government, particularly through cal perspectives, Mebourne, Longman Cheshire, ments in papers written on urban planning issues There was some truth in the view that traditional Paul Keating, has made some strong criticisms of 1984. Duck C reek is in the western suburbs o f in the various cities. approaches to urban planning in Australia were the fi scal irresponsibilities of the Whitlam Govern Sydney. Environmental improvement schem es, Again, because of the positive reception of the ineffective and needed to be changed. The ' urban ment. This critique acts as o ne of the foils fo r recreation fa cilities and gardens in and around DURD reforms in South Australia, most effort management' paradigm as it has emerged Keating' s defence of the Hawke mix of economic the creek were sponsored through the area im went into influencing urban planning arrange throughout ~ustralia over the past few years has rationalism and social d emocracy. Private econ provement program. a great cap_actt_y to respond to the wide range of ments in Adelaide. The agreement establishing omic growth and wealth generation must now 7. For an account of the history of sewerage pro factors whtch tnflue nce urban life economic so- 14 Of course, this rea the SALC pointed to the need for more effective . I d . 12 ' ' come before redistribution. vision in Sydney and for some arguments about c1a an phystcal. But it offers no real d efence coordinatio n between the various urban agencies soning ignores the positive role of public invest the cau ses of the backlog see C. Adrian, 'Re of .u plannin? as public planning to counter in Adelaide. Not much headway was made with rba~ ment in economic growth while it assumes an sponse to Post-War Suburbanisation: Sewerage pnvate tnterests tn the development of Austra this during the DURD years. After the d emise of immutable trade-off between economic growth Services in Sydney', unpublished seminar p aper, lia's cities. This is not to say that approaches to DURD, many ex-DURD bureaucrats looked to and social equity. A recent analysis of the emerg Urban Research Unit, Research School of Social urban planning which went before necessarily South Australia as a place where their ideas ing problems of investment in Australia's public Sciences, Australian National University, 1983. 22 23 Pl ilnnan~; ~~story Vot 11 No 2 Articles Planning Hi story Vol. 11 No. 2 8. For an account of the land commission pro gram which hlghltghts the opposition experi enced tn negotlatmg the program with s tate govern~ents seeP N . Troy, A fair price: The Land Reports Commrsswn Program 1972-1977, Svdney, Hale and lremonger, 1978. " resource regional plan) and the Tay Valley. 9 · For a defence o f the activities of the SAHT in Joint PHG/AESOP Planning for postwar reconstructi on tn Ger many th.e~e terms see H. Stretto n, Ideas fo r Australian Planning History Panel with special reference to the Ruhr area and to Crtres, Adelaide, the author, March 1970; Met Dortmund was considered by Or Ursula von Petz bou rn ~, .Georgian House, June 1970, pp.154-167. at Dortmund Congress (Dortmund University) in the second pape r The. Bn tlsh New Town Corporations have been presented t o the panel. Or von Petz pointed o ut Similarl y successful by taking an active role in all how the gene ral context for pos twar reconstruc aspects of u rban develo pment. tion in Germa ny was set in la rge m easure by the 10. F~ r a ~ene r al account of the eme rgence of this David Massey different policies and decisions o f the adminis ter parad1gm m Australia in the late 1970s seep F Department of Civic Design, ing Allied powers. Gene ral pre pa rato ry planning ~yan (ed), Urb.an Management Processes: proce~d· studies and policies (including town planning rngs of the Semrna r held in Adelaide 22 -25 August University of Liverpool standards) had been initiated in the earl y 1940s 1977, Canberra, AGPS, 1978. by the Nazi governme nt under the s upe rv1s1o n o f Albert Speer. 11. John Mant's role in developing these ideas While the Third Planning History Group Inte rna was central. Mant's pa pers from the pe riod 1976 tional Conference was taking place in To kyo in The Ruhr region wi th its concentration of coal, to 1980, w r itt~n when he was head of the Depart November 1988, a smaller, less formal gathering steel and armaments industries was phys1cally d e ment of Hous1ng, Urban and Regional Affairs of planning historians assembled in Dortmund. vasta ted at the end of the war. Any efforts to an have been assembled in an unpublished collec The occasion was the Second Congress of the As ticipate economic restructuring were resisted by tiO,n 'Go vernm~nt and Planning in South Austra sociation of European Schools of Planning the Ruhr Siedlungsverband, but some o f the war lia . Fo r access1ble summaries of Mant's views (AESOP) held in association with the twentieth time proposals for physical change were im about ~rban planning see his contribution to anniversary of Dortmund University's Depart plemented once the immediate hous tng sho rtage Ryan, rbrd an? J. ,Mant, 'Good versus bad- plans ment of Spatial Planning. As part of the Congress had begun to be tackled with Ma rshall Plan/Euro a~d pragmatiSm, Royal Australian Planning Jn programme the Planning History Group joined pean Recove ry Programme funds. In Do rtmund strtute journal, 18, 2 (1980), pp.44-47. with AESOP to organise a Panel session o n plan a n even l onger continuity of planning personnel and policies was experienced, when the ch1ef 12. For a defence in these terms ning history. The meeting also served as an op focussing on the town planner from 1925-37 (Wilhelm Delfs) held rec:nt Sydney experience see D. portunity to introduce the PHG to a number of Wilmoth, 'Metro office again from 1945-52 and promoted essen politan Planning in Sydney', inS. Hamnett new members. and R. tially prewar policies of rebuilding of the historic Bu~~er (ed s), Urban Australia: Planning Issues and The Panel, which was convened by Professor core of the city as a central business d istrict (i.e. Po/rcres, London and Melbourne, Manse!! and Nel Luigi Mazza (Politecnico di Torino), held its mee t rather than as an area of mixed residential and son, Wadsworth, 1987. ing on the morning of Friday 11 November in commercial uses). 13. Whitlam, 1985, op cit, pp.373; 405. very much of a round-table format, with two papers being presented. The first paper, by The discussion on this paper concentrated on the 14 . . P. Keating, 'Traditions of Labor in Power: David Massey (Liverpool University), explored immediate circumstances of reconstruction in ":'httlam and Hawke in the Continuum', in Tra di the development of a 'first' generation of regional Dortmund and on the efforts of members of the tw ns for Reform in New South Wales: Labor History planning in England in the period from 1909 to Panel to relate these efforts to the1r knowled ge of Essays, Sydney, Pluto Press in association with 1939, setting this in a more general context of the those of other cities elsewhere in Euro pe. It was ew South Wales Branch of the Australian Labor emergence of regional planning efforts at the concluded that the whole s ubject of postwar rec Party, 1987. same time in the United States and Germany and onstruction both in its pre pa ration and execut1 on touching in particular on the place of the ' metro deserved wider and more systematic study. 15. House of Representatives Standing Commit politan' level plans in England for Greater Lon tee on Transpo rt Communications and don, Manchester and District and the West It is hoped that the Planning History Gro up and Infrastructure, Constructing and Restructuring Aus Midlands in the 1920s and 1930s. AESOP will organise a further joint Panel meet tralia's Pu blic Infrastructure, Canberra, AGPS, 1987. ing at the Third AESOP Congress in To urs to be In the course of the discussion Luigi Mazza ex held from 17-18 November 1989. Details of the pressed some reservation about the concept o f a Co~gress are available fr om: Congress O rgamscr, 'generation' of regional plans with all that im Thtrd AESOP Congress, CESA, Univers1ty of plied for a sense of continuity which was more ap Tours, 37200 Tours, France. parent than real. Cliff Hague (Heriot-Watt University) drew attention to the lack of regional planning efforts in the rural parts of England and Wales and to the different circumstances in Scot land until the mid-1940s series of postwar recon struction regional p lans for the Clyde Valley, East Central Scotland, the Borders (a pioneering rural 24 25 Planning Htsto r v Vol 11 o. 2 Planning H1s tor y Vo l ll No . 2 Sources Sources Bi rmingham BOX 8:PLANNI G Burton-on-Trent Oxford Sources Cardiff Bu ilding Centre, Ho us ing Centre Derby Budding plans Building specifications ket after use, everything printed which is not ac Edinburgh John Johnson tually a book." Although it proved not to be a Glasgow Housi ng and building societies Collection of Printed rigid line, the outbreak of the Second World War Gloucestershire Auctio ns was take n as a stopping-point for fresh acquisi BOX 3: THE HOUSING PROBLEM Re nts tions, so that when Johnson retired in 1946 he Ephemera, Bodleian Hertfordshire Taxati ons and rates spent the remaining ten years of his life sorting Library, Oxford through existing material. In 1968 the collection Lancashire First numbers was transferred to the Bodleian, where it is now Leeds Book prospectuses and book jacke ts available for use. Liverpool BOX 9: OPEN SPACES, AMENITIES ETC Dennis Hardy In its very nature, it is not easy to say with cer Northampton Gardens, parks and recreation grounds tainty whether a research visit would be directly Special Housing Problems of the Countryside Footpaths and commons Middlesex Polytechnic productive or not, though undoubtedly a visit Designs for Rural Housing SCAPA would be full of interest. There is a chance factor at play, and although it is conceivable that there Mise. Anti-smoke Various publications on late nineteenth and earl y may be nothing of immediate use the probability BOX 4: GARDEN CITIES Anti-noise twen tieth-century planning history contain a tan is that something unexpected will be found which Information Sheets, Prospectuses, Estate Mise. taltsmg acknowledgeme nt to the John Johnson may well be unobtainable elsewhere. Collectio n o f Pnnted Ephemera- tantalising be Plans, etc. BOX 10: PRESERV A TIO cause these references are invariably to the kind As an indication of the scale of the collection, the Tracts, speeches, papers, journals, e tc. General Oxford of research 'nugget' that cannot be found in more catalogue lis ts no less than 577 main headings. Publicity BOX 11: MISC. PAMPHLETS AND BOOKS Of these, the following might be of particular in conventional coll ectio ns. So who was John Correspondence johnson, and how m ight a trip to the Bodleian Li terest to planning historians- Agriculture; Allot Extracts from newspapers and journals brary assist researchers? me nts and Smallholdings; Civic; Co-operation; For further d etails of the collection and arrange Housing and Town Planning; and Seaside, Lakes BOX 5: THE POLITICAL VIEW Born in 1882, the son o f a c ountry parson, John de me nts to inspect it, the librarian to contact ISMs and Spas. The Housing and Town Planning head Fabianism Julie Ann Wilson, Bodleian Library, O xford (tel. Monins johnson spent his student days at Oxford, ing is an obvious one to pursue, and this itself Labour party and socialism 0865-2770-t 7). prior to a spell as an administrator in the Egyp consis ts of eleven box files, with the following en tian Civil Service, followed by an early career as a Liberal tries: In gathering this information, I am grateful to papyrologis t. Re trospectively, he looked back on Acts of Parliament, etc. this latter endeavour as the source of inspiration BOX 1: THE HOUSING PROBLEM Julie Ann Wi lson, and quotes in the above are ex BOX 6:UTOPIAN AND COMMUNIST SETTLE for a lifetime of collecting ephemeral printing, Slums, etc tracted from- Michael Turner (1 971) The John MENTS AND EXPERIMENTS ETC like ning the care taken to sort through the 'rub fohn son Collection: Catalogue of an Exhibit ion, Bod Association for Improving the Condition of British Freedom Association leian Library, Oxford. bis h' of yesterday's civilisations in search of do the Poor cumentary fragments with the similar care that Bruderhof Eighty Club mig ht be take n to discover hidden facets of the Co-operative brotherhood English pas t. Financial Reform Association Cos me Howard Association When, at the time o f the First World War, Doukhobortsi Johnson joined Oxford U London Reform Union niversity Press, he took Free Communist and Co-operative Colony the opportunity to pursue what became a lifelong Mansion House Long Eaton Co-operative preoccupation. "I set t o work, timidly at first, but Metropolitan Association for Improving the soon with more confidence, on what appeared to Dwellings of the Industrious Classes Ruskin Commonwealth be the miscellany o f the world, to show what was National Housing Reform Council Miscellaneous Utopian Settlements really the order and development of it. Trivial Miscellaneous papers on the idea of Utopian things like the d evelo pment o f advertisements St Pancras House Improvement Society Ltd on Settlement o ur hoardings, the many-sided interests of post BOX 2: THE HOUSING PROBLEM BOX 7:PLANNING age s tamps, the d e velopment of the journals, all Society for Bettering the Condition and In the e pheme ra of o ur lives, were brought into the creasing the Comforts of the Poor General compass o f illustratio n ... " Elsewhere, he de Tenants' Better Housing and Protection Films, Exhibitions, etc. scribed the purpose of his mission more succinct League Industrial planning ly : " the waste, the e phemera, of today are the Planning, post-war, Ministry of Re evide ntial data of tomorrow ... " Workmen's National Housing Council construc George Peabody and other philanthropists tion For a quarter of a century Johnson gathered Planning, post-war, Design for Britain series together an enormous collection of "everything Mise. societies etc. that would ordinarily go into the waste paper bas- Outer London 26 27 Pbnnm!'t Hlstorv Practice Planning His tory Vol. 11 No 2 Planning History Vol. 11 No. 2 Networks Planning History Practice Networks Planning History: tory of how the land division was laid out. Often report later this year. Each o f the three. co un.t~ies not just easy survey plats or capricious doodling, UNESCO Study selected -India, Argentina and Aus tralla - wnlist How Relevant is it to they were derived from strongly held planning disparate in culture and po pulation size, has in philosophies and, as such, have as strong a Prospectus: Cultural common a concern, as a democratic economy, fo r Planning Policy and meaning as the "conventional" or European exam in International viable independence and for the visibility o f its in ples where built form was the starting point. Identity dependent identity within the pre:ent hi g hl y com Practice? petitive and hence somewhat hostile world This increasingly strong lin k between the results Urban Programs economy. The study will briefly compare the r~ of the study of planning history and policy in cent socio-economic history of the three co untnes lan Hutchings South Australia makes me wonder where Plan and will then consider the cultural identities A ning History in its general sense and the Group in Robert Freestone which they have created or are contemplating South Australian State Planning particular are headed? The membership is pre through both conscious and unconsciou s policies do~inantly based in academia and many of the Associ ate Editor for the urban environment. Appeal Tribunal articles and much of the scholarship is theoretical and internalized. While fascinating, it is a con This examination is being carried out a t three le cern that a field of study that I at least consider Context vels: In 1977, I advised the Bulletin (PHB Vol.9, No.]) cruci~l to o.ngoing policy formation and planning The United Nations has declared the period 1988 about initiatives in South Australia by the then practice, mtght not be so seen by others in these to 1997 to be the World Decade for Cultural De A. World Heritage Site Mtmster for Environment and Planning to intro areas. velopment. The first objective is to ackno wledge As places imbued with respect for traditional This values and nominated to UNESCO for thetr ~uce planning policies that recognized the signi It may be the peculiar circumstances of South the cultural dimension of development. the ambit ftcance of particular localities in terms of the Australia where senior academics chair planning UNESCO-endorsed study falls within cultural significance. State's planning history. commissions, planning ministers hold history doc of that objective, namely to affirm and enrich cul tural identities, to broaden participation in cul B. Symbolic Project Some progress has been made since then. The la torates, senior policy advisers sit on faculty ture and to promote international cultural Government-sponsored and d esigned to pres test version of the plan for Adelaide's C.B.D. aims boards, etc., that planning history and practice cooperation. It has the additional major social ob to the o utsi d e for built-form strictly aligned to the grid, squares, are closely interwoven. Not just the evaluation of ent a strong national image the product but also the understanding of how jective of upgrading the quality of the living envi world and a focus for citizens. and parkland frontages so that Colonel Light's fa ronment of under-privileged groups within cities. mous 1836 Plan is fully expressed in the third planning administration and law have evolved dimension. A major study, steered by a resi are seen as most desirable, even necessary, back C. Urban Rehabilitation Area dent' s group (somewhat in the manner of that for grounds for the day to day management of the Topic Whose historic fabric has evolved in response Hampstead Garden Suburb in the 1970s) is now State's development. It is proposed to investigate the relationship be to social and economic forces in the past and tween the cultural traditions (past), identity (pres is now threatened by ongoing change. underway for Colonel Light Gardens. This Gar seems to me that if the tremendous growth and ~t ent) and aspirations (future) of individual den Suburb, increasingly recognized internation mterest in planning history since 1975 is to be sus The intention is to consider, within the changing communities and the development of thei r urban ally as perhaps one of the gems of the garden tained or even maintained at the present level, technological and economic world order which environments. The purpose is to improve the suburb era, has survived almost intact in its plan the Group must make a conscious effort to in we now face, the issues of cultural d evelopment nations in for form, landscape, the location and quality of its volve the wider professional and administrative methodology adopted by various in the urban environment through the eyes of mulating, designing and implementing their community and recreation facilities and the main community. After all, we would not want the urban policy-makers, urban d esigners and na programs tenance of its 1920s Californian bungalows. A irony of a future historian studying the rise and urban conservation and development tional analysts in each selected country. supplementary development plan fo r the Suburb in the face of rapid technological change towards fall of "planning history"! An international workshop was held at the Aus with a strong conservatio n flavour will result such concepts as the information city. The metho tralian National University in April 1989. Spea from this study. Biographical note dology will encompass cultural and environmen kers included lsabel McBryde ( ANU), Moonis Alan Hutchings, until recently, was Executive tal guidelines to facilitate progressive change In policy terms, the key initiative by the Minister without cultural or environmental distortion. Raza (India), Odilia Suarez (Argentina), Sue Ho lli Pl~n~er of th~ South Australian Planning Com is his issuing of a "planning practice circular" on international day (NSW Department of Planning), and Wolf mtsston. He ts now a Commissioner of the State The project will function as a first the subject of Historic (Conservation) Zones. While overview of the issues linking the concept of cul Tochtermann (UNESCO). the purpose of such zones will be the conserva Planning Appeal Tribunal. He continues to con vene the Australian Planning History Group. tural identity with that of urban development. It ti on and enhancement of buildings and town will seek to interpret and to assess different levels Further enquiries to Professor Serge Domicelj; Fa scapes in the generally accepted sense, they will of cultural expression in the urban environment culty of Architecture, University of Sydney, NSW, also relate, in some instances, to the plan-form of three disparate countries. It is hoped that the 2006, Australia. and how new development can express its understanding of each will be deepened by expo qualities and take up the urban design and func sure to the experience of the others. ti onal qualities inherent in it. It is often not fully realized in Britain and Europe Outline that the history of planning in "new world" coun The p roject is being jointly undertaken by the tries such as South Australia, is very much the his- Universities of Delhi, Sydney and Buenos Aires and will terminate with the production of a major 28 29 Planmng Huto rv Vo l 11 N o 'l Publications P l annlnf~ I H11 10r y V 11l l l No 2 Publicatio------ns don 2000. The p re~c nt volume c·xamtnt•c, w h t~t tern which h as evolved (large ly po~ t 194 5), dra w ing the distincti ons betwee n Ame rican and we nt wrong with the d ream o f the 1%0c, ·1l w need for a ~ t ra tcg i c pla n IS pcrha p c, eve n gn•,lt <· r Publications Canadian practices and phil o sop hi c~ . The a utho r sy~ t c m a ti c all y ~ u r vcys the maJOr p l.l n n ing p roblems of the mo ~ t p r o ~ perCHJ '> regtOn of Britain, and in pa rticula r t he probl e ms o f f ongc·s Abstracts Marten A. Hajer, City Politics 1/egemonic Projects ti on and o ver hea ting in some pa rts, co up led wtth and Discourse, Avcbury, Alde rshot, 1989, 140pp, econo mic colla pse and d c priva tton 1n o thcrc, I le I~ Burnley ~nd James.Forrest (eds), Living in D~n Coward, Out of Sight: Sydney's Environmenta l C22 .50, ISBN 0 566 05754 9. concludes with a v ision o f what the· rcgtOn, w tt h c ~t1 es . Urbnmsm and SOCi ety in Metropolitan Austra H1 story 1851-1981, Canberra : Aus tralian N ational proper s trategic guidance, could beco me tn the· , lia , Alien and Unwin, Sydney, 1989, 273pp, £9.95 University, Departme nt of Economic His tory, Analyses the urban political process and the co n ea rl y part o f the next century . ISBN 0 86 861494 7. 1988, 328pp, $24.95A p a per, ISBN 0 731 5 0401 l. cepts of development under three headings, namely, ideology (the communica ti on of The essays a rc g rouped a round five broad 'This is a s tory of human behaviour, either in the meaning), institutionalisation (the patterns of themes, namely an his torical introduction an ex mass as was te-makers o r polluters, or as individ domination) and strateg ic action (the interests Michael Howard, Advocacy and Resistance: 'f hr plora tion of the issu e o f equity and social 'area uals initiating, modifying, or resisting changes in and passions of planning). A case s tudy o f this Question of a Post-War Co mmonwealt h Governm ent ~ iffere nt ia ti o n , d e ployme nt of alternative pers pec environmental policy .. . Waste creates problems three-dimensional approach is made o f the urban Role in Community Fa cilities, Town Planninx and Re tives on urban f orm and de velopment, mi grant of public health. So the main theme of this book political process in O xford, England, between gional Planning, 1939-42, Australia n Nationa l ~ro u ps , and fina ll y a c ritical scrutiny o f the op is an explo ration of the o rigins and d evelopment 1960 and 1985. Unive rsity, Urba n Research Unit Wo rkmg Pa pe r, ti ons presented by urban planning. Together, of public health policy in Sydney during the nine No.9, Decembe r 1988, 45pp, ISBN 0 7315 0499 2. ~hey ~ r o vid e a national p ers pective on a country teenth century, and its e volution into an explicit ~ ~ w~ 1 c h . ~ o r e tha n 70 pe r cent o f the population environmental p olicy during the 1960s and 1970s' This little monograph is concer ned with atte m pt'> Peter Hall, Cities of Tomorrow. An lntellectualllis to es ta bl is h a major Commonwea lt h ro le in urban h ves m c1t1es o f ove r 100,000 population. lf.rom the a uthor's preface). Ope ning with a re ntieth tory of Urban Planning and Design in the Twe and regional p lanning in Aus tra lia in the I 94 0~ . view of the 'B ritis h origins' of local sanitary Century, O xford, Basil Blackwc ll, 1988, 473pp, r ~fo rm ,. t h i ~ is a v aluable s tudy and especially 1t docu ments and a ttempts to a ccount for the ~ · g £25.00, ISBN 0 631 13444 1. nificant gap betwee n the radica l propo ~a l s put Cla.ra Cardia, /Is ont construit New Yo rk. Histoire ti mely m v1e w of the c urrent e nvironmental a nd political crisis s urrounding the dumping o f metro A talc o f extravagcnt visions, of grand ambitions for ward by the Co mmo nwealth Housmg Corn de la metropole au X!Xe siec/e, Geneva: Georg Edi and, frequently a ppalling failure, thi s is a hi story mi ssion and 'the more circumscribed fo ll ow-up te ur SA, 1987, 239pp, ISBN 2 8257 01149 1. polita n w aste o ff Sydney's beaches. There a re ma ny useful sta tistical ta bles and maps. And of the ideas, e vents and personaliti es that shaped efforts' by the De partment of Pos t-War Recon the c ities of the worl d during the 20th century. s tructi on. The a uthor in his abstract s u gges t ~ that This richly i llus trated volume e xplores the d evel wh,o could :esist such arresting chapte r headings m Enquiries Planners have become the hand maidens of busi his work ' presents a m icrocosm of m a ny o f the opment of New Yo rk City in the nine teenth as Excreta the Suburbs 1875-1916'? ANU, PO ness, architects the designers o f spectacles; both same issues and conflicts' that s urro unded the De century from a ci ty o f 25,000 to a metropolis o f to Department of Economic History, . have retreated from any active interest in real, so partmcnt of Urban and Regional Development over five million inhabitants. Special attention is Box 4, Canberra, ACT, 2601 , Australia cial achievement. (D URD) experime nt in the e arly 1970s. Enquiri e~ ~l ac ed on the c.ity's spatial d evelopme nt with par to Urban Resea rch Uni t, RSSS, Au ~ ti cular emphas1s o n the location and dis tribution tra li an N a tiona l Un iversity, PO o f the ci ty's va ri o us s ocial and ethnic groups. In ]. Barry Cullingworth, Urban and Regional Plan Box 4, Canberra, ACT, 2601 , Austrn d eed, the a uthor argu es that immigration w as the ning in Canada, Transaction Books, New Brun li a. most important fa ctor influencing the s ha pe o f s wi ck, Ne w Je rsey, 1987, 553pp. the ci ty. ~t has been said that Americans are benevole ntly 1gnorant about Canada, while Canadians are B.S. Hoyle, D.A. Pinder and M .S. malevolently well informed about the United Husain (ed s), Revitalising the Water Paul C. Cheshire and Dennis G. Hay, Urban prob ~ t a t es. It takes a Briton, in the form of Barry Cull fro nt. international dimensions of lems in Wes tern Europe. An economic analysis, Lon mg worth, to be insightful about both, o r indeed .... _... dockland development, Belhavc n ...... , ...... -- -- d on, Unwin Hy ma n, 1989, 271pp, ISBN 0 04 any country in which he resides for very l ong. .. , . ... ~ ., .... .,. -~ - ., - Press, London, 1988,. 265pp, 445010 9. $27.50, ISBN 1 85293 048 9...... Gene ra ti.ons o f ~riti s h stude nts have been grate ·- ---·------By the mid-1970s, the re was a growing se nse tha t ful for h1s mass1ve scholarship in the Official Provides a w orldwide a nalys is o f ci ties were in tro uble, and that their functions ~ is t o ri es, .his reviews o f housing and urban po l dockland revitalisation, exa mining were c hanging . Europ ean countries began to d e Icy, and h1s regular magis te rial overview, the processes of change, how pla n velop their own national urban p oli cies to ta ckle c urre~tly . the ~ O t~ edition of Town and Country ners and urban ma nagers have the i ncreasing proble ms. Experience has indi Planmng 1n Bntam. An appointment at Toronto responded t o the challe nge cated that urba n and economic change are some years ago brought him to confront the Cana Le Corbusier and Unite (from Cities of Tomor presented , a nd w ha t the impact of inextricably i nterdepe ndent. By identifying the dia.n planni~g scene; in typical style he chose to row) changes in docklands has been on inne r-city prob relevant c urrent economic developments, valu wnte about 1t, comprehensively. The result is a lems. Unde r the headings of fra mework of able insights c an be o btained into current and text which seeks to answer the question 'what is analysis, p olicy and practi ce and strategic p la n future urban trends. urban and regional planning in Canada, and how ning issues, contributions arc drawn from Hyman, does it work'? Seventy five years ago Thomas Peter Hall, London 2001, London, Unwin Europe, North America and Asia. Adams ga.ve Canada its. first faltering steps along 1989, 226pp, £17.95, ISBN 0 04 445161 X. the plannmg road; Culhngworth describes the sys- Twenty-five years ago, Peter Hall published Lon- 30 31 Pl anni ng l li'itory V ol 11 No 2 Plannmg I h:-tory V ol. 11 N o 2 Publications ~Pu~b~ll~c~at~i o~n~s------~--- studies on m od ern co ttage d esign, memo ri als, ex R. Hudson, Wrecking a Region. State policies, party movement in New South Wales. Bradfield is best hibi tion layout, arch itectural details and other re politics , and regional change in North East England, associated with the building of the Sydney Har Catalogues London, Pion (Studies in Society and Space bour Brid ge (opened 1 932) and improvements lated topics. series), 1989, 433pp, £49.50, $95.00, ISBN 0 85086 and extensions to Sydney's central ci ty rai l sys The Factory in a Garden This first bibli ography o f Weaver provid es full d e 125 . tem. These two p rojects naturally dominate the Headings incl ude Urban ism and Planning befo re tai ls of hi s many books, in their ~ a ra o u s ed 1ll ons, book, bu t it also records his other many activities 1940; Wartime Planning and R econstruction in and catalogu es all h is. known a rt1 cl ~s - fo r Country Having reviewed the fortunes o f the region in including involvement in the NSW Town Plan the 1940s; Garden Cities, Utopian Settlements, Life, Architectural Revrew and other JOurnal,s. The boom and slump, the autho r looks in turn at the ning Association, the Sydney Regional Pl an New Towns, etc.; and Mass Housing, Slums, etc. list runs into many hund red s. The a u~h o r s u ~ fo rmulation, character and sign ificance o f centra l Convention in the 1920s, and his visionary 411 titles. Inch's Books, Catalogue 45 - available ravell ing of Weaver' s many . c~ un t ry L~fe contn bu and local government policies, and those of the schemes for inland development in the 1940s. from 3, St. Paul's Square, York Y02 4BD, England . tions is especially useful : th1s JOurnal IS an National Coal Board a nd British Steel Corpora outstand ing s ou rce for the archit?cturc of the. pcn tion, during the peri od since the second world od , bu t one fro m which in formatiOn can b e dlffl- war, con cl uding with a discussion of the need for Urbanismo Revista, El Proyecto Urban a, No.5, Catalogue 46 cu ll to a ccess. greater understand ing o f regional change and the 49pp (in Spanish with English translations). , Landscape, Inte limits to s olving reg ional problem s. Headings incl ude Architecture This publica tion h as been compi led by Wea ver's, rior Design, Design History a nd Shopping. 441 grand son, who has also included a s hort life. of An issue o f this admirably illustrated journal titles. A vailable from Inch's Books, 3, St Paul's him. In addit ion, Dr Pa trick N uttgens contnbutcs devoted primarily to g rand-scale urban planning Square, York, Y02 4BD, England . an essay,' Lawrence Weaver: Architectura l Nath aniel Lichfield, Economics of Urba n Co nserva and recons truction, and featuring work by such Writer' . tion, University Press, Cambridge, 1989, 361pp, architects as joan Bu squets, Roberto Collova and £35.00, ($54.50), ISBN 0 521 32851 9. Uberto Siola. Of particular interest to an interna The b ibliography will p ro ve invaluable to all . tional audience is a lengthy feature o n the World Microfilms those i nterested in early twentieth century d es1gn As a prerequisite to establishing an appropriate contribution m ade by Sir Leslie Martin. Besides Masters o f Architecture : slide collections on the subjects. Weaver witnessed and d ocumented a base for the application of financial, social cost an interview in w hich Martin reflects on the o rig work of great architects, including a recent set on whole e ra of British d omestic arch itecture a nd 1ts bene fi t and community impact analyses, back ins and development of the modem English Le Corbusier. social background . g round information is p rovided on m anagemen t town, there are analyses of his w ritings and his Royal Institute o f British A rchitects : The D raw and planning fo r conservation in the urban sys work on projects fo r Whitehall and Glasgow . ings Collection. Microfil ms o f the D rawings Col tem in general and the special place accorded t o lection p repared in conjunction with the RI BA. the cultural built heritage, nam ely those build EXHIBITIONS ar ings and objects chosen b y society for particul John R. Short, Th e humane city. Cities as if people Both sets of catalogues are available from Worl d AND THE protection. matter, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1989, 167pp, Microfilms, Microworl d H ouse, 2-6, Foscote £25.00, ISBN 0 631 15823 5 paperback £7.95 ISBN Mews, London W 9 2H H, England . ARTS 0 DISPLAY 0 631 15824 3. N ational Capital Planning Authority, Canberra: A People's Capital? Australian Institute of Urban Charts the g rowth of cities that accompanied the Stud ies (ACT Division), 1989, $20A paper, 130pp. industrial revolution and rise of capitalism, and highlights the power of capital in shaping cities A collection of 22 essays exploring aspects of the according to profit rather than people. Urban develop ment of Australia's national capital from buildings and public services represented dispro Bibliography the ea rly twentieth century to the present. To p ortionately the preferences of architects, some extent an epitaphic collection - in view of . planners and adminis trators. In Part 11, the Lawrence Trevelyan Weaver (with a contribution the recent abolitio n of the National Capital Devel author outlines the way forward for greater by Patrick N uttgens) opment Commission (the c ity's planning, citizen participation in planning and running Lawrence Weaver, 1876-1930: An annotated bibliog develop men t a nd cons truction a gency since ci ties, joining writers from Aristotle to Tawney raphy. 1957), the establi shment of a n ew National Capi and Arendt in treating p eople as essentially politi tal Planning Au thority, and the introduction of cal beings, whose individual fulfilment lies in the York : Inch's Books, 1989, 84pp, illustrations, self governmen t to the Australian Capital Terri pursuit of broader social goals. The volume con £16.50 ($30), ISBN 0 9514 277 0 9. to ry in March 1989. Enquiries to Publications & cludes by extending the principle of grassroots BY Video Sales, NCPA, PO Box 373, Canberra, ACT, d emocracy to the workplace. f the foremost writers SIR LAWRENCE WEAVER 2601, Aus tralia. Lawrence Weaver was one o on Bri tish architecture a nd allied arts o f his time. As Architectural Editor of Country Life before the Exhibitions a nd the Arts of D isplay, 1925. Cover Acknowledgements to John Sheail, Cordon Great War he p opulari sed the works o f Lutyens, design by E McKnight Kauffer. 33 32 Planning I lis tory Vol 11 No 2 f' l3nnan~ H1 sto ry Vo l 11 No. 2 Planning llistory Group Planning Histo ry Group Planning History Group Planning History Group Accounts for 1987 Balance Sheet as at 31 December 1987 Treasurer's Report for 1987 Bu ll etin Reserve Fund 2,125.00 General Fund 3,161.86 1: In. comparison with 1986 the Group's Subscrip 255.00 tion mcome was marginally down in 1987. This Seminar Fund reflects a r educed number of Overseas subscrip £5,541 .86 tions. Receipts from the circulation of publishers' leafl ets and bank interest were both higher, al thou gh l ess was received from the sale of back is sues of the Bulletin. The increase in bank interest Represented by resulted from both the higher balances held dur ing the yea r and the transfer of our fu nds into a higher interest bearing deposit account during the year. An account was opened with the Chel General Fund Giro Account 15.84 tenham and Gloucester Building Society during General Fund Current Account 48.52 the year. General Fund Building Soc. Acct. 50.00 2. On the expenditure s ide the year was excep tional in that delays in printing and invoicing for Seminar Fund Current Account 3.54 Vol.IX of the Bulletin have meant that only mini Joint Fund Deposit Account 5,423.96 mum costs have actually been incurred in 1987. There is thus a rather large excess of receipts o ver £5,541 .86 payments to be carried forward to 1988. 3. There were no movements on the Seminar Ac counts during the year other than the addition of Receipts and Payments for the Year Ended 31 December 1987 interest to the Seminar Fund, the bulk of which is now held in the higher interest deposit account Receipts Payments mentioned above. 4. The G roup begins 1988 with a slightly lower Bulletin Production 150.00 General Fund balance (£3166-86 over against Subscriptions 1987 £3223-26) than for the s tart of 1987. This is be UK 1,028.00 Membership Mailing 50.57 cause considerable e xpenditure for Vol.IX of the Overseas 1,013.13 Ad ministration 182.88 Bulletin is anticipated fo r 1988, and £2125-00 has been set aside as a Bulletin Reserve Fund. If the Less refunds (43.97) Fund is exhausted by these payments 1987 will Subscriptions (other years) 42.91 have been an expensive one fo r the Group. Leaflet Distribution 173.99 5. Looking ahead it is hoped that 1988 income 5.00 Excess o f Receipts will be maintained at abou t the same level as pre Back Issue sales (Net) vious years and that the production costs of Voi.X Interest on Deposits 238.46 over Payments 2,074.07 of the Bulletin will be held at a generally lower level. £2,457.52 £2,457.52 6. I am very grateful to Mr E. Elms for agreeing to act as the Group's Honorary Auditor and for AUDIT REPORT having checked these accounts for 1987. Audited and found correct E.G. Elms: 27 March 1989 David Massey University of Liverpool 35 34 Planning History Group The Planning l l i ~ t ory Croup, inaugurated in 1974, i ~ an international body. Its members, drawn from rT1any cfic.,c i p lin e~, have a working in t cn~~ l in hi ~ t o r y, planning nnd the en vir on men I. Chairman Profc ~~o r C.F. hcrry Department of eography Univerc.,ity of Birmingham PO Bo'\ 363 Birminghnm Bl 5 2rl 02 1--t I~ !)1)37 J\.tlembership ~lember'>hlp of the group i-. open to all'' ho have an interl''>l 1T1 planning history. rhe annual ~ ub-. cription i-. [ 10 (currency equivalents avn ilable on rcque~t) . lcmberc.,h ip Se retnry: Dr Pa t . ar~ i dc Planning llistory ,roup Dcpartn1cnt of Civil Engineering Sa lford University The re~cen t Salford M 5 4WT 061-736 "iH-1 3 Profe!>sor ,ordon hcrrv i-, joint Editor with Profc ~c.,or Anthonv Su tcfiffe of an international JOurnal concerned with hi'>tory, planning and the en\'ironmcnt: Planning Perspectives. There i'> a I in!-. bet\\ een Planning History and Planning Perspective and members of the Planning Histor) .roup arc able to '>ubscribe to the latter JOurnal at \ 'Cl') fa\'ourable discount rates.