Diplomatinis Kaunas LT
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Memellander/Klaipėdiškiai Identity and German Lithuanian Relations
Identiteto raida. Istorija ir dabartis Vygantas Vareikis Memellander/Klaipėdiškiai Identity and German Lithuanian Relations in Lithuania Minor in the Nine teenth and Twentieth centuries Santrauka XXa. lietuviųistoriografijoje retai svarstytiKl.aipėdos krašto gyventojų(klaipėdiškių/memelende rių), turėjusių dvigubą, panašų į elzasiečių, identitetą klausimai. Paprastai šioji grnpėtapatinama su lietuviais, o klaipėdiškių identiteto reiškinys, jų politinė orientacijaXX a. pirmojepusėje aiškinami kaip aktyvios vokietinimo politikos bei lietuvių tautinės sąmonės silpnumo padariniai. Straipsnyje nagrinėjami klausimai: kaipPrūsijoje (Vokietijoje) gyvenęlietuviai, išlaikydamikalbą ir identiteto savarankiškumą, vykstant akultūracijai, perėmė vokiečių kultūros vertybes ir socialines konvencijas; kokie politiniai veiksniai formavo Prūsijos lietuvių identitetą ir kaip skirtingas Prūsijos (ir Klaipėdos krašto) lietuviškumas veikė Didžiosios Lietuvos lietuvių pažiūras. l. The history of Lithuania and Lithuania Living in a German state the Mažlietuvis was Minor began to follow divergent courses when, naturally prevailed upon to integrate into state during the Middle Ages, the Teutonic Knights political life and naturally became bilingual in conquered the tribes that dwelt on the eastern German and Lithuanian. Especially after the shores of the Baltic Sea. Lithuanians living in industrialisation and modernization of Prussia the lands governed by the Order and then by the Mažlietuvis was bilingual. This bilingualism the dukes of Prussia (after 1525) were -
HE LITTLE ENTENTE and ROMANIA from the PERSPECTIVE of T LITHUANIAN DIPLOMACY in the 1930S
Revista Română pentru Studii Baltice şi Nordice, Vol. 3, Issue 2 (2011): pp. 265-274 HE LITTLE ENTENTE AND ROMANIA FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF T LITHUANIAN DIPLOMACY IN THE 1930s Dalia Bukelevičiūtė Vilnius University, Faculty of History, E-mail: [email protected] This paper has been presented at the Second International Conference on Nordic and Baltic Studies in Romania: Black Sea and Baltic Sea Regions: Confluences, influences and crosscurrents in the modern and contemporary ages hosted by the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies, Târgoviste, May 20-22, 2011 and is prepared as part of postdoctoral fellowship research funded by European Union Structural Funds project entitled ”Postdoctoral Fellowship Implementation in Lithuania”. Abstract: The first diplomatic contacts between Lithuanian and Romanian representatives started in the aftermath of World War I when Lithuania was looking for the protection of her inhabitants who were still refugees in Russia. As Russia became entrenched with Bolshevism and Civil War, the Lithuanian citizens were evacuated through Romanian territory from South Ukraine and Crimea. Lithuania and Czechoslovakia established diplomatic relations in December 1919 and eventually an attempt was made to set up ties also with Romania. As a member of the Little Entente and an ally of Poland, Romania attracted the attention of the Lithuanian government. Romania recognized Lithuania de jure on August 21, 1924 and Dovas Zaunius was appointed as the first Lithuanian envoy to Bucharest. Nevertheless, during the next decade no political or diplomatic contacts between Lithuania and Romania were recorded. With the growing influence of Germany, the Soviet Union and the Little Entente on the international arena, Edvardas Turauskas was appointed on August 27, 1935 as envoy to Romania residing in Prague and later in the year Romania accredited Constantin Vallimarescu for the position of envoy to Lithuania residing in Riga. -
V«Sture: Avoti Un Cilv«Ki
DAUGAVPILS UNIVERSIT¬TE DAUGAVPILS UNIVERSITY Humanit‚r‚s fakult‚tes XXII starptautisko zin‚tnisko lasÓjumu materi‚li. VÁsture XVI V«STURE: AVOTI UN CILV«KI Proceedings of the 22nd International Scientific Readings of the Faculty of Humanities. History XVI DAUGAVPILS UNIVERSIT¬TES AKAD«MISKAIS APG¬DS ìSAULEî ~ 2013 ~ Saleniece I., atb. red. VÁsture: avoti un cilvÁki. XXII zin‚tniskie lasÓjumi. VÁsture XVI. Daugavpils: Daugavpils Universit‚tes AkadÁmiskais apg‚ds ìSauleî, 2013. 380 lpp. RedkolÁÏija / Editorial Board IrÁna Saleniece (Daugavpils Universit‚te, Latvija) ñ atbildÓg‚ redaktore Sandra GrigaraviËi˚tÎ (Lietuvas EdukoloÏijas universit‚te, ViÔÚa) Bernd Ulrich Hucker (Fehtas Universit‚te, V‚cija) Aleksandrs Ivanovs (Daugavpils Universit‚te, Latvija) «riks JÁkabsons (Latvijas Universit‚te, Latvija) Tatjana KuzÚecova (Daugavpils Universit‚te, Latvija) Ineta Lipa (Latvijas Universit‚te, Latvija) Olaf Mertelsmann (Tartu Universit‚te, Igaunija) Ilgvars Mis‚ns (Latvijas Universit‚te, Latvija) VaÔerij NikuÔin (I. Kanta Krievijas Valsts Universit‚te, KaÔiÚingrada) Dmitrijs OÔehnoviËs (Daugavpils Universit‚te, Latvija) Henrihs Soms (Daugavpils Universit‚te, Latvija) Geoffrey Swain (Gl‚zgovas Universit‚te, Apvienot‚ Karaliste) Vit‚lijs –alda (Daugavpils Universit‚te, Latvija) Juris Urt‚ns (Latvijas Kult˚ras akadÁmija, Latvija) Visi raksti ir zin‚tniski recenzÁti. Korektori: IrÁne ElksnisGeisler, Irita Sauk‚ne, GaÔina Sirica, Inguna Teil‚ne Tehnisk‚s redaktores: Liene Leitiete, Vita –totaka MaketÁt‚ja: Marina StoËka ISSN 16919297 © Daugavpils Universit‚te, 2013 2012. gada janv‚rÓ notika 22. Daugavpils Universit‚tes Humanit‚r‚s fakult‚tes Zin‚tniskie lasÓjumi, kuru laik‚ vÁsturnieku diskusiju krustpunkt‚ bija tÁma Avoti un cilvÁki. VÁsturnieku darba grup‚ ir izveidoju‚s noteiktas tradÓcijas ñ pieeju daudzveidÓba, uzskatu plur‚lisms un iecietÓba pret atÌi rÓgiem viedokÔiem. -
The Soviet Union, Lithuania and the Establishment of the Baltic Entente *
FROM THE PAST The Soviet Union, Lithuania and the Establishment of the Baltic Entente * Magnus Ilmjärv The problem concerning the attitude of the Soviet Government towards the establishment of the Baltic Entente, i.e. the agreement of mutual assistance concluded between Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, in Geneva on September 12, 1934, has so far been dealt with slightly. There is not much known about the reasons that forced Lithuania to change its earlier negative attitude towards Baltic cooperation. In this respect, the lack of knowledge can be explained by the inaccessibility of Eastern archives, especially the Archive of the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The official Soviet interpretation, cited in the history books, was that in 1934, the Soviet Government approved of cooperation between the Baltic States because the Baltic Entente was looked upon as a possibility to strengthen the independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and to prevent German expansion in the Baltics. The real reasons and Soviet intentions were not mentioned. The objectives of this article are to explain Soviet policy toward the Baltic States in 1933-1934, during the period when major political changes took place in Europe. These changes include the coming to power of the Nazis in Germany, the conclusion of a non- aggression pact between Poland and Germany and the end of the Rapallo policy; to answer the question why the Soviet Union began to support Baltic cooperation that it had so far opposed. Another question regarding Baltic cooperation is whether cooperation was seriously looked upon by the three states as a means of safeguarding their independence, or, was it simply a move by the three authoritarian regimes to mislead public opinion. -
Postmaster: PLEASE SEND Entire Magazine and Form 3579 to UNP, C/O Blanton Clement, Jr., P.O
38 - 2 Postmaster: PLEASE SEND entire magazine and Form 3579 to UNP, c/o Blanton Clement, Jr., P.O. Box 146, Morrisville, PA 19067 _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Moving? To change your address, cut the wrapper on the line above and send this form with the old address label to Blanton Clement, Jr., P. O. Box 146, Morrisville, PA 19067 Name________________________________________ Address______________________________________ City, State, ZIP_________________________________ 21 9 Volume 38 3 8 - Number 2 2 February 2014 Whole Number 219 21 9 UN NEW YORK: 2014 – GREETINGS The Journal of United Nations Philatelists Affiliate #71 of the American Philatelic Society A unit of the American Topical Association Editor: Richard Powers Production Manager: Greg Galletti www.unpi.com Correspondence regarding editorial content Table of Contents April 2014 should be sent to the Editor: Richard Powers, Message from the Editor…………..……….…..1 2445 East Del Mar Boulevard #422, Pasadena, 2013 United Nations Stamp Numbers......……..2 CA 91107-4871. 2014 United Nations Stamp Program .....………3 Happiness………………………………………4 Changes of address should go to the UNP Secre- Philatelically Yours: 2012-2013, R. Powers……6 tary: Blanton Clement, Jr., P. O. Box 146, Mor- UN Development of Gold Deposits in the Tipuani risville, PA 19067. Area near La Paz, Bolivia, R. Powers………….8 IRC’s Used at UN Conferences and its Interna- Inquiries concerning replacement copies of recent tional Agencies: Addendum, B. Clement, Jr….11 issues which failed to arrive in the mail or back 1948 Security Council Truce Commission in Je- issues from December 2011 on, should go to the rusalem, R. Powers……………………………12 Secretary, B. Clement, P.O. -
About Some Dissertations Devoted to the Lithuanian National Movement Defended at Foreign Educational Institutions 1
LITHUANIAN HISTORICAL STUDIES 17 2012 ISSN 1392-2343 PP. 167–185 REVIEW ESSAYS ABOUT SOME DISSERTATIONS DEVOTED TO THE LITHUANIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT DEFENDED AT FOREIGN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 1 Darius Staliūnas Over the recent decades in Western Europe and the United States, more than one doctoral dissertation connected in one way or another with the subject of Lithuanian nationalism (the National Movement) has been defended 2. Some of these studies are important not only to foreign researchers who do not know the Lithuanian language, but also to Lithuanian scholars. Some of these theses are serious academic studies, it is true, on fairly narrow topics. 3 Perhaps the strongest work was produced and defended at Brandeis University 4, by Nerijus Udrėnas, who analysed how the modern Lithuanian identity is emerging and changing 5. It is based on the premise 1 This article was printed in the Lithuanian language in: Archivum Lithuanicum 14 (2012), pp. 373–392. 2 N. Ūdrėnas, Book, Bread, Cross, and Whip: the Construction of Lithuanian Identity in Imperial Russia, Unpubl. Doctoral Dissertation (Brandeis University, 2000); V. Krapauskas, Nationalism and Historiography: The Case of Nineeteenth- Century Lithuanian Historicism (Boulder, co.: 2000); L. Eriksonas, National He- roes and National Identities: Scotland, Norway and Lithuania (Brussels, 2004); A. Janužytė, Historians as Nation State-Builders: the Formation of Lithuanian University 1904–1922, academic dissertation, series: Studies in European Societies and Politics: Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellence (Tampere, 2005) <http:// acta.uta.fi/pdf/951-44-6313-7.pdf> [viewed on 19 June 2012]; C.J. Nikolajew, Zum Zusammenhang zwischen nationaler Identitätsbildung und Katholischer Kirche in Litauen in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. -
COMPLETE DRAFT Copy Copy
Peace and Security beyond Military Power: The League of Nations and the Polish-Lithuanian Dispute (1920-1923) Chiara Tessaris Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Chiara Tessaris All rights reserved ABSTRACT Peace and Security beyond Military Power: The League of Nations and the Polish- Lithuanian Dispute Chiara Tessaris Based on the case study of the mediation of the Polish-Lithuanian dispute from 1920 to 1923, this dissertation explores the League of Nations’ emergence as an agency of modern territorial and ethnic conflict resolution. It argues that in many respects, this organization departed from prewar traditional diplomacy to establish a new, broader concept of security. At first the league tried simply to contain the Polish-Lithuanian conflict by appointing a Military Commission to assist these nations in fixing a final border. But the occupation of Vilna by Polish troops in October 1920 exacerbated Polish-Lithuanian relations, turning the initial border dispute into an ideological conflict over the ethnically mixed region of Vilna, claimed by the Poles on ethnic grounds while the Lithuanians considered it the historical capital of the modern Lithuanian state. The occupation spurred the league to greater involvement via administration of a plebiscite to decide the fate of the disputed territories. When this strategy failed, Geneva resorted to negotiating the so-called Hymans Plan, which aimed to create a Lithuanian federal state and establish political and economic cooperation between Poland and Lithuania. This analysis of the league’s mediation of this dispute walks the reader through the league’s organization of the first international peacekeeping operation, its handling of the challenges of open diplomacy, and its efforts to fulfill its ambitious mandate not just to prevent war but also to uproot its socioeconomic and ethnic causes. -
Lietuvos Ir Lenkijos Santykiai Autoritarizmo Sąlygomis
Acta humanitarica universitatis Saulensis. T. 7 (2008). 96−103. ISSN 1822-7309 Lietuvos ir Lenkijos santykiai autoritarizmo sąlygomis Arūnas GUMULIAUSKAS Šiaulių universitetas Pagrindiniai žodžiai: autoritarizmas, sanacija, Juzefas Pilsudskis, Antanas Smetona, Augustinas Voldemaras, Juzefas Beckas, Stasys Lozoraitis, atšilimo gali- mybės laikotarpis, Tadeušas Katelbachas, Valentinas Gustainis, Dovas Zaunius. Pirmosios Lietuvos Respublikos užsienio politika lietuvių istoriografijoje aiš- kiai skirstoma į du pagrindinius laikotarpius. Pirmasis tęsėsi nuo valstybės atkūri- mo iki 1926 m. gruodžio 17 d. perversmo, o antrasis – ligi sovietinės okupacijos. Tokios chronologinės ribos figūruoja beveik visų istorikų darbuose. Tiesa, pasitai- ko ir nežymių korekcijų. Antai Vytautas Žalys monografijoje pasirinko chronologi- nių ribų pradžia 1925 metus, bet tik dėl to, kad, anot autoriaus, „studija papildyta įvadu, skirtu lietuvių diplomatijai 1926 m. gruodžio 17 d. perversmo išvakarėse“ (Žalys 2007, 14). Autoritarinio režimo laikotarpio užsienio politika taip pat lie- tuvių istoriografijoje bandoma suskirstyti į atskirus etapus. Jau minėtas V. Žalys užsienio reikalų ministro Stasio Lozoraičio asmenyje įžvelgė „Naujojo kurso“ pradžią (LD 1999, 36–37). Pastaruoju metu lietuvių istoriografijoje atsirado nau- jas Lietuvos ir Lenkijos santykių tarpukariu etapas – atšilimo galimybės laikotar- pis (Gumuliauskas 2006; Gumuliauskas 2008a; Gumuliauskas 2008b). Be to, išplėstos Vilniaus klausimo chronologinės ribos nuo 1920 m. spalio 8 d. Suvalkų sutarties sulaužymo -
Leidykla „Edukologija 9
LITHUANIAN historical STUDIES 17 2012 ISSN 1392-2343 PP. 239–242 Vytautas Žalys, Lietuvos diplomatijos istorija 1925–1940 metais, II tomas, pirmoji dalis, Vilnius: leidykla „Edukologija“, 2012, 380 p. ISBN 978- 9955-20-801-3 Idem, Lietuvos diplomatijos istorija 1925–1940 metais, II tomas, antroji dalis, Vilnius: leidykla „Edukologija“, 2012, 376 p. ISBN 978-9955-20-802-0 To write a review of only part of a single-‘volume’ treatise, even if consis- ting of two separate books, at first glance, is not quite a usual endeavour. However, the thematic structure of the study by Vytautas Žalys (separate volumes devoted to research on separate issues) seems to allow one to undertake such a task. All the more so, as the author himself has noted more than once that it is not clear when the other parts of the work will be published. Two parts (and a third part is planned) of Volume II of the book ‘A History of Lithuania Diplomacy, 1925–1940’ which appeared in 2012 are the continuation of a work of which the first volume was released in 2007. The topics of both parts of Volume II are different to those of Volume I, because basically, at its epicentre are only Lithuanian-German relations in 1928–1931, with the Klaipėda region (the territory around Memel) being the main problem in these relations. The author of the treatise has since 1993 been in the diplomatic service of the Republic of Lithuania, and was appointed Lithuanian ambassador to Canada in 2012. Here he shows that he is a gifted historian with great experience in completing long-term works. -
La Concurrence Géopolitique Dans L'espace Baltique De L'entre-Deux-Guerres (1919-1940)
Université Bordeaux Montaigne Master de recherche en Histoire moderne et contemporaine Parcours géopolitique et relations internationales du XVIe siècle au XXIe siècle Mémoire de recherche de master 2 _____ La concurrence géopolitique dans l’espace baltique de l’Entre-deux-guerres (1919-1940) ____ Luc Mora Sous la direction de monsieur le Professeur Philippe Chassaigne Soutenu le 04.05.2021 2 Je tiens à remercier mon directeur de recherche monsieur Philippe Chassaigne, qui m’a suggéré de m’intéresser à la Baltique et a répondu aux interrogations qui ont rythmé mes recherches. 3 Avant-propos La région baltique ayant un passé très multiculturel, beaucoup de noms de villes et autres toponymes se déclinent dans différentes langues. Pour des raisons de neutralité, nous avons fait le choix d’employer le plus souvent les noms en usage actuel dans notre développement, bien que nous laissions apparaître leurs variantes linguistiques et orthographiques dans le cadre des citations. Nous conservons cependant l’usage des noms d’époque lorsque leurs équivalents contemporains nous paraissent trop anachroniques. Nous ferons donc référence à Vilna et Königsberg plutôt qu’à Vilnius et Kaliningrad. Concernant les noms de personnes, nous privilégions l’orthographe de leur langue d’origine, sauf lorsque l’usage prévoit un équivalent traduit en français. Quant aux noms russes, nous avons opté pour une translittération phonétique. 4 Introduction générale ______________________________ Au mois de juin 1940, alors que l’attention internationale est rivée sur les fulgurants progrès de la campagne de France, l’URSS envoie un ultimatum aux États baltes. Ces derniers sont accusés de conspiration, et de trahison de leur alliance soviétique signée moins d’un an auparavant1. -
Dangiras Mačiulis and Darius Staliūnas
STUDIEN zur Ostmitteleuropaforschung 32 Dangiras Mačiulis and Darius Staliūnas Lithuanian Nationalism and the Vilnius Question, 1883-1940 Dangiras Mačiulis and Darius Staliūnas, Lithuanian Nationalism and the Vilnius Question, 1883-1940 STUDIEN ZUR OSTMITTELEUROPAFORSCHUNG Herausgegeben vom Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung – Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft 32 Dangiras Mačiulis and Darius Staliūnas Lithuanian Nationalism and the Vilnius Question, 1883-1940 VERLAG HERDER-INSTITUT · MARBURG · 2015 Bibliografi sche Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografi e; detaillierte bibliografi sche Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar Diese Publikation wurde einem anonymisierten Peer-Review-Verfahren unterzogen. This publication has undergone the process of anonymous, international peer review. © 2015 by Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung – Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, 35037 Marburg, Gisonenweg 5-7 Printed in Germany Alle Rechte vorbehalten Satz: Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung – Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, 35037 Marburg Druck: KN Digital Printforce GmbH, Ferdinand-Jühlke-Straße 7, 99095 Erfurt Umschlagbilder: links: Cover of the journal „Trimitas“ (Trumpet) of the Riflemen’s Union of Lithuania. Trimitas, 1930, no. 41 rechts: The fi rst watch of Lithuanian soldiers at the tower of Gediminas Castle. 10 28 1939. LNM ISBN 978-3-87969-401-3 Contents Introduction -
Diplomatinis Kaunas EN
IT’S AROUND KAUNAS K. Petrausko g. 13 KAUNASTIC WITH A DIPLOMAT Žalioji g. anorių pr Aušros g. Lelijų g. Sav Tulpių g. Žemaičių g. os g. 9 10 8 12 Vydūno al. Jonav evičiaus g. 33 V. Putvinskio g. 11 V. Putvinskio g. 18 A. Mack 14 15 o al. auk K Radastų g. Benediktinių g. anorių pr 5 Maironio g. Sav evičiaus g. K. Donelaičio g. A. Mack Gedimono g. žeškienės g. A. Jakšto g. 7 E. O P 4 apilio g. 3 24 alančiaus g. 23 A. Mapų g. umelių g. K 1 M. V 2 Laisvės al. 6 21 S. Daukanto g. Parodos g. ilniaus g. V A. Mickevičiaus g. M. Daukšos g. 30 28 25 J. Gruodžio g. Laisvės al. Nemuno Rotušės a. Perkūno al. g. D. P 22 ošk Maironio g. 19 Santak os g. os g. Kęstučio g. Birštono g. 29 Nemuno g. Kęstučio g. Kęstučio g. Muitinės g. Kurpių g. 16 27 . Daugirdo g. T 26 31 anto g. 17 Aleksoto g. Karaliaus Mindaugo pr. I. K . Druskininkų g. Karaliaus Mindaugo pr K HI! araliaus Mindaugo pr K. Būgos g. A. Mickevičiaus g. Miško g. 34 For just over twenty years during the interwar period, Kaunas served as the capital of Lithuania. A time of im- . mense development when thousands of new buildings were ytauto pr Gedimino g. 32 erected, many new businesses started, and important V higher education and state institutions established. Kaunas 20 Vaižganto g. became a fast-paced and vibrant city, with large numbers E. Fryko g. of Lithuanians returning from major cities across Europe, as well as a wide range of dierent foreign nationalities K Trakų g.