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Masterarbeit / Master's Thesis MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master‘s Thesis Koreans in Western Eyes The Perception of Koreans in Western Encyclopedias of the 18th and 19th centuries verfasst von / submitted by Denise Kressnik, BA Angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2016 / Vienna, 2016 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 066 805 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Global History/Global Studies degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Mag. Dr. Andreas Schirmer Modern thought and experience have taught us to be sensitive to what is involved in representation, in studying the Other, in racial thinking, in unthinking and uncritical acceptance of authority and authoritative ideas, in the sociopolitical role of intellectuals, in the great value of a sceptical critical consciousness. EDWARD SAID, 1985a: 327 Contents Illustration directory Figure directory Abstract 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 7 2. Culture-historical background and theory ........................................................................ 11 2.1 The age of discovery, traveling and the perception of the foreign ............................ 11 2.2 The „awareness of others‟, national stereotyping, Imagology ................................... 14 2.3 The Western picture of East Asians .......................................................................... 21 2.4 Korea: the „hermit‟ kingdom and its foreign relations .............................................. 24 th 3. Korea brought to the West through sources from the 16 century onwards .................... 30 3.1 Coray? Korea! ............................................................................................................ 30 3.2 The First Westerners in Korea ................................................................................... 31 3.3 Hamel and his Journal ............................................................................................... 33 3.3.1 Salient topics ...................................................................................................... 34 3.3.2 Characteristics of Koreans ................................................................................. 37 4. Encounters and perceptions in the encyclopedia .............................................................. 39 4.1 The encyclopedia – a historical phenomenon ............................................................ 40 4.2 Sources, methodology and previous research ............................................................ 42 4.3 German Encyclopedias .............................................................................................. 46 4.3.1 Zedler‟s Universal Lexicon (1732–1754) .......................................................... 46 4.3.2. Brockhaus Conversation Lexicon (since 1796) ................................................. 48 4.3.2.1. The first six editions and the change of the initial letter ............................. 49 4.3.2.2. The last six editions and the more detailed articles .................................... 50 4.3.3. Meyer‟s Conversation Lexicon (since 1839) ..................................................... 54 4.3.3.1. The first edition and the diligent, strong Koreans ....................................... 55 4.3.3.2. The second edition and the false Koreans ................................................... 57 4.3.3.3. The fifth edition and the educated Koreans ................................................ 59 4.4. French Encyclopedias ................................................................................................ 61 4.4.1. Diderot‟s „Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné‟ (1751–1772) ..................... 61 4.4.2. La Grande encyclopédie (1886−1902) ............................................................... 63 4.4.3. Nouveau Larousse Illustré (1897–1904) ............................................................ 67 4.5. English encyclopedias ............................................................................................... 69 4.5.1. Encyclopaedia Britannica (since 1768) .............................................................. 69 4.5.2. The New and Complete American Encyclopedia (1805–1811) ......................... 73 4.5.3. Encyclopedia Americana (since 1829) ............................................................... 74 4.6. Other Western Encyclopedias ................................................................................... 78 5. Korea(ns) in the West, Orientalism and the construction of the cultural Other .............. 79 5.1. The Western encyclopedias‟ image of Korea(ns) in detail ........................................ 79 5.1.1. The presentation of Korea .................................................................................. 79 5.1.2. Outer appearance and characteristics ................................................................. 83 5.2. Findings in the light of cultural theories .................................................................... 87 5.2.1. Orientalism in the selected encyclopedias.......................................................... 88 5.2.2. “Otherness” and the concept of the Korean as the cultural Other ...................... 95 st 5.2.3. The 21 century – cultural diplomacy, nation branding and cultural imperialism . ............................................................................................................................ 99 6. Résumé ........................................................................................................................... 101 7. Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 105 Illustration directory Picture 1. “Kurze Beschreibung der In Europa Befintlichen Völckern Und Ihren Aigenschafften“ [Short description of the in Europe situated peoples and their characteristics]. Unknown artist, Völkertafel (oil on canvas, painted between 1718−1726), of Styria, Austria. Vienna: Österreichisches Museum für Volkskunde (inv.- no.: 30.905), Source: photo: Birgit & Peter Kainz, facsimile igital: https://www.researchgate.net/ figure/284189271_fig7_Fig-9-Unknown-artist-Volkertafel-ca-173040-oil-on- canvas- 1040-126-cm-Vienna, Accessed April 18, 2016. 16 9 Picture 2. Martino Martini, 1614-1661, Novus Atlas Sinensis (Amsterdam , Netherlands ca. 1655). Source: University of Vienna library archive, self-taken photograph. 30 Picture 3. Brockhaus, 13th ed. Vol. 10 (1885), page 531. Source: University of Vienna microfiche archive, self-taken copy. 54 Picture 4. Symbols of Korea in the Nouveau Larousse Illustré, Vol. 3 (1899), page 279. Source: University of Vienna library, Romance studies section, self-taken photograph 68 Figure directory Figure 1. Number of encyclopedia series (out of 9) which include the given topics 80 Figure 2. Table of social categories in the three German encyclopedias 83 Figure 3. Table of social categories in the three French encyclopedias 83 Figure 4. Table of social categories in the three English encyclopedias 83 Abstract This study examines the presentation and perception of Korea(ns) in selected Western encyclopedia articles on Korea of the 18th and 19th centuries. It was possible to demonstrate the increasing amount of knowledge and diversification of topics by analyzing nine encyclopedia series from different decades – three in German (Zedler, Brockhaus, Meyer), three in French (Diderot‟s Encyclopédie, Grande encyclopédie, Nouveau Larousse Illustré), and three in English (Britannica, New and Complete American Encyclopedia, Americana). From initial geographic descriptions, the entries progressively include information on population, economy and history. Beside the expanding length, also the depth in certain areas, e.g. in economy and trade, intensify in the entries. By the end of the 19th century original sources are cited and some article writers are named. After providing a context of the perception of Asians in general, imagology and a brief analysis of the first detailed report on Korea, provided by the Dutch Hendrik Hamel, this research has three goals: (1) to find out how Koreans are portrayed in the encyclopedias and see which characteristics are ascribed to them; (2) to understand which stereotypes and images dominate; and (3) to investigate which relative importance do the selected encyclopedias assign to Korea in comparison to China and Japan. The findings from the research reveal a contrasting image, concluding that a neutral to negative impression dominates. Since the majority of the articles compare Koreans to Chinese (and their appearance to Japanese), it is completed that the Korean is in general perceived as Chinese. The articles on China and Japan were in contrast much longer and more detailed. Encyclopedias help readers by the construction of a specific image of the „cultural Other‟ and the perception of the foreign, thus contributes to the creation of a distinction or similarity to one‟s own culture. Therefore, an essential part of the thesis applies cultural theories (Stuart Hall‟s „Representation‟) and concepts (Edward Said‟s „Orientalism‟) on the analyzed data from the entries. 1. Introduction As a genre, encyclopedias then and now claim to represent in
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