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ONSET TENSIFICATION in CONTEMPORARY KOREAN: NOVEL PRONUNCIATIONS AS EVIDENCE of CONTINUING HISTORICAL PHONOLOGICAL PRESSURES by Roderick G

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ONSET TENSIFICATION in CONTEMPORARY KOREAN: NOVEL PRONUNCIATIONS AS EVIDENCE of CONTINUING HISTORICAL PHONOLOGICAL PRESSURES by Roderick G ONSET TENSIFICATION IN CONTEMPORARY KOREAN: NOVEL PRONUNCIATIONS AS EVIDENCE OF CONTINUING HISTORICAL PHONOLOGICAL PRESSURES by Roderick G. Clare A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics West Lafayette, Indiana May 2021 THE PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL STATEMENT OF COMMITTEE APPROVAL Dr. Mariko M. Wei, Chair Department of Linguistics Dr. Atsushi Fukada Department of Linguistics Dr. Olga Dmitrieva Department of Linguistics Dr. Jessica Sturm School of Languages and Cultures Approved by: Dr. Alejandro Cuza-Blanco 2 For E.K., Erin and 사랑이 “I will build my love a bower by yon cool crystal fountain and round it I will pile all the wildflowers of the mountain” 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my committee for their support in making this project possible, with special thanks to my advisor and committee chair, Dr. Mariko M. Wei, to whom I owe a special debt of gratitude. Without her encouragement and guidance, it is likely that my research activities would have stalled during the unprecedented circumstances of the plague year. Each of my committee members deserves recognition for their support, not only during my dissertation year, but throughout my time at Purdue. Dr. Atsushi Fukada provided valuable technical expertise and assistance, as well as his characteristic good humor; Dr. Olga Dmitrieva taught me much of what I know about phonology and has proved an invaluable source of methodological guidance; and it was in the classroom of Dr. Jessica Sturm where I first began to flesh out the topic, although I suspect that she did not anticipate how many pages on Korean historical phonology those first forays would ultimately entail reading. It is to all the members of my committee’s credit that they have participated so enthusiastically in a project which may be far removed from their primary interests. I also want to thank Dr. Alejandro Cuza-Blanco and Dr. Venetria Patton for their help in keeping my project funded while it underwent near-total revision; without their support behind the scenes, this would have been a grim year for my growing family. This fall will mark seventeen years since I first scratched out my name in shoddy hangul, and fifteen since I first set foot in Korea, never to truly leave. I want to thank Kyu-Young Park and Sangmin Bae, who each played a pivotal role in this journey. Likewise, the peripatetic linguist could ask for no more loyal and helpful friend in his wanderings than Paul Delap. I am indebted to my wife, Eunkyung, for her constant support and for tolerating an endless stream of questions on points of Korean philology; alas, the questions will no doubt continue. Finally, I would like to thank my mother and father, Trisha and Michael. As scientists they display that keen intellectual curiosity so common to their kind; they temper this with a very uncommon tolerance for the antics of a son. This is as much theirs as it is mine. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ 9 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. 10 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 11 1.1 Research Questions and Hypotheses ................................................................................ 12 1.1.1 Experiment 1: Production of Tensified Onsets .......................................................... 13 1.1.2 Experiment 2: Acceptability of Tensified Onsets ...................................................... 16 1.2 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 18 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................... 19 2.1 History of the Korean language ........................................................................................ 19 2.2 The emergence of a tripartite stop series in Korean ......................................................... 21 2.3 Hangul and early evidence of tensification phenomena ................................................... 25 2.4 Historical expansion of the tense phoneme ...................................................................... 32 2.5 Tensification phenomena in contemporary Korean .......................................................... 33 2.6 Tensification and the possible restructuring of the Korean phoneme inventory .............. 34 2.7 Contemporary tensification phenomena as the continuation of historical processes ....... 40 2.8 Explaining tensification: different perspectives................................................................ 41 2.9 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 49 METHODS ......................................................................................................... 51 3.1 Experiment 1: Production of Tensified Onsets ................................................................. 51 3.1.1 Stimuli........................................................................................................................ 51 3.1.2 Participants ................................................................................................................ 52 3.1.3 Procedure ................................................................................................................... 53 3.1.4 Measurements ............................................................................................................ 54 3.2 Experiment 2: Acceptability of Tensified Onsets ............................................................. 55 3.2.1 Stimuli........................................................................................................................ 55 3.2.2 Participants ................................................................................................................ 55 3.2.3 Procedure ................................................................................................................... 56 3.3 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 57 5 RESULTS ........................................................................................................... 58 4.1 Efficacy of the methodology ............................................................................................. 58 4.2 Results of the production experiment ............................................................................... 59 4.3 Results of the acceptability judgment experiment ............................................................ 75 4.4 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 81 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................... 82 5.1 Interpreting the results ...................................................................................................... 82 5.2 Onset tensification and its association with demographic factors .................................... 82 5.3 Onset tensification as a regional dialectal trait ................................................................. 83 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 85 6.1 Is Korean restructuring back towards a bipartite contrast? ............................................... 86 6.2 Limitations of the present study ........................................................................................ 88 6.3 Avenues for future research .............................................................................................. 90 APPENDIX A: PRE-RECORDING QUESTIONNAIRE ........................................................... 92 APPENDIX B: STIMULI FOR THE RECORDING TASK. ...................................................... 95 APPENDIX C: RAW RESULTS BY TOKEN FOR THE PRODUCTION TASK. ................... 99 APPENDIX D: RAW RESULTS FOR CONTROL ITEMS IN THE RATING TASK. ........... 101 APPENDIX E: PARTICIPANT QUESTIONNAIRES ISSUED BEFORE THE ACCEPTABILITY JUDGMENT TASK. .................................................................................. 102 APPENDIX F: STIMULI FOR THE ACCEPTABILITY JUDGMENT TASK. ...................... 104 APPENDIX G: RESULTS FOR CONTROL ITEMS IN THE ACCEPTABILITY JUDGMENT TASK. ......................................................................................................................................... 118 APPENDIX H: RESULTS FOR ITEMS FEATURING WORD-MEDIAL TENSE SEGMENTS IN THE ACCEPTABILITY JUDGMENT TASK. .................................................................... 119 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 122 6 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Frequencies of Korean phonemes derived from a spoken corpus study by Shin (2008, 2011). ...........................................................................................................................................
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