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The Viability of Community Tourism in Least Developed Countries: the Case of Zanzibar

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The Viability of Community Tourism in Least Developed Countries: the Case of Zanzibar The Viability of Community Tourism in Least Developed Countries: The Case of Zanzibar by Miraji U. Ussi A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Central Lancashire June 2012 Student Declaration I declare that while registered as a candidate for the research degree, I have not been a registered candidate or enrolled student for another award of the University or other academic or professional institution ___________________________________________________________________ I declare that no material contained in the thesis has been used in any other submission for an academic award and is solely my own work Signature of Candidate ______________________________________________________ Type of Award ______________________________________________________ School - _______________________________________________________ ii Abstract Tourism is perceived as one of the world‘s fastest growing service sectors and a major source of economic development and environmental and cultural conservation for many, if not all, developing countries. Within the context of sustainable development, community tourism is increasingly seen as an effective tool for engaging destination communities in the tourism development in the advanced countries, but it has failed to deliver in many Least Developed Countries (LDCs), such as Zanzibar. The concept has been developed and refined in the search for sustainable approaches to tourism development. However, its applicability to Zanzibar in particular seems not to have been considered in detail; the issue of whether community tourism can be effectively applied in Zanzibar remains uncertain. Consequently, there is a call for more research to determine the capitals that destination communities should acquire to implement community tourism. Hence, the objectives of this thesis are: (1) to conceptualize the theory of capitals as related to community tourism; (ii) to develop a conceptual capital assets model for community tourism; and (iii) to examine the general views of local communities toward the [proposed] capital asset model and to found out the appropriateness of the model for actualizing community tourism in Zanzibar. Methods used for data collection of this research were document study, focus groups, interviews, participant observation and household survey (triangulation approach). While the first three methods (qualitative methods) were used for construction of the model, the household survey technique (quantitative method) was used to explore the appropriateness of a model in the context of Zanzibar. The research population includes government officials, private tourism organisations and local people who were involved in the research in different settings. The critical destination capitals according to the findings are informal social networks (informal social capital), political capital and human capital; the three destination capitals lead to the generation of innovation capital which serves as the lifeblood for sustainable community tourism development. Moreover, limited access to physical, financial, and human capital are key concerns that need to be addressed, especially in rural areas of Zanzibar, as this was found to be a significant constraint to the implementation of community tourism. The research findings directly contest the extant body of literature reviewed in this thesis and have major implications for tourism development policies, signalling the need for adjustments at social, political and institutional levels. Following the household survey analysis, the central conclusion is that the developed conceptual model is a useful blueprint for sustainable community tourism development in Zanzibar; though further research opportunities are identified, especially is relation to the generalization of the conceptual model. The contribution of this research is to knowledge about the crucial destination community‘s capital assets and their significance to community tourism development in Zanzibar. This understanding may bridge the gap between theories of community tourism and practice and may be adapted and applied in many developing countries, including broader perspectives of encouraging destination communities to take an active role in the tourism industry as developers rather than as wage earners. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The development of this thesis depended on the effort, support and guidance of a number of people whom I should thank. I am grateful to my supervisor, Professor. Richard Sharpley, for his continuous help, encouragement, effort, decisions and guidance. Without him, this piece of work would not have been completed. I want to thank Dr. Jo Guiver for her comments and support to improve the context of the research on which this thesis is based. I must thank to my mother, Wanu Haji and especially my brother, Kimbu Ukuti Ussi for their support and trust, which means a lot to me. I would also like to thank Dr John Minten who, as Head of the School of Sport, Tourism and The Outdoors, gave me the opportunity to continue with and complete this thesis. Finally, I owe a great debt of gratitude to my wife Mwana Omari Bakari, for her enormous patience, understanding and encouragement and for her great love. Thank you all… iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... V LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................... XIV LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................... XVI ACRONYMS ................................................................................................ XVII CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................... 1 1 BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION .......................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of problem ....................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Justification for the research ............................................................................................ 6 1.4 Objective of the study ...................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Significance of the Research ......................................................................................... 12 1.5.1 Theoretical Contribution ................................................................................................ 12 1.5.2 Practical Contribution .................................................................................................... 12 1.6 Scoping Literature ......................................................................................................... 13 1.6.1 Tourism in LDCs and SIDS ........................................................................................... 13 1.6.2 Sustainable Tourism Development ................................................................................ 17 1.6.3 Meaning of Tourism ...................................................................................................... 19 1.6.4 Meaning of community ................................................................................................. 21 1.6.5 Community Tourism ...................................................................................................... 22 1.6.6 Community Capitals ...................................................................................................... 24 1.6.7 Community tourism in Zanzibar .................................................................................... 27 1.7 Research Design ............................................................................................................ 30 1.7.1 Case study approach ...................................................................................................... 30 1.7.2 Ethical Considerations ................................................................................................... 30 v 1.7.3 Methodology .................................................................................................................. 31 1.8 Scope of the study.......................................................................................................... 31 1.9 Dissertation Structure .................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................ 33 TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN LDCS AND SIDS ........................... 33 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 33 2.2 Least Developed Countries ............................................................................................ 34 2.3 Tourism development in SIDS ...................................................................................... 37 2.4 Characteristics of Tourism in LDCs .............................................................................
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