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An Analysis of Late Woodland Ceramics from Peter Pond

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An Analysis of Late Woodland Ceramics from Peter Pond An Analysis of Late Woodland Ceramics From Peter Pond Lake, Saskatchewan A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts In the Department of Archaeology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By Patrick S. Young Keywords: pottery, Late Woodland, Peter Pond Lake, Buffalo Lake complex, Narrows Fabric-impressed ware Copyright Patrick S. Young, Spring, 2006. All rights reserved. Permission to Use In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of material in this thesis in whole or part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Archaeology 55 Campus Drive University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B1 ABSTRACT Recent archaeological surveys on Peter Pond Lake have provided an opportunity to better elucidate the Late Woodland period of occupation in the upper Churchill River basin of northwestern Saskatchewan. Previous studies identified two pottery-bearing cultures in the region. This included the Kisis complex of the well-documented Selkirk composite, which is characterized by Winnipeg Fabric-impressed ware and dates from approximately A.D. 1300 through to the historic period. The second was a lesser-known archaeological entity represented by limited pottery recoveries from just two sites in the region. Early interpretations proposed this latter “Narrows” pottery represented an incursion of the plains adapted Old Women’s phase into the region, with a suggested age of approximately A.D. 1000 to 1300. Through a comprehensive analysis of pottery assemblages recently recovered from over twenty sites in the Peter Pond Lake region, this study was able to further validate the original description of the Kisis complex, but more significantly, propose a new pottery ware and complex for the enigmatic Narrows pottery assemblages. As a result, this pottery is now formally classified as Narrows Fabric-impressed ware and is considered characteristic of the Buffalo Lake complex. This complex is centered on Peter Pond Lake and appears to have an extensive presence in the region. Recently obtained radiocarbon dates indicate it is slightly younger than originally believed, and spanned from approximately A.D 1200 to 1500. Unlike previous interpretations, which suggest this pottery represents a plains influence in the region, the Buffalo Lake complex is considered a boreal forest manifestation, with origins that lie in the woodlands to the southeast. The pottery shares particular affinities with contemporaneous Sandy Lake ware that has a distribution extending from east-central Saskatchewan through to northwestern Ontario and Minnesota, with additional influences evident from Winnipeg Fabric-impressed ware found throughout northern Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis was made possible through the support and assistance of several people. I would like to thank first and foremost, my supervisor Dr. David Meyer, for patiently guiding me through this research and being available to discuss emerging ideas and point me in the right direction. Indeed, it was Dr. Meyer who first suggested a Sandy Lake ware connection when he was invited to examine the initial recoveries of pottery from the Dillon region. I would also like to thank the members of my committee Dr. Ernie Walker, Dr. Margaret Hanna and external examiner Dr. Peter Purdue for their input and comments. Thanks are extended to Dale Russell from Western Heritage Services for suggesting this research topic and providing me access to the artifacts and field notes. The Buffalo River Dene Nation of Dillon, Saskatchewan are also acknowledged for making this research possible, and for their interest in the conservation of the precontact history of their traditional lands. In particular, thanks are extended to Monique, James, Vernon and Jesse Sylvestre of Dillon, Saskatchewan for making their collections available for study. Thanks are also extended to Jill Taylor- Hollings for providing digital images used in this thesis and for numerous email discussions. Financial assistance for this study was generously provided by the Saskatchewan Heritage Foundation, as well as the Saskatchewan Archaeological Society. Friends, family and fellow graduate students have also provided support throughout my tenure at the University of Saskatchewan. Although too numerous to mention, thanks are extended to my various lab mates for tolerating my need for space, fellow teaching assistants with whom I have worked, and other “pottery geeks” who have provided stimulating discussions. Thanks are extended to the archaeology staff at Golder Associates for providing a flexible working environment while completing my thesis. I would also like to express gratitude to my parents, John and Marjorie, for iv instilling an interest in the history of “where we live”. And last but certainly not least, my greatest thanks are extended to my wife, Tammi. Without her incredible patience, support and encouragement throughout this process, none of it would have been possible. v TABLE OF CONTENTS page ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. x LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................ xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... xv 1.0 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction to Research Problem........................................................................... 1 1.2 Study Region Environment..................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Flora and Soils................................................................................................ 4 1.2.2 Physiography.................................................................................................. 5 1.2.3 Climate ........................................................................................................... 6 1.2.4 Fauna .............................................................................................................. 6 1.3 Paleoenvironment..................................................................................................... 8 1.4 History of Archaeological Research in Study Area ................................................. 9 1.5 Cultural Chronology of the Study Area ................................................................. 12 1.6 Research Objectives............................................................................................... 14 1.7 Research Limitations.............................................................................................. 16 1.8 Summary and Overview of Following Chapters.................................................... 17 2.0 THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CERAMIC ANALYSIS .................................................................................................... 18 2.1 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................... 18 2.2 Classification........................................................................................................... 19 2.3 The Ware-Type-Variety System ............................................................................. 19 2.3.1 Attributes....................................................................................................... 20 2.3.2 Type and Variety........................................................................................... 20 2.3.3 Ware .............................................................................................................. 22 2.4 How Types and Wares Are Defined ...................................................................... 23 vi 2.5 What Types and Wares Represent ......................................................................... 24 2.6 Attributes Considered for Ceramic Analysis ......................................................... 27 2.6.1 Technological Attributes..............................................................................
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