Alphabetical List of Entries

accent confessional poetry heroic couplet accentual- syllabic verse consonance heroic verse accentual verse convention hexameter air couplet hiatus alba cross rhyme homoeoteleuton alexandrine dactyl hymn alliteration decasyllable hyperbaton ambiguity decorum hyperbole anacoluthon deixis hypotaxis and parataxis anacreontic demotion iambic anadiplosis devotional poetry idyll analogy. See METAPHOR; dialogue image SIMILE; SYMBOL diction imagery anapest dimeter indeterminacy anaphora dozens In Memoriam stanza antistrophe dramatic monologue. See internal rhyme antithesis MONOLOGUE invective antonomasia dramatic poetry irony aporia dream vision isocolon and parison apostrophe eclogue kenning assonance ekphrasis lament asyndeton elegiac distich leonine rhyme, verse audience. See PERFORMANCE elegiac stanza letter, verse. See VERSE EPISTLE ballad elegy limerick ballad meter, hymn meter elision line beat ellipsis litotes Biblical poetry. See HYMN; encomium love poetry PSALM English prosody lyric blank verse enjambment lyric sequence blason envoi madrigal blues epic masculine and feminine broken rhyme epigram metaphor burlesque. See PARODY epitaph meter caesura epithalamium metonymy canon epithet mimesis carpe diem epode mock epic, mock heroic catachresis euphony monologue catalexis eye rhyme narrative poetry catalog fabliau narrator. See PERSONA; VOICE chain rhyme foot (modern) near rhyme chiasmus form nonsense verse Christabel meter fourteener octave closure free verse octosyllable colon genre ode complaint georgic onomatopoeia composition. See POET; haiku, western ottava rima VERSIFICATION hemistich palinode composition by field hendecasyllable panegyric conceit hendiadys paradox concrete poetry heptameter paralipsis

xi xii Alphabetical List of Entries parallelism rich rhyme synaesthesia parody riddle syncope paronomasia rime riche. See RHYME; RICH synecdoche pastoral RHYME syntax, poetic pathetic fallacy rondeau tercet pattern poetry. See CONCRETE sapphic terza rima POETRY; VISUAL POETRY satire tetrameter pentameter scansion tone performance scheme trimeter periphrasis septet trochaic persona sestet trope personification sestina ut pictura poesis poem signifying variable foot poet simile verisimilitude. See MIMESIS poetics, Western Skeltonic verse drama. See DRAMATIC poetry slang. See DICTION POETRY poiēsis song verse epistle point of view. See PERSONA; sonnet verse novel. See NARRATIVE VOICE sonnet sequence POETRY polyptoton sound verse paragraph polysyndeton sound poetry verse systems. See METER prose poem speaker. See PERSONA; VOICE versification prosody Spenserian stanza vers libre prosopopoeia split lines villanelle proverb spoken word. See virelai psalm PERFORMANCE visual arts and poetry. See pun. See PARONOMASIA spondee CONCRETE POETRY; pyrrhic sprung rhythm EKPHRASIS; UT PICTURA quantity stanza POESIS; VISUAL POETRY quatrain stichomythia visual poetry refrain strophe visual rhyme. See EYE RYHME repetition style voice rhyme sublime volta rhyme royal syllabic verse zeugma rhyme scheme symbol rhythm synaeresis Bibliographical Abbreviations

Abrams M. H. Abrams, The Mirror and the Lamp: CBFL A Critical Bibliography of French Literature, Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition, 1953 gen. ed. D. C. Cabeen and R. A. Brooks, 6 v., AION-SL Annali dell’Istituto Universitario Orientale 1947–1994 di Napoli: sezione filologico-letteraria CE College English AJP American Journal of Philology Chambers F. M. Chambers, An Introduction to AJS American Journal of Semiotics Old Provençal Versification, 1985 AL American Literature Chatman S. Chatman, A Theory of Meter, 1965 Allen W. S. Allen, Accent and Rhythm, 1973 CHCL Cambridge History of Classical Literature, Analecta hymnica Analecta hymnica medii aevi, v. 1, Greek Literature, ed. P. E. Easterling and ed. G. M. Dreves, C. Blume, and H. M. Bannis- B.M.W. Knox, 1985; v. 2, Latin Literature, ed. ter, 55 v., 1886–1922 E. J. Kenney and W. V. Clausen, 1982 Attridge, Poetic Rhythm D. Attridge, Poetic CHEL Cambridge History of English Literature, ed. Rhythm: An Introduction, 1995 A. W. Ward and A. R. Waller, 14 v., 1907–16 Attridge, Rhythms D. Attridge, The Rhythms of CHLC Cambridge History of Literary Criticism, 9 v., English Poetry, 1982 1989–2005 Auerbach E. Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representa- Chomsky and Halle N. Chomsky and M. Halle, tion of Reality in Western Literature, trans. W. R. The Sound Pattern of English, 1968 Trask, 1953 CJ Classical Journal CL Comparative Literature Beare W. Beare, Latin Verse and European Song, CML Classical and Modern Literature 1957 Corbett E.P.J. Corbett, Classical Rhetoric for the Bec P. Bec, La Lyrique Française au moyen âge Modern Student, 3d ed., 1990 (XIIe–XIIIe siècles): Contribution à une typologie CP Classical Philology des genres poétiques médiévaux, 2 v., 1977–78 CQ Classical Quarterly Benjamin W. Benjamin, “The Work of Art in the Crane Critics and Criticism, Ancient and Modern, Age of Mechanical Reproduction,” Illuminations, ed. R. S. Crane, 1952 trans. H. Zohn, 1968 CritI Critical Inquiry BGDSL (H) Beiträge zur Geschichte de deutschen Crusius F. Crusius, Römische Metrik: ein Einfüh- Sprache und Literatur (Halle) rung, 8th ed., rev. H. Rubenbauer, 1967 BGDSL (T) Beiträge zur Geschichte de deutschen Culler J. Culler, Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Sprache und Literatur (Tübingen) Linguistics, and the Study of Literature, 1975 BHS Bulletin of Hispanic Studies Cureton R. D. Cureton, Rhythmic Phrasing in BJA British Journal of Aesthetics English Verse, 1992 Bowra C. M. Bowra, Greek Lyric Poetry from Alc- Curtius E. Curtius, European Literature and the man to Simon ides, 2d ed., 1961 Latin Middle Ages, trans. W. R. Trask, 1953 Bridges R. Bridges, Milton’s Prosody, rev. ed., 1921 CW Classical World Brogan T.V.F. Brogan, English Versification, 1570– 1980: A Reference Guide with a Global DAI Dissertation Abstracts International Appendix, 1981 Dale A. M. Dale, The Lyric Meters of Greek Drama, Brooks C. Brooks, The Well Wrought Urn, 1947 2d ed., 1968 Brooks and Warren C. Brooks and R. P. Warren, DDJ Deutsches Dante-Jahrbuch Understanding Poetry, 3d ed., 1960 de Man P. de Man, Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism, 2d ed., 1983 Carper and Attridge T. Carper and D. Attridge, Derrida J. Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. Meter and Meaning: An Introduction to Rhythm, G. C. Spivak, 2d ed., 1998 2003 DHI Dictionary of the History of Ideas, ed. CBEL Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, P. P. Weiner, 6 v., 1968–74 ed. F. W. Bateson, 4 v., 1940; v. 5, Supplement, Dronke P. Dronke, Medieval Latin and the Rise of ed. G. Watson, 1957 European Love Lyric, 2d ed., 2 v., 1968

xiii xiv Bibliographical Abbreviations

Duffell M. J. Duffell, A New History of English Hollier A New History of French Literature, ed. Metre, 2008 D. Hollier, 1989 HQ Hopkins Quarterly E&S Essays and Studies of the English Association HR Hispanic Review ELH ELH (formerly English Literary History) HudR Hudson Review Eliot, Essays T. S. Eliot, Selected Essays, rev. ed., 1950 ICPhS International Congress of Phonetic Sciences Elwert W. T. Elwert, Französische Metrik, 4th ed., (journal) 1978 IJCT International Journal of Classical Tradition Elwert, Italienische W. T. Elwert, Italienische Metrik, 2d ed., 1984 JAAC Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism Empson W. Empson, Seven Types of Ambiguity, 3d JAC JAC: A Journal of Rhetoric, Culture, and Politics ed., 1953 JAF Journal of American Folklore ENLL English Language and Linguistics Jakobson R. Jakobson, Selected Writings, 8 v., 1962–88 Fabb et al. N. Fabb, D. Atridge, A. Durant, and Jakobson and Halle R. Jakobson and M. Halle, C. MacCabe, The Linguistics of Writing, 1987 Fundamentals of Language, 1956 Faral E. Faral, Les arts poétique du XIIe et du XIIIe JAOS Journal of American Oriental Society siècles, 1924 Jarman and Hughes A Guide to Welsh Literature, Finch and Varnes An Exaltation of Forms: Con- ed. A.O.H. Jarman and G. R. Hughes, 2 v., temporary Poets Celebrate the Diversity of Their 1976–79 Art, ed. A. Finch and K. Varnes, 2002 Jeanroy A. Jeanroy, La Poésie lyrique des Trouba- Fish S. Fish, Is There a Text in This Class? The dours, 2 v., 1934 Authority of Interpretive Communities, 1980 Jeanroy, Origines A. Jeanroy, Les origines de la Fisher The Medieval Literature of Western Europe: A poésie lyrique en France au moyen âge, 4th ed., 1965 Review of Research, Mainly 1930–1960, ed. JEGP Journal of English and Germanic Philology J. H. Fisher, 1965 JFLS Journal of French Language Studies FMLS Forum for Modern Language Studies JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies Fontanier P. Fontanier, Les figures du discourse, 1977 JL Journal of Linguistics Fowler A. Fowler, Kinds of Literature: An Introduc- Jour. P. Society Journal of Polynesian Society tion to the Theory of Genres and Modes, 1982 JPhon Journal of Phonetics Frye N. Frye, Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays, 1957 Kastner L. E. Kastner, A History of French Versi- FS French Studies fication, 1903 Keil Grammatici Latini, ed. H. Keil, 7 v., 1855–80; Gasparov M. L. Gasparov, Sovremennyj russkij v. 8, Anecdota helvitica: Supplementum, ed. stix: Metrika i ritmika, 1974 H. Hagen, 1870 Gasparov, History M. L. Gasparov, A History of Koster W.J.W. Koster, Traité de métrique greque European Versification, trans. G. S. Smith and suivi d’un précis de métrique latine, 5th ed., 1966 M. Tarlinskaja, 1996 KSMB Keats-Shelley Journal GRLMA Grundriss der romanischen Literaturen des KR Kenyon Review Mittelalters, ed. H. R. Jauss and E. Köhler, 11 v., 1968– L&S Language and Speech Group µ Group µ (J. Dubois, F. Edeline, J.-M. Lang Language Klinkenberg, P. Minguet, F. Pire, H. Trinon), Lang&S Language and Style A General Rhetoric, trans. P. B. Burrell and Lanham R. A. Lanham, A Handlist of Rhetorical E. M. Slotkin, 1981 Terms, 2d ed., 1991 Lausberg H. Lausberg, Handbook of Literary Halporn et al. J. W. Halporn, M. Ostwald, and Rhetoric: A Foundation for Literary Study, trans. T. G. Rosenmeyer, The Meters of Greek and Latin M. T. Bliss, A. Jansen, and D. E. Orton, 1998 Poetry, 2d ed., 1980 Le Gentil P. Le Gentil, La Poésie lyrique espagnole Hardie W. R. Hardie, Res Metrica, 1920 et portugaise à la fin du moyen âge, 2 v., HJAS Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 1949–53 Hollander J. Hollander, Vision and Resonance: Lewis C. S. Lewis, The Allegory of Love, 1936 Two Senses of Poetic Form, 2d ed., 1985 LingI Linguistic Inquiry Bibliographical Abbreviations xv

Lord A. B. Lord, The Singer of Tales, 2d ed., 2000 NM Neuphilologische Mitteilungen (Bulletin of the Lote G. Lote, Histoire du vers française, 9 v., 1940 Modern Language Society) Norberg D. Norberg, Introduction a l’étude de la M&H Medievalia et Humanistica: Studies in Medi- versification latine médiévale, 1958 eval and Renaissance Culture Norden E. Norden, Die antike Kunstprosa, 9th ed., Maas P. Maas, Greek Metre, trans. H. Lloyd-Jones, 2 v., 1983 3d ed., 1962 Manitius M. Manitius, Geschichte der lateinischen OED Oxford English Dictionary Literatur des Mittelalters, 3 v., 1905–36 OL Orbis Litterarum: International Review of Liter- Mazaleyrat J. Mazaleyrat, Éléments de métrique ary Studies française, 3d ed., 1981 Olson C. Olson, “Projective Verse,” Collected Meyer W. Meyer, Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Prose, ed. D. Allen and B. Friedlander, 1997 mittelateinischen Rhythmik, 3 v., 1905–36 Omond T. S. Omond, English Metrists, 1921 MGG Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: Allegemeine Enzyklopaedia der Musik, ed. P&R Philosophy and Rhetoric F. Blume, 16 v., 1949–79 Parry M. Parry, The Making of Homeric Verse, ed. MGH Monumenta germaniae historica A. Parry, 1971 MHRA Modern Humanities Research Association Parry, History T. Parry, A History of Welsh Litera- Michaelides S. Michaelides, The Music of Ancient ture, trans. H. I. Bell, 1955 Greece: An Encyclopaedia, 1978 Patterson W. F. Patterson, Three Centuries of French MidwestQ Midwest Quarterly Poetic Theory: A Critical History of the Chief Arts of Migne, PG Patrologiae cursus completus, series Poetry in France (1328–1630), 2 v., 1935 graeca, ed. J. P. Migne, 161 v., 1857–66 Pauly-Wissowa Paulys Realencyclopädie der Migne, PL Patrologiae cursus completus, series latina, classischen Alterumswissenschaft, ed. A. Pauly, ed. J. P. Migne, 221 v., 1844–64 G. Wissowa, W. Kroll, and K. Mittelhaus, 24 v. Miner et al. E. Miner, H. Odagiri, and R. E. (A–Q), 10 v. (R–Z, Series 2), and 15 v. (Supple- Morrell, The Princeton Companion to Classical ments), 1894–1978 Japanese Literature, 1986 PBA Proceedings of the British Academy MLN Modern Language Notes Pearsall D. Pearsall, Old English and Middle MLQ Modern Language Quarterly English Poetry, 1977 MLQ (London) Modern Language Quarterly (London) PMLA Publications of the Modern Language Associa- MLR Modern Language Review tion of America Morier H. Morier, Dictionnaire de poétique et de PoT Poetics Today rhétorique, 5th ed., rev. and exp., 1998 PQ Philological Quarterly Morris-Jones J. Morris-Jones, Cerdd Dafod, 1925, PsychologR Psychological Review rpt. with index, 1980 Puttenham G. Puttenham, The Arte of English MP Modern Philology Poesie, ed. F. Whigham and W. A. Rebhorn, Murphy J. J. Murphy, Rhetoric in the Middle Ages: 2007 A History of Rhetorical Theory from St. Augustine to the Renaissance, 1974 QJS Quarterly Journal of Speech

N&Q Notes & Queries Raby, Christian F.J.E. Raby, A History of Navarro T. Navarro, Métrica española: Reseña Christian- Latin Poetry from the Beginnings to the histórica y descriptiva, 6th ed., 1983 Close of the Middle Ages, 2d ed., 1953 NER/BLQ New England Review / Bread Loaf Raby, Secular F.J.E. Raby, A History of Secular Quarterly Latin Poetry in the Middle Ages, 2d ed., 2 v., 1957 New CBEL New Cambridge Bibliography of English Ransom Selected Essays of John Crowe Ransom, ed. Literature, ed. G. Watson and I. R. Willison, T. D. Young and J. Hindle, 1984 5 v., 1969–77 Reallexikon I Reallexikon der deutschen Literaturge- New Grove New Grove Dictionary of Music and schichte, 1st ed., ed. P. Merker and W. Stammler, Musicians, ed. S. Sadie, 20 v., 1980 4 v., 1925–31 Nienhauser et al. W. H. Nienhauser, Jr., C. Hart- Reallexikon II Reallexikon der deutschen Liter- man, Y. W. Ma, and S. H. West, The Indiana aturgeschichte, 2d ed., ed. W. Kohlschmidt and Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 1986 W. Mohr (v. 1–3), K. Kanzog and A. Masser NLH New Literary History (v. 4), 1958–84 xvi Bibliographical Abbreviations

Reallexikon III Reallexikon der deutschen Literatur- Terras Handbook of Russian Literature, ed. V. Terras, wissenschaft, 3d ed, ed. H. Fricke, K. Frubmüller, 1985 J.-D. Müller, and K. Weimar, 3 v., 1997–2003 Thieme H. P. Thieme, Essai sur l’histoire du vers REL Review of English Literature française, 1916 RES Review of English Studies Thompson J. Thompson, The Founding of English Richards I. A. Richards, Principles of Literary Metre, 2d ed., 1989 Criticism, 1925 Trypanis C. A. Trypanis, Greek Poetry from Homer to RLC Revue de littérature compareé Seferis, 1981 RPh Romance Philology TPS Transactions of the Philological Society RQ Renaissance Quarterly TSL Tennessee Studies in Literature RR Romanic Review TSLL Texas Studies in Literature and Language

SAC Studies in the Age of Chaucer Vickers B. Vickers, Classical Rhetoric in English Saintsbury, Prose G. Saintsbury, A History of Poetry, 2d ed., 1989 English Prose Rhythm, 1912 Vickers, Defence B. Vickers, In Defence of Rhetoric, Saintsbury, Prosody G. Saintsbury, A History of 1988 English Prosody, from the Twelfth Century to the VP Victorian Poetry Present Day, 2d ed., 3 v., 1961 VQR Virginia Quarterly Review Saisselin R. G. Saisselin, The Rule of Reason and the Ruses of the Heart: A Philosophical Dictionary Weinberg B. Weinberg, A History of Literary of Classical French Criticism, Critics, and Aesthetic Criticism in the Italian Renaissance, 2 v., 1961 Issues, 1970 Wellek R. Wellek, A History of Modern Criticism, Sayce O. Sayce, The Medieval German Lyric, 1150– 1750–1950, 8 v., 1955–92 1300: The Development of Its Themes and Forms in Wellek and Warren R. Wellek and A. Warren, Their European Context, 1982 Theory of Literature, 3d ed., 1956 Scherr B. P. Scherr, Russian Poetry: Meter, Rhythm, Welsh A. Welsh, Roots of Lyric, 1978 and Rhyme, 1986 West M. L. West, Greek Metre, 1982 Schipper J. M. Schipper, Englische Metrik, 3 v., WHB Wiener Humanistische Blätter 1881–88 Wilamowitz U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, Schipper, History J. M. Schipper, A History of Griechesche Verkunst, 1921 English Versification, 1910 Wilkins E. H. Wilkins, A History of Italian Litera- Schmid and Stählin W. Schmid and O. Stählin, ture, rev. T. G. Bergin, 1974 Geschichte der griechischen Literatur, 7 v., 1920–48 Williams and Ford J.E.C. Williams and P. K. Ford, Scott C. Scott, French Verse-Art: A Study, 1980 The Irish Literary Tradition, 1992 Sebeok Style in Language, ed. T. Sebeok, 1960 Wimsatt Versification: Major Language Types, ed. SEL Studies in English Literature 1500–1900 W. K. Wimsatt, 1972 ShQ Shakespeare Quarterly Wimsatt and Beardsley W. K. Wimsatt and Sievers E. Sievers, Altergermanische Metrik, 1893 M. C. Beardsley, “The Concept of Meter: An SIR Studies in Romanticism Exercise in Abstraction,” PMLA 74 (1959); Smith Elizabethan Critical Essays, ed. G. G. Smith, rpt. in Hateful Contraries, W. K. Wimsatt, 2 v., 1904 1965 Snell B. Snell, Griechesche Metrik, 4th ed., 1982 Wimsatt and Brooks W. K. Wimsatt and SP Studies in Philology C. Brooks, Literary Criticism: A Short History, 1957 Spongano R. Spongano, Nozioni ed esempi di metric italiana, 2d ed., 1974 YFS Yale French Studies SR Sewanee Review YLS Yearbook of Langland Studies Stephens The Oxford Companion to the Literature of Wales, ed. M. Stephens, 1986 ZCP Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie ZDA Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum TAPA Transactions of the American Philological ZFSL Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Association Literatur Tarlinskaja M. Tarlinskaja, English Verse: Theory ZRP Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie and History, 1976 ZVS Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung