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A Case Study in the Tambraparani Irrigation System

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A Case Study in the Tambraparani Irrigation System ResearchReport WaterDistributionRules andWaterDistribution Performance:ACaseStudyinthe TambraparaniIrrigationSystem JeffreyD.Brewer,R.Sakthivadivel, andK.V.Raju INTERNATIONALIRRIGATIONMANAGEMENTINSTITUTE POBox2075Colombo,SriLanka Tel(94-1)867404•Fax(94-1)866854•[email protected] InternetHomePagehttp://www.cgiar.org ISBN92-9090-343-0 ISSN1026-0862 Research Reports IIMI’s mission is to improve food security and the lives of poor people by fostering sus- tainable increases in the productivity of water used in agriculture through better manage- ment of irrigation and water basin systems. With its headquarters in Colombo, Sri Lanka, IIMI conducts a worldwide research and capacity-building program to improve water re- sources and irrigation management through better technologies, policies, institutions, and management. The publications in this series cover a wide range of subjects—from computer mod- eling to experience with water users associations—and vary in content from directly ap- plicable research to more basic studies, on which applied work ultimately depends. Some research reports are narrowly focused, analytical, and detailed empirical studies; others are wide-ranging and synthetic overviews of generic problems. Although most of the reports are published by IIMI staff and their collaborators, we welcome contributions from others. Each report is reviewed internally by IIMI’s own staff and Fellows, and by external reviewers. The reports are published and distributed both in hard copy and electronically (http://www.cgiar.org/iimi) and where possible all data and analyses will be available as separate downloadable files. Reports may be copied freely and cited with due acknowledgment. Research Report 12 Water Distribution Rules and Water Distribution Performance: A Case Study in the Tambraparani Irrigation System Jeffrey D. Brewer, R. Sakthivadivel, and K. V. Raju International Irrigation Management Institute P O Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka iii3 The authors: Jeffrey D. Brewer and R. Sakthivadivel are social scientist and senior irrigation specialist, respectively, at the International Irrigation Management Institute. K. V. Raju was formerly an IIMI research associate, but is currently assistant professor at the Institute for Social and Economic Change in Bangalore, India. This report is based on several years of IIMI research at the Tambraparani Irrigation Sys- tem, much of which was carried out in collaboration with the Centre for Water Resources at Anna University in Madras and with the Irrigation Management and Training Institute in Tiruchirapalli. The authors would like to indicate their gratitude to the many colleagues at these institutions who carried out or contributed to the studies at Tambraparani. Krishnan Associates of Madras also collected data for this study. We wish to thank the Government of India, the United States Agency for International Development, and the Ford Foundation that funded these studies. We also wish to thank Chris Perry, S. G. Narayanamurthy, and Doug Vermillion for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this report. Brewer, J. D., R. Sakthivadivel, and K. V. Raju. 1997. Water distribution rules and water dis- tribution performance: A case study in the Tambraparani Irrigation System. Research Report 12. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute. / irrigation management / irrigation systems / performance / operation / water distribution / water allocation / water delivery / water user’s associations / legislation / large-scale systems / bananas / India / Tamil Nadu / ISBN 92-9090-343-0 ISSN 1026-0862 © IIMI, 1997. All rights reserved. Responsibility for the contents of this publication rests with the authors. Editor: Kingsley Kurukulasuriya; Consultant Editor: Steven Breth; Artist: D. C. Karunaratne; Typesetter: Kithsiri Jayakody; Publications Manager: Nimal A. Fernando. Contents Glossary iv Summary v Relation of Water Distribution Rules to Water Distribution Performance 1 Features of the Tambraparani Irrigation System 6 The Tambraparani Water Distribution Rules 10 Actual Water Distribution in Tambraparani 17 Consequences of the Deficiencies in the Tambraparani Rules 25 The Lessons of Tambraparani 31 Literature Cited 32 iii5 Glossary Advance kar season April-July Anicut Diversion weir Cusec Cubic feet per second Kar season June-September Laskars Gate operators Pishanam season October-March PWD (Tamil Nadu) Public Works Department TNEB Tamil Nadu Electricity Board WUA Water users association iv Summary This report makes two arguments about the relation- for the operation of the system reservoirs limit flows ship of water distribution rules to water distribution to less-than-required for irrigation during some peri- performance. First, it argues that if the water distribu- ods. The various inconsistencies lead to unpredictable tion rules define a pattern of water delivery that does water deliveries. The resulting inefficiencies and ineq- not match technically feasible goals of the water users, uities are demonstrated using data for the year 1994– then the users will subvert the rules. This will lead to 95. poor water delivery performance and increases in the It is argued that the problems at Tambraparani cost of irrigation to the users. Second, it argues that arise from fundamental issues that apply to all large inconsistency in the water distribution rules creates irrigation schemes. In particular, increasing demands difficulties in system operations that are likely to lead on irrigation systems from both farmers and other to inefficient and inequitable water distribution per- users make it essential to modify water distribution formance. rules over time. Resolution of these problems requires Data from the Tambraparani Irrigation System in devising a system by which responsible persons re- Tamil Nadu, India, are used to demonstrate these view system performance and can initiate changes to points. Specifically, the allocation rules do not provide water distribution rules as needed. It is further argued for the irrigation of bananas although farmers want to that involvement of the users in these changes is es- plant them. Farmers take a variety of actions to get sential to ensure that the distribution rules serve their water for their bananas. In addition, inconsistencies in desires and that the users accept the limitations on the Tambraparani rules make it difficult to operate the uses imposed by water availability and the features of system according to the rules. For example, the rules the system. v Water Distribution Rules and Water Distribution Performance: A Case Study in the Tambraparani Irrigation System Jeffrey D. Brewer, R. Sakthivadivel, and K. V. Raju In this report, we explore the relationship of inequitable water distribution per- water distribution rules to water distribu- formance. tion performance. Specifically, we make two arguments: We use data from the Tambraparani Ir- rigation System in Tamil Nadu, India, to • If the water distribution rules of an irri- demonstrate these points. In addition, we gation system define a pattern of water argue for the relevance of these propositions delivery that does not match technically to many other irrigation systems. We show feasible irrigation services desired by that farmers and system managers in the the users, then the users, often in coop- Tambraparani Irrigation System in South In- eration with system managers, will dia systematically subvert water distribution modify or subvert the rules to bring rules that interfere with delivering water as water delivery into accord with their desired by the farmers. We then show that desires. Subversion of the water distri- this subversion leads to loss of control by the bution rules will adversely affect water system managers, to inequitable and unpre- delivery performance, especially equity dictable deliveries, and to raising the trans- of distribution, and will raise the cost of action costs of getting water. We also show irrigation to the users. that the Tambraparani water distribution • Inconsistencies in the water distribution rules are inconsistent and that these incon- rules create difficulties in system sistencies lead to interference with operation operations that lead to inefficient and of the system. Relation of Water Distribution Rules to Water Distribution Performance This section discusses the conceptual foun- Water distribution rules dation for the two arguments on the rela- tion of water distribution rules to water dis- Importance. Distribution of water to users tribution performance and briefly reviews within an irrigation system involves such the existing literature. decisions, as who is to get water, how much 1 is to be delivered to each user, at what time • the persons or groups of people to will it be delivered. These decisions are usu- whom water is to be delivered (the us- ally made with the help of publicly recog- ers) nized water distribution rules (Coward • the amount of water to be delivered to 1980). One reason for the existence of water each user (water quantity or discharge) distribution rules is to simplify decision • when water is to be delivered to each making. Irrigation management decisions user (delivery period) and tasks are repeated at least once a year. • the person(s) or group(s) empowered to Water distribution rules reduce the effort make decisions about water deliveries needed to make these decisions. Rules codify (the system managers) past experience, allowing a new decision maker to benefit from the past learning. If
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