DOCSLIB.ORG

Kwanini Carrying Capacity Assessment Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Kwanini Carrying Capacity Assessment Study Kwanini Carrying Capacity Assessment June - September 2014 Investors Government Guests Kwanini People Workforce Prepared for Ministry of Information, Culture, Tourism and Sports Hon. Said Ali Mbarouk By Denise Bretlaender & Pavol Toth Table of Contents KWANINI CARRYING CAPACITY ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................................. 1 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 3 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM ....................................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 MANAGEMENT TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM .................................................................................................. 4 3. CARRYING CAPACITY EXERCISE ........................................................................................................................ 5 4. METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................................................. 8 5. ANALYSES ...................................................................................................................................................... 10 5. 1 CURRENT STATE OF TOURISM ............................................................................................................................. 11 5.2 ZONING ......................................................................................................................................................... 13 6. CASE STUDY .................................................................................................................................................. 15 6.1 CASE STUDY 1: SEYCHELLES ................................................................................................................................ 15 6.2 CASE STUDY 2: MAURITIUS ................................................................................................................................ 19 6.3 CASE STUDY 3: MALDIVES ................................................................................................................................. 20 7. INDICATOR ANALYSES ................................................................................................................................... 22 8. SURVEYS ....................................................................................................................................................... 24 8.1 VISITOR EXIT SURVEY ........................................................................................................................................ 24 8.2 HOTEL MANAGEMENT SURVEY ............................................................................................................................ 28 8.3 HOTEL STAFF SURVEY ........................................................................................................................................ 30 8.4 LOCAL COMMUNITY LEADER SURVEY .................................................................................................................... 32 9. DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................................. 35 10. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH .......................................................................................... 37 11. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................... 38 APPENDIX I: LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................... 44 1.1. JAFARI’S FOUR PLATFORMS ........................................................................................................................... 44 1.2. MICRO- AND MACRO- LEVEL MANAGEMENT TOOL DESCRIPTION .......................................................................... 44 2 1. Introduction Pemba’s attractiveness as a tourism location is mainly due to its natural resources such as world- class diving and beautiful beaches. The tourism industry on the island has an interest in developing a sustainable and economically profitable business without damaging neither the environment nor the local population. Based on the structured interviews with stakeholders, an indicator analyses, three case studies, literature review and four surveys as well as the framework developed by Kurhade (2013) a tourism strategy for Pemba was recommended in this paper and presented to the Ministry for Information, Culture, Tourism and Sports of the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar. The variety of characteristics that should be managed sustainably makes it difficult to choose one specific form of protection. Management must take into consideration the traditional way of life of its indigenous citizens, the wildlife, the recreational areas (e.g. coral reefs as dive sites) and different forms of landscape. All these aspects must be considered when developing a strategy on how to handle future tourism on Pemba without sacrificing the island’s character through overcrowding. This paper commences with a literature review concerning Tourism Carrying Capacity Assessment (TCCA), which includes changes in expert mindset and limitations of TCCAs. 2. Literature Review Tourism constitutes a valuable source of revenue especially for resource-poor countries (Brown et al., 1997). However, there exists a crucial trade-off between generated benefits and economic costs in the tourism sector (Brown et al., 1997). 2.1 Sustainable Tourism This paper will use MacIntosh and Goeldner’s (1986) definition of tourism as a foundation. They define tourism as “the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction of tourists, business suppliers, host governments and host communities in the process of attracting and hosting these tourists and other visitors” (p.18). Mathieson and Walls established the most commonly used definition in 1982. According to the authors, tourism is explained as a “temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities created to cater to their needs” (p. 29). This paper uses the first definition as it includes the importance of relationships between different stakeholders. Moreover, it also allows for different non-locals being present on Pemba (i.e. visitors and tourists). More importantly it includes marketing activities, which have a tremendous impact concerning destination decision-making process and expectation management. 3 The discussion of different tourism definitions is important as it showcases that experts and academic literature have not come to a consensus on the extent tourism has in the context of the community. Many models have been published in regards to the evolution of tourism. Jafari’s (2001) influential platform stage model identified a gradual change from tourism as a platform for advocacy (1950’s- 1960’s) to cautionary (1970’s) to ada ptancy and finally knowledge-based (1990’s).1 This model was expanded upon to include the ethics and finally sustainability stage (McBeth, 2005). He defines the latter as a limited growth concept based on political considerations. Pemba Island is an African tourism destination and as of 2013 relatively unknown as a travel location. As such it has not experienced the different mentalities of tourists and leapfrogged all this stages. As such the only negative association the local population has is the example of Unguja. The lack of the first four stages in Pemba’s development as a tourist location increases measurement difficulties but also explains the current pristine stages of the natural landscape. The government has the unique opportunity to leapfrog certain tourism management stages and develop a sustainable tourism environment that aims to avoid the negative impacts, that have occurred in other locations due to mass market tourism (especially on Unguja). Saarinen (2006) states three alternative perspectives on how to view sustainability limits. The first perspective is resource based and founded upon a positivist ecological point-of-view. According to this tradition limits to growth are imposed to protect the resources in the holiday location. The second perspective is activity based and defines limits as flexible and adaptive to new situations. Butler’s (2006) tourism area life cycle is deeply interwoven with this line of argumentation. According to Butler’s theory once a tourism area enters the stagnation stage the management can use activities such as marketing to revive growth and avoid the normally occurring decline stage due saturation. This developmental approach has strong support amongst international organizations, including World Tourism Organization. The last perspective is based on the stakeholder community empowerment. If local communities contribute through information or knowledge sharing relationships are build. On the basis of these valuable social networks limits can be negotiated and often upwardly adjusted. Thus, this theory
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Flight Calibration of Landing and Navigation Aids
    UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA AIC TANZANIA CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY Aeronautical Information Management 05/19 Nyerere/ Kitunda Road Junction FAX: (255 22) 2844300, 2844302 (Pink 70) Aviation House, 1st Floor, PHONE: (255 22) 2198100, 2844291. P.O. Box 2819, DAR ES SALAAM AFS: HTDQYOYO 07 OCT Email: [email protected], [email protected] Website: www.tcaa.go.tz Document No: Title: AIC Page 1 of 2 TCAA/FRM/ANS/AIS-30 The following circular is promulgated for information, guidance and necessary action Hamza S. Johari Director General FLIGHT CALIBRATION OF LANDING AND NAVIGATIONAL AIDS The following Landing and Navigational Aids in the Dar es Salaam Flight Information Region (DAR FIR) were flight checked and approved for operational use on the dates indicated:- 1. Julius Nyerere International Airport – HTDA i) ILS (GP) and (LLZ) Runway 05 routine flight checked on 11 September 2019 and approved for operational use. ii) PAPI Runway 05 and 23 routine flight checked on 11 March 2019 and approved for operational use. iii) ‘DV’ DVOR/DME DV 112.7 MHz routine flight check carried out on 25 September 2018 and approved for operational use. 2. Kilimanjaro International Airport – HTKJ i) ‘KV’ DVOR/DME KV 115.3 MHz routine flight checked on 24 September 2018 and approved for operational use. ii) ILS (GP) and (LLZ) Runway 09 routine flight checked on 09 September 2019 and approved for operational use. iii) PAPI Runway 09 and 27 routine flight checked on 05 March 2019 and approved for operational use. 3. Abeid Amani Karume International Airport – HTZA i) PAPI Runway 18 and 36 routine flight checked on 10 March 2019 and approved for operational use.
    [Show full text]
  • SYNOPTIC SUMMARY Pemba Airport, with About 360 Mm Reported During the Third Dekad
    ISSN No: 0856-0919, Volume 8, Issue 4 April 2006 APRIL – HIGHLIGHTS • Long rains (Masika) continued over much of the bimodal rainfall regime while rainfall activities tapered off over unimodal areas of the central and southwestern highlands • Wet and cloudy conditions in May will further improve growth of immature crops but also impede drying and harvesting of matured crops amount recorded during the month was 563.3 mm at SYNOPTIC SUMMARY Pemba Airport, with about 360 mm reported during the third dekad. Over most of central region and parts of southern Lake Victoria basin he dominant feature for April was the non- Fig. 1: April 2006 Rainfall Totals (mm) T propagating (stationary) easterly wave which Bukoba Kayanga Musoma maintained its position along the coast of East Africa 2 thus advected moist air from the Indian Ocean Ngara Mwanza Arusha Shinyanga Moshi towards northern coast and north-eastern highlands. Mbulu Same 4 Babati During April, the Azores and Siberian anticyclones Kasulu Singida Kigoma Urambo Tanga over the northern hemisphere relaxed while the Tabora Handeni Pemba Pangani Arabian ridge remained weak, thus allowing the 6 Dodoma ude (°S) t i Zanzibar southern systems especially the East African ridge to t Morogoro La Dar es Salaam extend further north. In the southern hemisphere Iringa Sumbawanga systems, the anticyclones (St. Helena and Mascarene) 8 continued to intensify giving way to an East African Mbozi Mbeya Mufindi Mahenge Kilwa ridge to dominate over most areas in the country. The Makete 10 Mtwara zonal component of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Songea Zone (ITCZ) was active over northern cost, Newala northeastern highlands and Lake Victoria basin.
    [Show full text]
  • ARA Revista 2015 OK.Indd
    Social Entrepreneurship as a tool for promoting Global Citizenship in Island Tourism Destination Management Dr. Vanessa GB Gowreesunkar Mauritius Institute of Education, School of Art and Humanities, Reduit, Mauritius Drs. Jos van der Sterren NTHV Breda University of Applied Sciences, Breda, The Netherlands Dr. Hugues Séraphin The University of Winchester, Faculty of Business, Law and Sport, Winchester, England Submitted: 17th July 2014; Resubmitted: 15th November 2014; Accepted: 2nd December 2014. e-ISSN: 2014-4458 Abstract Resumen While on one hand, social entrepreneurship, as a new Mientras que por un lado, el emprendimiento social como movement, is being spearheaded by individuals to make the un nuevo movimiento, es impulsada por los individuos para world a better place, on the other hand, small islands, domi- hacer del mundo un lugar mejor, por otro lado, las peque- nated by Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) seem to have ñas islas, con predominio de las micro y pequeñas empresas overlooked this emerging concept in their tourism manage- (MYPE) parecen haber pasado por alto las nuevas iniciativas ment initiatives. The work of Séraphin (2012) highlighted de concepto en la gestión del turismo. El trabajo de Séraphin two important social entrepreneurship schemes in Haiti, but (2012) hizo sobresalir dos importantes planes de emprendi- failed to shed light on its relevance and implications for is- miento social en Haití, pero olvidó aclararnos sobre la impor- land tourism. Similarly, in Mauritius, the Ministry of Tourism tancia y las implicaciones para el turismo insular. Del mismo and Leisure is engaged in various tourism management initia- modo, en la Isla Mauricio, el Ministerio de Turismo y Ocio tives aligned with the governmental vision called ‘Maurice Ile participa en varias iniciativas de gestión turística alineados Durable’ (MID), but, social entrepreneurship is not conside- con la visión gubernamental llamada ‘Maurice Ile Durable’ red in the tourism plan.
    [Show full text]
  • (SUS-ISLAND) Greening of the Tour Operators' Value Chain
    SWITCH Africa Green is funded by the European Union Sustainable Island Mauritius - (SUS-ISLAND) Greening of the Tour Operators’ Value Chain BACKGROUND Every year, more than 1.3 Million tourists visit the Island of Mauritius. The Tourism Industry contributed more than 12% to the total GDP and provided more than 30,000 direct employment in 2017. The Mauritius Tourism Development Plan sets the target that Mauritius acquires the “Green Destination” status by 2030. Promoting sustainable tourism that reduces the negative environmental impacts, improves positive sustainability impacts, especially on local communities, while improving the sectors’ competitiveness is key to green growth of Mauritius. Collaborating Centre on Mauritius Tourism Authority (MTA) is a parastatal body operating under the aegis of Sustainable Consumption and the Ministry of Tourism (MoT). It aims to promote sustainable development of the Production (CSCP), Germany - tourism industry. MTA and MoT have developed the sustainable tourism standard Coordinator (MS165) and launched support scheme to a scheme to support Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) according to the eco-label criteria. Going further to that, the MTA has embarked on the Sustainable Island Mauritius Project so as to assist Tour Operators (who drive the most of tourist business in Mauritius) in greening its value chain through an innovative methodology which is the pro-handprint framework also referred to as the Mauphi Framework. This is being done in partnership with CSCP from Germany. The handprint method piloted by the CSCP serves as a promising solution, as it measures and communicates the positive sustainability impacts of products to strengthen innovations that create positive impacts (handprint) and reduce negative impacts (footprint).
    [Show full text]
  • A TRIANGLE of VULNERABILITY Changing Patterns of Illicit Trafficking Off the Swahili Coast
    RESEARCH REPORT A TRIANGLE OF VULNERABILITY Changing patterns of illicit trafficking off the Swahili coast ALASTAIR NELSON JUNE 2020 A TRIANGLE OF VULNERABILITY Changing patterns of illicit trafficking off the Swahili coast W Alastair Nelson JUNE 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study is based on knowledge, understanding and personal experiences from numerous people who shared their time and insights with us during the research and writing. Some of these were dispassionate, some deeply personal and based on incredible lived histories. Profound thanks are due to everyone who gave their time, insights and reflections. Thanks are due to ‘field researcher #1’ who undertook independent field- work, accompanied the author in the field, and used prior connections to some of the illicit networks to develop our understanding of the illicit flows in this triangle. Thanks to Simone Haysom for support in the field and numerous discussions to guide the work all the way through, also to Julian Rademeyer for input and critical motivation towards the end. Mark Shaw and Julia Stanyard gave crucial intellectual input and transformed the structure of the report. Thanks to Tuesday Reitano and Monique de Graaff for making things happen. Also, to Mark Ronan, Pete Bosman and Jacqui Cochrane of the GI editorial and production team for producing the maps and the final report. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alastair coordinates the GI’s Resilience Fund work in Mozambique and conducts research into illicit trafficking, with a particular focus on the illegal wildlife trade. He has 25 years’ experience implementing and leading field-conservation programmes in the Horn of Africa, East and southern Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Infrastructure Matter in Tourism Development? Seetanah B
    UNIVERSITY OF MAURITIUS RESEARCH JOURNAL – Volume 17 – 2011 University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius Research Week 2009/2010 Does Infrastructure Matter In Tourism Development? Seetanah B* Faculty of Law & Management, University of Mauritius Reduit Email: [email protected] Juwaheer T D Faculty of Law & Management, University of Mauritius Reduit Email: [email protected] Lamport M J Faculty of Law & Management, University of Mauritius Reduit Email: [email protected] Rojid S Email: [email protected] Sannassee R V Faculty of Law & Management, University of Mauritius Reduit Email: [email protected] Subadar Agathee U Faculty of Law & Management, University of Mauritius Reduit Email: [email protected] Paper Accepted on 07 January 2011 Abstract This paper investigates the significance of infrastructure as a factor in destination development. The classical demand for international tourism function is extended to include a proxy for infrastructure. An application involving the island of Mauritius is presented whereby total tourist arrivals as well as arrivals from 89 B Seetanah , T D Juwaheer , M J Lamport, S Rojid, R V Sannassee & U Subadar Agathee Europe/America, Asia and Africa are modelled. The findings show that tourists are sensitive to the infrastructure of the island, particularly those from Europe/America and Asia. Tourism infrastructure, income of tourists, distance, and relative prices are important ingredients in their own respect in the tourism demand equation. Keywords: Infrastructure, Tourism, Dynamic Panel data *For correspondences and reprints 1. INTRODUCTION There exists a significant literature investigating the determinants of tourism flows (see Lim, 1997). Income in country of origin, the cost of travel, relative prices, exchange rates and tourism infrastructure are among the most prominent determinants of tourism flows in the existing empirical literature.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Zanzibar: A Pathway to Tourism for All Public Disclosure Authorized Integrated Strategic Action Plan July 2019 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 1 List of Abbreviations CoL Commission of Labour DMA Department of Museums and Antiquities (Zanzibar) DNA Department of National Archives (Zanzibar) GDP gross domestic product GoZ government of Zanzibar IFC International Finance Corporation ILO International Labour Organization M&E monitoring and evaluation MoANRLF Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, Livestock and Fisheries (Zanzibar) MoCICT Ministry of Construction, Industries, Communication and Transport (Zanzibar) MoEVT Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (Zanzibar) MoFP Ministry of Finance and Planning (Zanzibar) MoH Ministry of Health (Zanzibar) MoICTS Ministry of Information, Culture, Tourism and Sports (Zanzibar) MoLWEE Ministry of Lands, Water, Energy and Environment (Zanzibar) MoTIM Ministry of Trade, Industry and Marketing (Zanzibar) MRALGSD Ministry of State, Regional Administration, Local Government and Special Departments (Zanzibar) NACTE National Council for Technical Education (Tanzania) NGO nongovernmental organization PPP private-public partnership STCDA Stone Town Conservation and Development Authority SWM solid waste management TISAP tourism integrated strategic action plan TVET technical and vocational education and training UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation UWAMWIMA Zanzibar Vegetable Producers’ Association VTA Vocational
    [Show full text]
  • In Mauritius.Pdf
    PHYSICAL ALTERATIONS AND DESTRUCTION OF HABITATS IN MAURITIUS M.Bhikajee and S.Bhagwant 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Geographic Location ................................................................................................................... 4 1.2. Climate ........................................................................................................................................ 5 1.3. The Coastal Zone......................................................................................................................... 5 2. Relevant National legislation................................................................................................................ 9 3. National Institutional Set-up ............................................................................................................... 10 4. Socio-economic importance of the three main priority areas.............................................................. 11 4.1. Tourism ..................................................................................................................................... 11 4.2. Mangroves................................................................................................................................. 12 4.3. Mining/ Sediment movement, Ports and Land reclamation and damming of rivers.................. 13 4.3.1. Mining.............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • MOZAMBIQUE November 2019 - October 2020
    MOZAMBIQUE November 2019 - October 2020 1 There would be no us without you. 2 4 Sense of Oceans - Who we are 6 About Us 8 Our people 10 Product offering 12 Sustainable tourism 14 Systems through technology 16 Regional maps 18 Parks of Mozambique 20 Attractions of Mozambique MOZAMBIQUE 22 Introduction 24 Country information 26 Tours at a Glance COMFORT TOUR 28 Mozambique Highlights CLASSIC TOUR 30 Northern Mozambique Explorer COMFORT SELF-DRIVE TOUR 32 Bush and Beach Comfort 34 Accommodation KENYA 44 Introduction 46 Country information CLASSIC GUIDED TOUR 48 Tsavo East and Tsavo West: Safari and Beach TANZANIA 50 Introduction 52 Country information CLASSIC GUIDED TOUR 54 Tanzania and Zanzibar: Safari and Beach 56 ADD ON PACKAGES 58 COMING SOON Reunion and Madagascar 60 INDEX Contents 3 Sense of Oceans… Who we are For over three decades, Tourvest Destination Management has prided itself in offering only the highest quality, most memorable and professional tour services to both local and international travellers. With our aim to grow our already expansive African footprint, we have joined hands with Mozambique Voyages to form Sense of Oceans – a division that will take both organisations into a new phase of exploring travel possibilities throughout the Indian Ocean, starting with Mozambique. Sense of Oceans combines the expertise of two successful organisations. Mozambique Voyages specialises in both self-drive and tailor-made holidays in Mozambique and are known for providing travellers with an unprecedented level of access and specialisation to ensure truly unforgettable travel experiences. On the other hand, Tourvest Destination Management’s heritage and reputation as one of the best destination management companies in Africa is proven by our inbound business unit being the largest ground handler of foreign tourists to Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism and Its Relationship to Community Development in Chamarel, Mauritius
    Tourism and its relationship to community development in Chamarel, Mauritius Davina Zara Ludmilla Prang A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of London Metropolitan University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2016 Acknowledgements The completion of this study represents a significant turning point in my life. It has been a long journey and has demanded a lot of effort, time and personal sacrifice. During this time I was lucky to have the support of many people. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my Director of Studies Professor Dean Bartlett and for the advice and support of my Head of Department Professor Jillian Farquar. I am grateful for the numerous readers of my work including Professor Michael Hitchcock and Professor Marcus Stephenson who supported the proposals and findings of this study and their valuable insights over many years. The research for this thesis would not have been possible without the kind help and generosity of the villagers of Chamarel who gave up their time freely to share in discussions and allowed me to interview them. I felt humbled by their sense of optimism as they shared their innermost thoughts and lives with me. I am indebted to the families who welcomed me into their world and experiences of everyday Mauritian life. My taxi driver was a valuable friend who participated in the research on community tourism whole heartedly. I would like to thank the many informants including staff members of the Ministry of Tourism, Nelson Mandela Centre for African Culture and the Mauritius Research Council for their hospitality and lively debates on tourism development and Creole communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Daren Moodely, Tourism Authority, Mauritius SWITCH Africa Green
    Improving Sustainable Tourism in Mauritius through greening the value chain of tour operators (SUS-ISLAND) Daren Moodely, Tourism Authority, Mauritius SWITCH Africa Green Regional Meeting on Sustainable Tourism Kigali, Rwanda 29-30 October 2019 The Tourism Industry at a glance in 2018 • 1,399,408 Tourist Arrivals • 4.3% Growth • RS 64.0 Billions Earnings • Nearly 15% contribution to GDP • 93.4% of Tourists coming on holidays • Average Length of Stay 10.4 Nights • Average Bed Occupancy in Hotels 67% • In 2018, 63.9% of Inbound Tourists travelled on package tour • In 2018, among those staying in hotels, 79.6% of tourists were on package tour The Share of TO’s in Mauritius and Its Value Chain Car Hire 1. Even though there is a worldwide trend to move towards Independent Travelling, Mauritius still received 900,000 via Tour Taxi Operators Operators. 2. These Tourists spend on average 8.7 Hotels and Accommodation nights Sector 3. 358 Inbound Tour Operators are licenced by the Tourism Authority employing more than 3600 direct employees Handicraft Restaurants Parks Boat Operators Make your own Give Something Back Get to know the Locals Memento Deep Dive a District Get Lost Be Nice TOURIST YOURSELF TOURIST - Drink in the Local Culture UN Sus-Island Project December 2017 - Project approval received from Switch Africa Green July 2018 – Appointment of the Project Coordinator and kickstart of the project SUS-ISLAND contributes to the vision… Mauritius and Rodrigues become a green destination to visit and sustainable island to live, where Tour operators,
    [Show full text]
  • COMESA Sustainable Tourism Development Framework a Basis for Development of a Regional Tourism Strategy and Policy for the COMESA Region
    COMESA Sustainable Tourism Development Framework A Basis for Development of a Regional Tourism Strategy and Policy for the COMESA Region Page | 1 COMESA MAP Page | 2 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 9 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................... 14 1. MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY .............................................................................. 16 1.1 INDIVIDUAL COUNTRY OVERVIEW OF THE TOURISM SECTOR IN COMESA RE .......................................................................................................................................................... 16 2. COUNTRY DIAGNOSTICS TOURISM STUDY ............................................................ 17 2.1 BURUNDI ................................................................................................................................. 17 TOURISM ECONOMIC INDICATORS .................................................................................. 18 BURUNDI TOURISM SWOT ANALYSIS ............................................................................... 18 2.2 COMOROS ISLANDS ............................................................................................................. 19 2.3 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC) ................................................................. 22 TOURISM ECONOMIC INDICATORS .................................................................................
    [Show full text]