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Minority Sexuality in the City MINORITY SEXUALITY IN THE CITY: THE FEMALE ETHNO-RACIAL IMMIGRANT/REFUGEE EXPERIENCE WITHIN CANADIAN CULTURE by Priya Sharma A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF SOCIAL WORK Department of Social Work University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2011 by Priya Sharma Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-84656-8 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-84656-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to acknowledge my parents. From an early age they gave me whatever information and knowledge they had, planting seeds from an early age and giving me the ability to continue examining some of the ideas on which this thesis is based. Mom, you taught me how to advocate for myself and others. Dad, you taught me to love unconditionally, to be compassionate and to always do the right thing. Thank you to both of you for making my brother and me watch the movie “Gandhi” countless times. It is because of my parents that I believe in social justice and without them this thesis would not have been possible. I also wish to extend my gratitude to my extended family: My Buas and Masseys (aunts) – I will never forget your stories and you will live on in my work. I give thanks to all the males with whom I have had relationships in my life – for always wishing me success, allowing dialogue and encouraging me to discuss these very sensitive issues. I would also like to thank my friends - The Quattro Gelato (T, Ro & Nat), whom I hold very dear to my heart. You have been a constant sounding board throughout the years, where we have sorted out much of these issues together. Their love has given me an indescribable sense of belonging and acceptance, which have meant the world, particularly as an adolescent. A special shout-out goes to Neneth. Thank you for being a true friend and my pillar of strength. Here’s to my inspirational role models - the dynamic duo: Lainie and Glen. Without you both I wouldn’t have believed in myself enough to begin and I sure wouldn’t have believed I could finish! I would like to give a huge thank you to my committee for their support, well wishes and encouragement. Last, but not least, I am most indebted to the research participants, who had to recall and tell some very personal and not very pleasant experiences. I recognize that this was not very easy to do since no words in the English language depict or give justice to some of their stories. Thankfully, due to their efforts and research such as this, the English language will continue to evolve to become more inclusive. Their reflections on their experiences are a real testament to the character of each participant since it took enormous effort and strength to verbalize their complex realities. My most sincere gratitude goes out to the participants in this research you are all true sister-friends who have taught me much and it is my honor to share your stories academically through this thesis. 3 ABSTRACT The purpose of this qualitative interpretive analysis was to increase the knowledge base on an under-researched topic and population. The study population was comprised of first- and second-generation Canadian, visible-minority, immigrant/refugee women. Nine women of different visible-minority, ethno-racial backgrounds participated in the study. The interviews were in-depth and conducted one on one. The women reflected on how they created their sexuality as youth into adulthood, based on their experiences of Canadian culture as well as their particular culture of origin. The ingenuity they demonstrated in their successful integration into Canadian society as well as in their current status as adult women and mothers will be explored in the study findings. The recommendations these women offered the next generation, with a hope for a better future for all Canadians, will also be discussed. 4 Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction Page 5 Chapter Two: Literature Review Page 14 Chapter Three: Methods Page 45 Chapter Four: Findings Page 63 Chapter Five: Discussion Page 103 Chapter Six: Implications for Social Work Policy and Practice Page 126 Chapter Seven: Conclusion Page 134 References Page 143 Appendices Appendix A Page 147 Appendix B Page 148 Appendix C Page 149 Appendix D Page 152 Appendix E Page 155 Appendix F Page 157 Appendix G Page 161 Appendix H Page 162 5 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION The Problem and Personal Significance of the Study I am researching this study because throughout my life as a second-generation Canadian racialized female I have watched many girls and women from my first and second-generation Canadian community deal with issues and conflicts regarding the integration of their sexuality. As early as elementary school I would often find myself put into situations by teachers in which I was designated the ambassador to help welcome newcomer children at school. Often these newcomer students looked to me for support regarding values around sexuality and integration. As a peer supporter, I helped them feel more welcome by drawing upon my own experiences with integration as well as the ways I had seen my parents integrate their values into Canadian life. Conflicts around sexuality often happened on an everyday basis and there was no one to understand such inquiries. I did not know it then, but due to these experiences my long-term interest in and commitment to helping racialized women with their sexuality was already developing. I wanted them to have socially just lives in which they could make safe and empowered choices regarding their sexuality. As a result of these very early experiences and, furthermore, thanks to the freedoms and options made available by a university curriculum, I decided to explore these ideas in depth. However, more and more I started realizing that only very limited academic research had been conducted on issues of sexuality with this significant group of Canadian society. At the same time I also found myself working for the Immigrant Women’s Association of Manitoba (IWAM), 6 coordinating a program called Challenges and Choices, where first and second-generation Canadian immigrant youth went out into the community to talk about what it was like to grow up bi-culturally. My work with immigrant youth led me to coordinate a research program that was being implemented at the Sexuality Education Research Centre (SERC), where ethno-racial minority or racialized youth were being engaged in community-based research on intergenerational communication, family relationships and sexuality. It was evident through the feedback of that research project that there were concerns about the choices immigrant youth made, such as the entrenched lying they utilized to help survive their bi-culturality. Service providers and the mainstream community often thought that this type of behaviour would be detrimental to future life choices and the quality of their relationships. These concerns motivated my individual research questions. I decided to ask women to retrospectively look back on the choices of their youth and talk about the later consequences, while also making recommendations, since some participants were mothers and in some cases were living in multi-ethnic and multi-religious families. These recommendations would be pertinent not only to new waves of immigrants coming to Canada but also for third-generation racialized Canadians. 7 Research Questions There are four main research questions that this study aims to explore and answer. They are listed below: • How do immigrant women’s cultures of origin influence their sexuality after spending their youth in Canada? • How do immigrant women’s cultures of origin affect their long-term, continual process of integration into Canadian society? • What societal factors support or do not support immigrant women around issues of sexuality? • How can school educators and service providers help support immigrant girls and women around issues of sexuality? Methodological Framework To best answer these research questions the methodological framework used for this study was grounded in Phenomenology as well as Intersectionality Theory.
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