Chennai-Kanyakumari Industrial Corridor Power Sector Investment

Home , Kodaikanal taluk, Mukurthi National Park, Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary, Puthiamputhur, Servalar dam

Initial Environmental Examination (Draft) — Annexes

Project Number: 51308-001 May 2019

India: Chennai-Kanyakumari Industrial Corridor: Power Sector Investment Project

Prepared by Tamil Nadu Transmission Company (TANTRANSCO), Government of Tamil Nadu (Department of Energy) for the Asian Development Bank.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

LIST OF ANNEXURES

Annexure 1: Minimum Ground Clearance as Per IE-1956 (Rule 77) Annexure 2: Site Analysis for Grid Substations Annexure 3: Route Analysis for Transmission Lines Annexure 4: Inventory along the Transmission Lines Annexure 5: Environmental Audit Checklist for Electric Power Transmission Substations Annexure 6: Standards, Baseline Environment Monitoring for Air, Water, Noise and Soil Sampling for Subprojects Annexure 7: National Parks and Sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu State Annexure 8: Important Bird Area Information Annexure 9: Details of Sample Public Consultations Annexure 10: Terms of Reference for National Safeguards Consultant for Monitoring during Construction and comissioning Annexure 11: Due Diligence Report of 2x800 Uppur Super Critical Coal based Thermal Power Plant

ANNEXURES

Annexure 1: Minimum Ground Clearance as Per IE-1956 (Rule 77)

Voltage Mandatory ground clearance as per I.E Rule 77 66 kV 6.1 meters 132 kV 6.1 meters 220 kV 7.0 meters 400 kV 8.84 meters 800 kV 12.40 meters

Clearances from Buildings of HT and EHT voltage lines IE Rule 80 Vertical Distance High voltage lines up to 33 kV 3.7 Meter Extra High Voltage 3.7 Meter + Add 0.3 meter for every additional 33KV Horizontal clearance between the conductor and Building High Voltage Up to 11 kV 1.2 Meter 11 kV To 33 kV 2.0 Meter Extra High Voltage 2.0 Meter + Add 0.3 meter for every additional 33KV

Clearance above ground of the lowest conductor As per IE Rule 77 Overhead Line Across Street Low and Medium Voltage 5.8 Meter High Voltage 6.1 Meter Overhead Line Along Street (Parallel To Street) Low and Medium Voltage 5.5 Meter High Voltage 5.8 Meter Overhead Line Without Across or Along Street Low/Medium/HT line up to 11 kV If 4.6 Meter Bare Conductor Low/Medium/HT line up to 11 kV If 4.0 Meter Insulated Conductor Above 11 kV Line 5.2 Meter Above 33 kV Line 5.8 Meter + Add 0.3 meter for every additional 33KV

ROW WIDTH FOR VALLEYS

1. TANTRANSCO is following the Electrical Rules 77 and 80 which is strictly followed and as per guidelines. Therefore, it meets all national and international standards.

Suppl No of Maximu Minimu Minimum Conducto Effect of Distance on Clearanc y circuit m ROW m ROW ROW r to Conducto either side e from voltag s As per under Conducto r Swing & of the conducto e guideline conducto r Sag extreme end r to tree. s r in Distance conductor(T As per valleys o be only Indian ** considered Electricit ‘’A” ##“E” in areas y rules ‘’D” under “B”=D+3 valleys) “C” 400 kV Double 46m 30 m 20 m 16.40m 1.3m 1.5m 5.5m ckt. 220 kV Double 35m 22m 15 m 10.4m 1m 1.5m 4.6m ckt. 132 kV Double 27m 19m 13 m 9.2m 0.61m 1.5m 4m ckt. 66 kV Double 18m 12m 7.0 m 3.78m 0.56m 1.5m 3.4m ckt. 33 kV Double 15m 9m 6.0 m 2.6m 0.4m 1.5m 2.8m Ckt

Annexure 2: Site Analysis for Grid Substations

List of Projects Substation Operating voltages (kV) S1 Virudhunagar (2x1500 MVA) 765/400 S2 Ottapidaram (2x500 MVA) + (2x200 MVA) 400/230/110 New bays at associated substations Quantity S3.1 400 kV bays at Existing Kamuthi substation 2 S3.2 400 kV bays at Existing Kayathar substation 2 S3.3 110 kV bay provisions at Existing Vijayapuri substation 1 Sub total 5

COMPONENT I: Substations S1 – 765/400 kV Virudhunagar (2x1500MVA) Grid Substation SNo Description Site 1. Substation details 765/400 kV Virudhunagar substation with 2x1500 MVA, 765/400 kV ICTs 1a Area (dimensions) 226.53 acres 1b Geographical coordinates Mannarkottai & Valayapatti Village 9° 26' 41.827" N 77° 59' 52.876" E 1c Slope/Plain Land Plain 1d Amount of land cutting required Filling required in depressions 2 Number of transformers 2x1500MVA (3x500 MVA ICT each) 3 Number of Bays 2 No 765 kV bays, 6 Nos 400 kV bays 4 Size/ type of oil sump Sump pits & Oil collecting pit etc., which are covered at top, designed for a live load of 500 kg/sq.m 5 Ownership of land (Private / Forest/ Other Private Government Department/ Other) - Private - Government 6 Private land (in Bighas) 230 acres has been identified in Mannarkottai Village and Valayapatti Village (i) Agriculture:- Non-irrigated a. Irrigated b. Non-irrigated (ii) Non-Agriculture/ Private waste land / banjar. No data available (iii) House or Building: None a. Residential b. Non-Residential 7.a Distance from Nearest River/coastal area 61 km from coastal area 7.b Distance from Nearest National / State Highway 9 km from NH 7 7.c Distance from Nearest Forest Area 62 km Meghamalai WLS 7.b Distance from Nearest Village / town 20 km from Virudhunagar 7.e Distance from industry or thermal power plant 8. Distance from Interstate / International 65 km from international waters Boundaries 9. Nos. of Forest Trees:- No data a. Trees to be felled b. Trees to be lopped 10. Nos. of private trees No data

SNo Description Site (i) Fruit Trees: a. Trees to be felled b. Trees to be lopped (ii) Non-Fruit Trees: a. Trees to be felled b. Trees to be lopped 11. Altitude of substation 95 m 12. Nearest distance from Airport 52 km from Madurai airport 13. Distance from nearest religious or Archaeological Not determined sites 14. Name of villages involved/Name of District Mannarkottai Village and Valayapatti Village, Virudhunagar district (Source DPR and site visits)

S2 – 400/230/110 kV Ottapidaram (2x500MVA) + (2x200MVA) Grid substation No Description Site 1. Substation details Establishment of 400/230-110 kV substation at Ottapidaram with 2x500MVA, 400/230 kV ICTs & 2x200MVA, 400/110 kV ICTs 1a Area (dimensions) 60.61 acres has been registered and the balance 12.33 cents is under the process of registration (DPR estimates) 1b Geographical coordinates Saminthan Village 8° 53' 39.695" N 78° 2' 53.010" E 1c Slope/Plain Land Plain 1d Amount of land cutting required None 2 Number of transformers 2x500 MVA and 2x200 MVA ICTs 3 Number of Bays 6 Nos. 400 kV bays 4 Nos 230 kV bays 5 No. 110 kV bays 4 Size/ type of oil sump Sump pits & Oil collecting pit etc., which are covered at top, designed for a live load of 500 kg/sq.m 5 Ownership of land (Private / Forest/ Other Ind Bharat, a private IPP Government Department/ Other) - Private - Government 6 Private land (in Bighas) 60.61 acres (i) Agriculture:- c. Irrigated d. Non-irrigated (ii) Non-Agriculture/ Private waste land / banjar. (iii) House or Building: c. Residential d. Non-Residential 7.a Distance from Nearest River/Coast 15 km from coast 7.b Distance from Nearest National / State Highway 5.12 km from NH 45B 7.c Distance from Nearest Forest Area No data 7.d Distance from Nearest Village / town 3 km from Puthiamputhur

No Description Site 7e. Distance from any industry/thermal power plant 1.3 km from thermal power plant 8. Distance from Interstate / International Boundaries 26 km international waters 9.. Nos. of Forest Trees:- None c. Trees to be felled d. Trees to be lopped 10.. Nos. of private trees Not estimated (iii) Fruit Trees: Nil c. Trees to be felled d. Trees to be lopped (iv) Non-Fruit Trees: Nil c. Trees to be felled d. Trees to be lopped 11. Altitude of substation 41 m

12. Nearest distance from Airport/railway station Aerially 25 km from Tuticorin railway station 13. Distance from nearest religious or Archaeological None sites 14. Name of villages involved/Name of District Saminathan village, Thoothukudi (Source DPR and site visits)

S3-5. The three bays are also existing and therefore no analysis required. Data and site photographs are attached in Section 3.

Annexure 3: Route Analysis for Transmission Lines 3A.1 Maps containing 3 alternatives T1.1 Virudhunagar to Coimbatore

PLOT 1

PLOT 2

PLOT 3

PLOT 4

T1.2 Virudhunagar to Kayathar

T1.3 Virudhunagar to Thappangundu

T2.1 Ottapidaram to Udangudi

T2.2 Ottapidaram to Kamuthi

T2.3 Ottapidaram to Sipcot-Kavanoor

T2.4 Ottapidaram to Savasapuram

T2.5 Ottapidaram to Eppothumvendran

T2.6 Ottapidaram to Vijayapuri

T2.7 Ottapidaram to TTN Auto-T-off Sipcot Lines

3A.2: Transmission line alternatives Transmission lines associated with Virudhunagar substation Route Length (km) T1.1 765 kV double circuit line Virudhunagar - Coimbatore 242 T12 400 kV double circuit line Virudhunagar - Kayathar 72 T1.3 400 kV double circuit line in and out at Virudhunagar for Kamuthi to Thappagundu 5 (proposed) line Transmission lines associated with Ottapidaram substation Route Length (km) T2.1 400 kV double circuit line Ottapidaram - Udangudi 68 T2.2 400 kV double circuit line Ottapidaram - Kamuthi 71 T2.3 230 kV double circuit line in and out at Ottapidaram for Sipcot - Kavanoor line 10 T2.4 230 kV double circuit line in and out at Ottapidaram for Sipcot - Savasapuram line 6 T2.5 110 kV double circuit line in and out at Ottapidaram for Ottapidaram - 4 Eppothumvendran T2.6 110 kV single circuit line Ottapidaram - Vijayapuri 34 T2.7 110 kV double circuit line in and out at Ottapidaram for TTN Auto - T-off Sipcot line 10 Source: Anna University Route Survey 2018

COMPONENT II. Transmission T1.1: Virudhunagar 765 kV SS to Coimbatore 765 kV SS Bee line Length: 208.5 km from Virudhunagar SS Coimbatore SS Alterna Len % Land use Crossing Details (km) No. of Angle Number of tive gth Deviat Points Crossings Routes In ion For Built- Road Crop WasWat 0 30 60 Total Riv Road Ra Maj km From est up/ Cross Land + te er to to to Num er (NH/ il or Bee Habitating Plantatland Bodi 30 60 90 ber SH) Li Pow Line ion ion es de dede ne er g g g line s Route 222. 6.92 - 1.22 0.76 178.94 33.3 8.69 39 18 2 58 5 7 7 33 A 93 2 Route 227. 9.13 0.16 1.27 0.68 189.19 25.1 11.0 54 15 3 72 4 7 5 30 B 53 9 4 Route 223. 7.34 0.46 2.89 0.87 176.47 28.8 14.3 43 26 3 72 4 6 4 31 C 80 0 1 Route 241. 16.02 0.89 189.57 39.1 12.3 54 33 5 92 4 7 6 31 Approve D 90 1 1 d (Route (Combi A is ned of approve Route d by TLC/Ma A & durai Route and C) Route C is approve d by TLC/ Perundu rai) Source: Anna University Route Survey 2018

T1.2: Route - 400 kV DC Line from Virudhungar 765 kV SS to Kayathar 400 kV SS Bee Line Length: 63.45 km From: Virudhunagar SS To: Kayathar SS

Altern Len % Land use Crossing Details (km) No. of Angle Number of Appr ative gth Devia Points Crossings oval Route In tion Fo Built Road Cro WastWater 0 30 60 Total Ri Road Rai Major from s km From re Up/ Cross p e Bodies to to to Numbv (NH/S l Powe TAN Bee st Habi ing Lan Land 30 60 90 er er H) Lin r TRA Line tatio d+ de de de e lines NSC n Plan g g g O tatio n Route 69.0 - - 37.8 27.4 A 6 8.12 0.13 5 9 3.59 11 7 5 59 2 2 1 10 Route 67.3 - - 41.1 22.7 B 2 5.74 - 7 3 3.42 20 4 3 27 2 2 1 8 - - Appr oved by TAN TRA Route 72.0 47.8 NSC C 7 11.96 0.08 1 20.3 3.88 9 13 5 27 1 - 1 5 O Source: Anna University Route Survey 2018

T2.1: Route - 400 kV DC Line from Ottapidaram 400 kV SS to Udangudi Switch Yard Bee line Length: 48.3 km From: OTTAPIDARAM 400KV SS to: UDANGUDI SWITCHYARD Altern Len % Land use Crossing Details (km) No. of Angle Number of Appr ative gth Devia Points Crossings oval Route In tion Fo Built Road Cro WastWater Sal C 0 30 60 Total Ri Road Rai Major from s km From re Up/ Crossp e Bodiet R to to to Numbv (NH/S l Powe TAN Bee st Habi ing Lan Land s Pa Z 30 60 90 er er H) Lin r TRA Line tatio d+ n de de de e lines NSC n Plan g g g O tatio n Route 68 28.97 - - 0.024 34.7 20.9 12.23 - - 49 16 3 68 1 1 1 8 Appr A 5 5 oved by TAN TRA NSC O Route 52.3 8.28 - - 0.09 27.5 15.5 3.18 5.5 - 13 8 1 22 1 3 2 10 B 0 4 0 Route 50.2 4.07 - - 0.09 29.2 13.5 7.08 0.3 - 16 3 - 19 1 3 2 13 C 7 2 7 1 Source: Anna University Route Survey 2018

T2.2 Route - 110KV TL LILO Ottapidaram 400 kV SS to Kamuthi SS Bee line Length: 63.55 km From: OTTAPIDARAM 400 kV SS to: Kamuthi SS Altern Len % Land use Crossing Details (km) No. of Angle Number of Approval ative gth Devia Points Crossings from Routes In tion For Built Road Crop Wa Wat S 0 30 60 Total Riv Roa Ra Maj TANTRA km From est Up/ Cross Land+ ste er alt to to to Num er d il or NSCO Bee Habita ing Planta Lan Bod P 30 60 90 ber (NH/ Li Po Line tion tion d ies an dedede SH) ne wer g g g line s Route 68.0 7.12 - - 0.064 50.93 15. 1.70 - 11 6 - 17 1 1 - 6 A 8 39 Route 71.0 10.55 - - 0.05 52.00 15. 1.71 - 32 10 1 43 1 1 - 5 Approved B 5 41 by TANTRA NSCO Route 70.8 11.43 - - 0.055 47.74 17. 5.09 - 6 9 - 15 1 1 - 6 C 2 95 Source: Anna University Route Survey 2018

T2.3: 230 kV double circuit line in and out at Ottapidaram for Sipcot-Kavanoor line Bee Line Length: 9.38 km From : Ottapidaram SS To: Sipcot-Kavanoor SS Altern Len % Land use Crossing Details (km) No. of Angle Number of Approval ative gth Deviatio Points Crossings from Rout In n From F Built- Roa Crop Wa Wat 0 30 60 Tot R Roa R Major TANTRA es km Bee Line or up/ d Land + ste er to to to al iv d ail Powe NSCO e Habit Cros Plantati lan Bod 30 60 90 Nu e (NH/ Li r st ation sing on d ies de deg deg mbe r SH) ne lines g r Rout 9.9 5.54 - - 0.03 6.78 3.0 0.03 5 4 1 10 - 1 - 4 Approved e A 6 Source: Anna University Route Survey 2018

T2.4: 230 kV double circuit line in and out at Ottapidaram for Sipcot-Savasapuram line Bee Line Length: 5.41 km From : Ottapidaram SS To: Sipcot-Savasapuram SS Altern Len % Land use Crossing Details (km) No. of Angle Number of Approval ative gth Deviatio Points Crossings from Route In n From F Built- Roa Crop Wa Wat 0 30 60 Tot R Roa R Major TANTRA s km Bee Line or up/ d Land + ste er to to to al iv d ail Powe NSCO e Habit Cros Plantati lan Bod 30 60 90 Nu e (NH Li r st ation sing on d ies de deg deg mbe r /SH) ne lines g r Route 5.58 3.14 - - - 3.81 1.6 0.15 5 1 0 6 - - - 2 Approved A 2 Source: Anna University Route Survey 2018

T2.5: 110 kV double circuit line in and out at Ottapidaram for Ottapidaram - Eppothumvendran line Bee Line Length: 3.44 km From : Ottapidaram SS To: Eppothumvendran SS Altern Len % Land use Crossing Details (km) No. of Angle Number of Approval ative gth Deviatio Points Crossings from Route In n From F Built- Roa Crop Wa Wat 0 30 60 Tot R Roa R Major TANTRA s km Bee Line or up/ d Land + ste er to to to al iv d ail Powe NSCO e Habit Cros Plantati lan Bod 30 60 90 Nu e (NH Li r st ation sing on d ies de deg deg mbe r /SH) ne lines g r Route 2.1 Approved A 3.56 3.48 - - - 1.40 6 - 1 1 1 3 - - - 2 Source: Anna University Route Survey 2018

T2.6: Route - 110KV TL LILO Ottapidaram 400 kV SS to Vijayapuri SS Bee line Length: 31.8 km From: OTTAPIDARAM 400KV SS to Vijayapuri SS Altern Len % Land use Crossing Details (km) No. of Angle Number of Approval ative gth Devia Points Crossings from Route In tion For Built Road Crop Wa Wat S 0 3 6 Tota Ri Roa R Maj TANTRA s km From est Up/ Cros Land+ ste er al to 0 0 l ve d ail or NSCO Bee Habit sing Plant La Bod t 3 to to Num r (NH/ Li Po Line ation ation nd ies P 0 6 9 ber SH) n wer a d 0 0 e line n e d d s g e e g g Route 35.4 11.54 - - 0.061 16.96 17. 0.64 - 9 3 - 12 - - - 4 A 7 81 Route 34.4 7.63 - - 0.072 23.69 7.0 3.62 - 2 5 3 30 - - - 3 Approved B 3 5 2 Route 33.4 5.25 - - 0.061 21.06 11. 1.08 - 7 5 - 12 - - - 5 C 7 27 Source: Anna University Route Survey 2018

T2.7: 110 kV double circuit line in and out at Ottapidaram for Ottapidaram – TTN Auto- T-off Sipcot line Bee Line Length: 8.26 km From : Ottapidaram SS To: TTN Auto-T-off Sipcot Altern Len % Land use Crossing Details (km) No. of Angle Number of Approval ative gth Deviatio Points Crossings from Route In n From F Built- Roa Crop Wa Wat 0 30 60 Tot R Roa R Major TANTRA s km Bee Line or up/ d Land + ste er to to to al iv d ail Powe NSCO e Habit Cros Plantati lan Bod 30 60 90 Nu e (NH Li r st ation sing on d ies de deg deg mbe r /SH) ne lines g r Route 10.2 3.7 Approved A 7 24.33 - - - 6.41 8 0.08 2 2 6 10 - - - 2 Notes: 1. The routes are planned using Land use/cover Map prepared using Resources at Satellite (5.8m resolution) and Least Cost Path Analysis in an GIS environment. The least cost path routes are generalized to minimize the number of angle points and crossings. The selection of best route from the available alternatives (Route A, Route B and Route C) is to be decided by TANTRANSCO based on the above details in the table and the maps attached earlier. 2. The given co-ordinates of Angle Points are to be adjusted to suit the local field constraints. For example, if the agricultural land is converted as residential layout and with no buildings on it, it may not be very clearly visible on satellite imagery. Hence, if the route encounters such residential/industrial land, the field engineer can modify the angle point location to overcome the field constraints. Source: Anna University Route Survey 2018

Annexure 4: Inventory along the Transmission Lines

TO From Secti Name of Appr Owne Use of Name of Nu Types (Names) of Trees WE (km) on village/Teh ox. rship Land Crops mbe cut R To lengt sil/District Dista of (Cultiv r of No. (km) h nce Land ation, tree of (Priv plantat s trans ate ion/bar und missi Govt. ren) er on Fores cutti line t)/ ng/t from Use rim nearb of min y Land g villag e/Hou sing (km) T1.1 765 kV double circuit line Virudhunagar - Coimbatore 5-10km Siluvaipura 1.5 Privat Cultiva Rice, 25 Neam, Palm, English m e ble Banana babool 10- Kutiampuli 1.5 Privat Cultiva Rice, 24 Neem, Coconut, Palm, 12km e ble Banana Emali 12- Sivaganapu 2 Privat Cultiva Rice, 15 Neem, Coconut, Palm, 15km ram e ble Banana Emali 15- Servaikuran 2 Privat Cultiva Rice, 25 Neem, Coconut, Palm, 17km madan e ble Banana Emali 17- Sakammalp 2 Privat Cultiva Rice, 31 Neem, Coconut, Palm, 20km uram e ble Banana Emali 20- Sampadi 2 Privat Cultiva Rice, 40 Neem, Coconut, Palm, 25km e ble Banana Emali 25- Agaram 2 Privat Cultiva Rice, 30 Neem, Palm, Coconut, 35km e ble Banana Babool 35- Ramchandr 1.5 Privat Cultiva Rice, 36 Palm Tree, Neem, Babool, 40km apuram e ble Banana Coconut 40- Narasanvill 1 Privat Cultiva Rice, 42 Palm Tree, Neem, Babool 50km ai e ble Banana 50- Nagakaniya 1.5 Privat Cultiva Rice, 30 Palm Tree, Neem, Babool 55km puram e ble Banana 55- Thalavapur 1.5 Privat Cultiva Rice, 35 Palm Tree, Neem, Babool, 60km am e ble Banana Coconut 60- N 1.5 Privat Cultiva Rice, 32 Palm Tree, Neem, Babool, 65km Muthiyapur e ble Banana Coconut am 65- Kallamozhi 1.5 Privat Cultiva Rice, 25 Palm Tree, Neem, Babool, 70km e ble Banana Coconut 5-10km Siluvaipura 1.5 Privat Cultiva Rice, 25 Neam, Palm, English m e ble Banana babool 10- Kutiampuli 1.5 Privat Cultiva Rice, 24 Neem, Coconut, Palm, 12km e ble Banana Emali 12- Sivaganapu 2 Privat Cultiva Rice, 15 Neem, Coconut, Palm, 15km ram e ble Banana Emali 15- Servaikuran 2 Privat Cultiva Rice, 25 Neem, Coconut, Palm, 17km madan e ble Banana Emali

T1.2 400 kV double circuit line Virudhunagar - Kayathar Chandiragir 1 Privat Cultiva Chilly, 3 Neem i e ble Maize, Dal Poosanoor 1 Privat Cultiva Chilly, 10 Neem, Palm, Shrubs e ble Maize, Dal O 1 Privat Cultiva Chilly, 10 Neem, Palm, Shrubs Lakshminar e ble Maize, Dal ayanpuram Muthiyapur 1 Privat Cultiva Coriender, 10 Neem, Palm, Shrubs am e ble Chilly, Maize, Dal Pondampull 1 Privat Cultiva Coriender, 10 Neem, Palm, Shrubs i e ble Chilly, Maize, Dal, Onion Sathuranay 1 Privat Cultiva Coriender, 10 Neem, Palm, Shrubs akkan Patti e ble Chilly, Maize, Dal, Onion Thoppadiap 1 Privat Cultiva Coriender, 15 Neem, Palm, Shrubs atti e ble Chilly, Maize, Dal, Onion Nerinjipatti 1 Privat Cultiva Chilly, 10 Neem, Palm, Shrubs e ble Maize, Dal, Rice, Cotton Idaiyankula 1 Privat Cultiva Chilly, 10 Neem, Palm, Shrubs m e ble Maize, Dal, Rice, Cotton Chandiragir 1 Privat Cultiva Chilly, 3 Neem i e ble Maize, Dal Poosanoor 1km Privat Cultiva Chilly, 10 Neem, Palm, Shrubs e ble Maize, Dal T2.1 400 kV DC TL from Ottapidaram to 400 kV SS Udangudi

5-10km Siluvaipura 1.5 Privat Cultiva Rice, 25 Neam, Palm, English m e ble Banana babool 10- Kutiampuli 1.5 Privat Cultiva Rice, 24 Neem, Coconut, Palm, 12km e ble Banana Emali 12- Sivaganapu 2 Privat Cultiva Rice, 15 Neem, Coconut, Palm, 15km ram e ble Banana Emali 15- Servaikuran 2 Privat Cultiva Rice, 25 Neem, Coconut, Palm, 17km madan e ble Banana Emali 17- Sakammalp 2 Privat Cultiva Rice, 31 Neem, Coconut, Palm, 20km uram e ble Banana Emali 20- Sampadi 2 Privat Cultiva Rice, 40 Neem, Coconut, Palm, 25km e ble Banana Emali 25- Agaram 2 Privat Cultiva Rice, 30 Neem, Palm, Coconut, 35km e ble Banana Babool 35- Ramchandr 1.5 Privat Cultiva Rice, 36 Palm Tree, Neem, Babool, 40km apuram e ble Banana Coconut 40- Narasanvill 1 Privat Cultiva Rice, 42 Palm Tree, Neem, Babool 50km ai e ble Banana 50- Nagakaniya 1.5 Privat Cultiva Rice, 30 Palm Tree, Neem, Babool 55km puram e ble Banana 55- Thalavapur 1.5 Privat Cultiva Rice, 35 Palm Tree, Neem, Babool, 60km am e ble Banana Coconut 60- N 1.5 Privat Cultiva Rice, 32 Palm Tree, Neem, Babool, 65km Muthiyapur e ble Banana Coconut am 65- Kallamozhi 1.5 Privat Cultiva Rice, 25 Palm Tree, Neem, Babool, 70km e ble Banana Coconut T2.2 400kv DC-TL from Ottapidaram to Kamuthi Chandiragir 1 Privat Cultiva Chilly, 3 Neem i e ble Maize, Dal Poosanoor 1 Privat Cultiva Chilly, 10 Neem, Palm, Shrubs e ble Maize, Dal O 1 Privat Cultiva Chilly, 10 Neem, Palm, Shrubs Lakshminar e ble Maize, Dal ayanpuram Muthiyapur 1 Privat Cultiva Coriender, 10 Neem, Palm, Shrubs

Annexure 5: Environmental Audit Checklist for Electric Power Transmission Substations

A. Project Details 1. The existing substations are located in Kayathar in Thoothukudi district, Kamuthi in Ramanathapuram District and Vijayapuri in Thoothukudi District. The direct impact area of augmentation has been defined as the total land extent where bay connectivity works are conducted in the above existing substations.

2. Expansion of bay facilities in these substations will be carried out under component 1 and 2 of the CKIC Power Project. All three substations have existing land area that is bounded on all sides.

Kayathar Substation Details 3. The Kayathar substation has 91 acres and augmentation of the existing 400 bays to connect 400 kV double circuit line Virudhunagar – Kayathar is expected at this substation. Additional equipment to be installed at 400/230/110 kV existing AIS substation at Kayathar is as follows: • 2 nos. of 400 kV bays at Kayathar 400 kV SS for connecting DC line from Virudhunagar 765/400 kV substation. • 2 Nos. of 400 KV Reactor (2x100 MVAR).

Kamuthi Substation Details 4. The 400/230/110 kV existing AIS substation at Kamuthi substation has 70 acres and extension of the existing 400 kV line bays to connect the 400 kV double circuit line Ottapidaram - Kamuthi constructed by the Project is expected at this substation. Additional equipment to be installed at Kamuthi is as follows: • 2 nos. of 400 kV bays at Kayathar 400 kV SS for connecting 400 kV DC quad line from Ottapidaram 400 kV substation. • 2 Nos. of 400 KV Reactor (2x100 MVAR).

Vijayapuri Substation Details 5. The Vijayapuri substation has 5 acres and extension of the existing 110 kV line bays to connect the 110 kV single circuit line Ottapidaram - Vijayapuri is expected at this substation. Additional equipment to be installed at 110/11 kV existing AIS substation at Vijayapuri is as follows: • 110 kV Bay provision at Vijayapuri 110 kV substation to connect 110 kV SC line on DC tower from the proposed Ottapidaram 400/110 kV SS.

B. Methodology Followed: 6. Method used for field data collection were the following: • Consultants conducted a site visit to the three substations listed above. • Interviewing staff and any workers engaged at these substations. • Review all health and safety aspects, tools and plant, cleanliness, proper equipment usage

and maintenance procedures followed. • Reviewing all storage facilities for oil, batteries, SF6 cylinder, trash and empty oil durms etc. • Comparing work procedure at these substations with the EMP applied for the project; review work place practices at the substation. • Interviewing the likely project affected households due to the project at the substation sites. • Reviewing any complaints received in the area and check complaint redress process and the situation of current complaints.

C. Applicable Environmental Policies and other Legislations for substatons (Supplements Section 2 earlier) 7. The Government of India (GOI’s) National Environmental Policy 2006 and ADB’s Safeguard Policy 2009 as well as associated procedures and guidelines thereto apply to all components/subprojects funded by ADB. The sub-projects included under this program should comply with the requirements of the following Acts, Rules, Notifications and Standards of GoI and policies as well as ADB safeguard requirements. • The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 as amended; • The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 as amended; • The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; • The Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 1994 as amended; • The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 as amended; • The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000; • The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001 as amended; • The Indian Forest Act, 1927 as amended; • The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 as amended; • The Biological Diversity Act, 2002; • The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 as amended. • The National Environmental Policy, 2006 of GoI • The Safeguard Policy, 2009 of ADB

8. The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (CC), Government of India, vide its Notification No. S.O. 1533 dated 14-09-2006, reengineered the EIA process in India and also decentralized some powers and made provision to constitute the State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) and the State Level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) for performing functions under the said Notification. The Environmental regulations, legislation, policy guidelines and control that may impact this project, are the responsibility of a variety of government agencies. The principal Environment Regulatory Agency in India is the MoEFCC which formulates environmental policies and accords environmental clearances for different projects.

9. The Important environmental legislations in India are given below: (i) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, amended 1988 (ii) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975 (iii) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, amended 1987 (iv) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982 (v) The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, amended 1991 and including the following Rules/Notification issued under this Act. • The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, including amendments • The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 • The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 • The Hazardous Wastes (management, handling and transboundary movement) Rules 2009 • The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 • Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000,

• Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002 • Eco Sensitive Zone Notification: Restricting location of industries, mining and other activities in Doon Valley (UP) • Ministry of Environment and Forest, Guidelines for EIA for River Valley Projects. • The Environmental Clearance Notification, 1994 • Environmental Impact Assessment Notification-2006 • Environmental Standards of CPCB (vi) Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 (vii) National policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation for Project Affected Families 2003, MORD (2004) (viii) The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, amended 1993 (ix) The Wildlife (Protection) Rules, 1995 (x) The Indian Forest Act, 1927 (xi) Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, amended 1988 (National Forest Policy, 1988) • Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981 amended 1992 and 2003 • Guidelines for diversion of forest lands for non-forest purpose under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (xii) The National Environmental Appellate Authority Act, 1997

Key Environmental Legislations Name Scope and Objective Key Areas Operational Agencies/Key Players Water To provide for the Controls sewage and Central and State (Prevention and prevention and control of industrial effluent Pollution Control Board Control of water pollution and discharges Pollution Act, enhancing the quality of 1974) water Air (Prevention To provide for the Controls emissions of Central and State and Control of prevention and control of air pollutants Pollution Control Boards Pollution Act - air pollution 1981) Forest Act, 1927 To consolidate Regulates access to State government, forest acquisition of common natural resources, settlement officers property such as forests state has a monopoly right over land, categories forests Forest To halt India’s rapid Restriction on de- Central Government Conservation Act, deforestation and reservation and using 1980 resulting Environmental forest for non-forest degradation purpose Wildlife Protection To protect wildlife Creates protected Wildlife Advisory Boards; Act, 1980 areas (national parks, Central Zoo Authorities sanctuaries) categories of wildlife which are protected Environment To provide for the An umbrella Central government Protection Act, protection and legislation; nodal agency MoEF; can 1986 improvement of supplement laws deplete powers to state Environment department of Environmental Environment Impact Assessment Notifications 1994

D. Audit Observations

10. All three substations were visited in February 2019. During the visit visual inspection and cross checking of critical issues related to Environment audit issues were used for preparing the checklist. The checklist identifies issues as per the following criteria according to ADB SPS 2009 guidelines: • General environmental management • Waste management practices • Hazardous material management • Ground water and soil contamination control • Occupational health and safety management, and • Noise management

11. Details for site visits and substation details collected for each substation are list in A5.A for Kayathar substation, A5.B for Kamuthi substation and A5.C for Vijayapuri substation respectively.

12. These tables provide detailed description of each of the existing substations where additional bays will be constructed. The table contains details regarding project components that are compliant or non-compliant with national and IFC/World Bank EHS guidelines.

Table A5.A: Physical Features of Existing Kayathar substation 2 nos 400 kV Bay Extension Features Specification/Type of Year of Make/Condition Equipment Land ownership TANTRANSCO 2014 / 91 Acres (36.69 hectares) Scheme Main busbar scheme Substation type Outdoor 2014 Voltage kV 400/230kV/110kV Switchgear type Existing: Air-Insulated Air Insulated Bay extension: Air- 2013/ SIEMENS/ Good condition 50 insulated Numbers Rated Voltage: 420 kV Insulation medium power SF6 Gas/Oil Sf6 Gas circuit breaker SIEMENS-2013 Numbers; 50 Rated voltage: 420kV Transformer Oil cooled 1 Number: Good condition/ 2013/ Transformers and rectifier India Ltd/ 400/110kV/ 200MVA 2 numbers: Good condition / 2014: 2 No: 400/230kV/315MVA Protection system Auto fighting water Auto description spray system Nitrogen Injection Fire Protection System

Bay under construction for Virudhunagar line Bay under construction for Thennampatty 400kV 400 kV line

Information Required Guidelines Considered Information Required Type of oil in transformers and switchgear Transformers Condition/year/make/nos, Good/ 2013/ Transformers and indicate if PCB oil used rectifier India Ltd/ 1 No Good / 2014/ Transformers and rectifier India Ltd - 2 Numbers Oil Switchgear Condition/year/make/nos, No indicate if PCB oil used Safe disposal of oil Storage location within yard Yes Prevention of fires Equipment at site Nitrogen Injection Fire Protection System and Fire extinguishers available in Control Room, Admin block and Yard. Oil Labelling for storage at site No proper storage facility available in the station. Oil is being stored in open in the yard (Refer pictures) Few drums are also found stored in small available store room in the station premises Oil leakage Minor leakage reported in 2017. Lined pits / sumps available for the emergency oil leak situations. Retrofitting No Use of SF6 and other greenhouse/hazardous gases Gas insulated switchgear Condition/year/make/nos. Good/ 2013/ SIEMENS/ 50 Numbers Rated Voltage: 420 kV Gas insulated t/f Condition/year/make/nos -

Guidelines Considered Information Required Presence of SF6 in switchgear Yes SF6 retrieval arrangements Available Presence of other hazardous gases No Storage of liquid fuels, raw and in-process materials, solvents, wastes: to prevent spills, to prevent soil contamination and to prevent ground and surface water contamination Containment, Dikes, and Berms Condition/year/make/nos Good/ 2014/ 3 Nos (e.g. for transformers) Storage facility Type Small store room available Drainage Type Open drains Oil leakage No. of leakages in last five Leak reported in 2017 in years Transformer. Rectified immediately Need for extra gravel Condition Good / No need of extra gravel at this stage. Workplace air quality Monitoring of workplace air quality Any measurement undertaken No if any Good ventilation (ensure) Being ensured. Maintenance of air quality Sufficient exhaust fans available in control room, battery room and administrative block Providence of respiratory Condition/year/make/nos - equipment Enforcement of the application of Belts, ropes, gloves, helmets personal protective equipment for workers available whenever exposure levels of fumes, solvents and other materials exceed threshold limit Workplace noise Noise control equipment Locations in yard by capacity No IFC/ EHS Noise levels Any measurement undertaken No measurement since last 5 years Ambient Day Night Level within 70/45 dB limit No Noise (dB) Residential 55 45 Industrial 70 70 Maintenance of equipment Condition/year/make/nos - Use of protective gear when noise - level exceeds 85 dB Other Physical Agents Safe working area (absence of - radiation, magnetic fields) Monitor regularly for radiation and No such measurements being field levels and equipment integrity done (earthing, protective shields, lockouts etc. Electrocution Strict procedure for de-energizing Strict procedure for de- before working on electrical energizing followed. equipment Training of personnel for safety Periodic safety training being

Guidelines Considered Information Required procedures conducted by Engineers Occupational health and safety guidelines Physical factors in the workplace Available but need signage strengthening Lighting (including security lights) Available Fire detection Locations in yard by capacity No fire detection system mechanism/equipment available. Fire fighting equipment available: Nitrogen Injection Fire Protection System for transformers. Sand buckets & Fire extinguishers Firefighting equipment Condition/year/make/nos Available. Nitrogen Injection Fire Protection System for transformers. Sand buckets & Fire extinguishers, etc. available in yard Fire extinguishers available in control room and Admin block Cleanness (inside and outside Need strengthening substation) First Aid Kit Locations in yard Reportedly available, under lock and key at the time of visit. Features that pose safety risks Locations in yard At many places around the (missing or broken slabs, dogged yard holes, etc.) Fence or enclosure of the site Compound wall and chain link (Restriction of unauthorized people) fencing available around the station. Welfare Facilities Safe and clean drinking water Locations Available Toilets Location Available in side Admin block and Control room TV/Radio/internet Internet facility available Guard kiosk Available at the main gate Personal Protective Equipment Eye and face Condition/year/make/nos No Head Condition/year/make/nos Hard hats available but need strengthenining Hearing Condition/year/make/nos No Hand Condition/year/make/nos Gloves available and used in Control room Respiratory Condition/year/make/nos No Leg and body Condition/year/make/nos No Ambient factors in the workplace Noise Visually within limits at the time Apparently within limits at the of visit time of visit Vibration Visually within limits at the time Apparently within limits at the of visit time of visit

Guidelines Considered Information Required Illumination Visually within limits at the time Satisfactory of visit Reflections Visually within limits at the time - of visit Temperature Visually within limits at the time Apparently within limits at the of visit time of visit Hazardous materials Presence of SF6 Gas and Presence of SF6 Gas and Transformer oil Transformer oil in Switchgears and transformers. Extra transformer oil stored in yard and little store room. No extra SF6 Gas stored at the time of visit. Ionization radiation - Regular trainings being conducted. Training and Documentation Safety classes register available. Training (Learning materials, -do- equipment and tools) Training on operational hazardous -do- and how to control the hazards Training on health risks, hygiene, -do- and exposure prevention Training on accidents and accident -do- prevention, protective equipment and clothing Performance Monitoring OHSMS organization policy No OHSMS organization Policy available. Emergency prevention, SOP developed by preparedness and response TRANTRANSCO followed Investigation of work related No record available at station injuries, ill health, disease and at the time of visit accidents Safety inspection, testing and Special maintenance being calibration carried out by another wing (PNC) Material handling (Hazardous and non-hazardous materials) Storage Locations in yard by capacity Small store available, Oil being stored in the yard Labelling Location in yard by capacity Need strengthening. Handling Location in yard by capacity Being handled in yard. Solid Waste/Scraps Handling Locations in yard by capacity Dustbins only available in Admin block. Littering observed across yard. Disposal Locations in yard by capacity Thrown outside station compound Space for Expansion Availability of space for expansion Locations in yard by capacity Available on the entrance side.

Photo-Gallery.

Main Gate of Station Approach road and Admin block

Information board Overview of station

New 400 kV bay No 1 under construction New 400 kV bay No 1 under construction

New bay No 2 under construction New bay No 2 under construction

Transformer No 1 Transformer No 2

Transformer No 2 Transformer No 2

Transformer No 3

Fire safety system

Fire extinguisher and alarm system

Fire Extinguishers Auto fire system

SF6 Switchgear SF6 Switchgear

Lighting arrangement in yard Storage of empty transformer oil drums in yard. Debris is strewn across yard.

Minor oil leaks Storage of oil in store

Broken slabs in yard causing health and Sign boards in yard safety hazard to workers

Guard kiosk and security guard Residential quarters for staff

Additional land available in the premises

AC Room Battery room

Exhaust fan in battery room Improper storage in admin block

Control room Control room

Safety gloves in control room Safety class register

Oil leak trench Drainage system

Gravel Oil refilling tank

Waste mismanagement in the yard

Table A5.B: Physical Features of Existing Kamuthi substation – 2 Nos. 400 kV Bay Extension Specification/Type of Year of Make/Condition Features Equipment 2016 (70 Acres equivalent to Land ownership TANTRANSCO 28.23 hectare) Scheme Main busbar scheme 2016 Substation type Outdoor Voltage kV 400/230/110kV Switchgear type Air Insulated Existing: Air-Insulated ALSTOM/-2015 / Good condition Bay extension: Air-insulated 28 Number : Rated Voltage 245kV Sf6 Gas ALSTOM/2015 / Good condition Insulation medium power SF Gas/Oil 28 Number : Rated Voltage circuit breaker 6 245kV

Specification/Type of Year of Make/Condition Features Equipment Oil Cooled Transformer Oil cooled 2 Number: 400/230kV, 315mva 3 Number: 400/110kV,200mva Protection system Auto fighting water spray Auto Hydrogen gas spray system description system

Transformers – the open land beyond Existing bay transformer earmarked for the two bays of the Grid Substation

Substation Layout

Information Collected from Project site Guidelines Considered Information Required Type of oil in transformers and switchgear Transformers Condition/year/make/nos, Good /2016/Transformers and indicate if PCB oil used Rectifier India Ltd/ 5 Nos Oil Switchgear Condition/year/make/nos, - indicate if PCB oil used

Guidelines Considered Information Required Safe disposal of oil Storage location within Sumps available yard Prevention of fires Equipment at site Auto Hydrogen Gas Spray System. Fire extinguishers and Sand buckets available in yard Oil Labelling for storage at site No proper storage facility available Oil leakage No major leaks reported till date, Lined pit available. Retrofitting - Use of SF6 and other greenhouse/hazardous gases Gas insulated switchgear Condition/year/make/nos. Good/ 2015/ ALSTOM/ 28 Rated voltage 245 kV Gas insulated t/f Condition/year/make/nos - Presence of SF6 in switchgear Yes SF6 retrieval arrangements Available Presence of other hazardous gases No Storage of liquid fuels, raw and in-process materials, solvents, wastes: to prevent spills, to prevent soil contamination and to prevent ground and surface water contamination Containment, Dikes, and Berms Condition/year/make/nos Available Good /2016/5 (e.g. for transformers) Storage facility Type Small store available. Open storage of Oil and Gas in yard observed. Drainage Type Open drainage Oil leakage No. of leakages in last No major leakage reported till five years date Need for extra gravel Condition Yes, level needs to be raised up to road level. Workplace air quality Monitoring of workplace air quality Any measurement No undertake if any Good ventilation (ensure) Good ventilation in Admin bloc, Control room etc. Exhaust fans available Maintenance of air quality Sufficient exhaust fans available in control room, battery room and administrative block Providence of respiratory Condition/year/make/nos - equipment Enforcement of the application of Ropes, gloves, helmets for personal protective equipment workers available whenever exposure levels of fumes, solvents and other materials exceed threshold limit Workplace noise Noise control equipment Locations in yard by None capacity IFC/ EHS Noise levels Any measurement No measurements undertaken since last 5 years Ambient Day Night Level within 7045 dB limit No measurements

Guidelines Considered Information Required Noise (dB) Residential 55 45 - Industrial 70 70 - Maintenance of equipment Condition/year/make/nos - Use of protective gear when noise - level exceeds 85 dB Other Physical Agents Safe working area (absence of - - radiation, magnetic fields) Monitor regularly for radiation and No such measurements being field levels and equipment integrity done (earthing, protective shields, lockouts etc. Electrocution Strict procedure for de-energizing Strict procedure for de- before working on electrical energizing followed. equipment No previous accident reported. Training of personnel for safety Periodic safety training being procedures conducted by Engineers Occupational health and safety guidelines Physical factors in the workplace Need strengthening signage Lighting (including security lights) Sufficient lighting available Fire detection Locations in yard by Available in Admin block and mechanism/equipment capacity Control room Firefighting equipment Condition/year/make/nos Satisfactory, need strengthening by way of providing dustbins in the yard. Empty oil drums and SF6 Gas cylinders were found stacked along with the compound wall on one end of the yard. (Refer pictures). Some scrap was found stacked under the staircase of Control room (refer picture). Cleanness (inside and outside Available in Control Room substation) First Aid Kit Locations in yard New substation, no such situation arise yet All cable trays were covered at the time of visit. Features that pose safety risks Locations in yard Surrounded by compound wall. (missing or broken slabs, dogged Guarded by security guards on holes, etc.) the gate Fence or enclosure of the site Satisfactory, need (Restriction of unauthorized people) strengthening by way of providing dustbins in the yard. Empty oil drums and SF6 Gas cylinders were found stacked along with the compound wall

Guidelines Considered Information Required on one end of the yard. (Refer pictures). Some scrap was found stacked under the staircase of Control room (refer picture). Welfare Facilities Safe and clean drinking water Locations Piped water supply not available. Need to be provided Toilets Location Available in Admin block TV/Radio/internet Internet available through data card Guard kiosk Available at main gate Personal Protective Equipment Eye and face Condition/year/make/nos No Head Condition/year/make/nos Need strengthening Hearing Condition/year/make/nos No Hand Condition/year/make/nos Gloves and rope available in control room Respiratory Condition/year/make/nos No Leg and body Condition/year/make/nos No Ambient factors in the workplace Noise Within limits at the time of visit Vibration Within limits at the time of visit Illumination Sufficient Reflections - Temperature - Hazardous materials SF6 Gas and Transformer oil Ionization radiation - Regular training organized by Training and Documentation Engineers. No training record available at the time of visit Training (Learning materials, -do- equipment and tools) Training on operational hazardous -do- and how to control the hazards Training on health risks, hygiene, -do- and exposure prevention Training on accidents and accident -do- prevention, protective equipment and clothing Performance Monitoring OHSMS organization policy No such policy available Emergency prevention, SOP being followed preparedness and response Investigation of work related No injuries, ill health, disease and accidents Safety inspection, testing and Regularly being done calibration Material handling (Hazardous and non-hazardous materials) Storage Locations in yard by No store facility available

Guidelines Considered Information Required capacity Labelling Location in yard by - capacity Handling Location in yard by Open storage of oil drums and capacity SF6 Gas cylinders in yard. Solid Waste/Scraps Handling Locations in yard by Dustbins available for solid capacity waste, Need strengthening in and around yard. Disposal Locations in yard by Disposal of solid waste with capacity local village Panchayat system Space for Expansion Availability of space for expansion Locations in yard by Yes scope for expansion capacity Available on 3 sides except for front Gate side.

Photo-Gallery.

Main Gate of Station Admin block & Control Room

Compound wall Information board

Security guard and Kiosk Store room

Existing bay Existing bay

Transformer Transformer

Auto Hydrogen Gas Spray System Fire extinguishers

Sand buckets SF6 Gas Circuit (ALSTOM)

ALSTOM SF6 Circuit

Storage of Transformer oil and SF6 Gas in Yard

Fire Extinguishers in Admin block Smoke detection system in Control room

Oil retrieval tank Oil retrieval tank

Lighting arrangement in yard Overview of Station

Storage of oil in yard on ground Battery room

Exhaust fan & Fire extinguisher in Battery Control Room room

Land for new bays

Control Room

AC Room Battery room

First Aid box in Control Room (not complete Gloves and Rope in Control room for electrical substation)

AC room AC room

Storage of articles in corridor Storage of distilled water in battery room

Solid Waste Management in Station Insufficient store facility

Drainage and overview of station Adjacent ADANI Green Energy Plant

Table A5.C: Physical Features of Existing 110 kV substation Vijayapuri substation – 110 kV Bay Extension

Features Specification/Type of Year of Make/Condition Equipment Land ownership TANTRANSCO 09.03.2006: 3.56 Acres land Scheme Main busbar scheme 09.03.2006 / Good Substation type Outdoor Voltage kV 110kV/11 kV 110/33 kV Switchgear type Existing: Air-Insulated Air-Insulated Bay extension: Air-insulated Insulation medium power circuit SF6 Gas/Oil SF6 2 Nos 2005 & 2013 / Good breaker 2 no. 110 V each Transformer Oil cooled • 2005 / Transformers & Rectifiers India Ltd, Gujrat / Good. Voltage110/33kV • 2013 / Venkateshwara

Features Specification/Type of Year of Make/Condition Equipment Electrical Industries Ltd, Chennai / Good. Voltage 110/11 kV Protection system description Auto fighting water spray No. Manual fire fighting system

Transformers – the open land beyond Existing Bay Area transformer earmarked for the new bays of the Grid Substation

Substation Layout Terminal Gantry

Information Collected from Project Site Guidelines Considered Information Required Details Type of oil in transformers and switchgear Transformers Condition/year/make/nos, • Good / 2005 / Transformers & Rectifiers indicate if PCB oil used India Ltd, Gujrat / 1 No and voltage 110/33 kVA • Good / 2013 / Venkateshwara Electrical Industries Ltd, Chennai / 1 No and voltage 110/11 kVA

Guidelines Considered Information Required Details Oil Switchgear Condition/year/make/nos, None indicate if PCB oil used Safe disposal of oil Storage location within No storage of oil being done within the yard station. Three old empty drums are lying in cycle parking area. There is no lined pit available. Prevention of fires Equipment at site Manual: 12 No. Fire extinguishers available Oil Labelling for N/a. Three old empty drums are lying in storage at site cycle parking area. No lined pit available Oil leakage Minor leaks observed near transformers. Retrofitting No Use of SF6 and other greenhouse/hazardous gases Gas insulated Condition/year/make/nos. Good / 2003 / Shreem / 1 110 kV Good / switchgear 2005/ Alstom / 1 110Kv Gas insulated t/f Condition/year/make/nos - Presence of SF6 in Yes switchgear SF6 retrieval By Special maintenance team of arrangements TANTRANSCO Presence of other No hazardous gases Storage of liquid fuels, raw and in-process materials, solvents, wastes: to prevent spills, to prevent soil contamination and to prevent ground and surface water contamination Containment, Dikes, Condition/year/make/nos No and Berms (e.g. for transformers) Storage facility Type No Drainage Type No Oil leakage No. of leakages in last five No major leak reported till date years Need for extra gravel Condition Good, No extra gravel required at this time Workplace air quality Monitoring of Any measurement No workplace air quality undertake if any Good ventilation Control room has good ventilation. (ensure) Exhaust fan available in battery room Maintenance of air - quality Providence of Condition/year/make/nos Not provided respiratory equipment Enforcement of the Only hand gloves available at the time of application of personal visit. protective equipment Reportedly at the time of maintenance whenever exposure works PPE provided to maintenance team levels of fumes, by AE/Rural wing. solvents and other materials exceed threshold limit Workplace noise Noise control Locations in yard by Not available equipment capacity

Guidelines Considered Information Required Details IFC/ EHS Noise levels Any measurement Not measured undertaken since last 5 years Ambient Noise (dB) Day Night Level No measurement in past Residential 55 45 within - Industrial 70 70 70/45 dB - limit Maintenance of Condition/year/make/nos - equipment Use of protective gear - when noise level exceeds 85 dB Other Physical Agents Safe working area - (absence of radiation, magnetic fields) Monitor regularly for No such measurements being done radiation and field levels and equipment integrity (earthing, protective shields, lockouts etc. Electrocution Strict procedure for de- Strict procedure for de-energizing energizing before followed. working on electrical No previous accident reported. equipment Training of personnel Regular monthly trainings conducted by for safety procedures AEE Rural. Occupational health and safety guidelines Physical factors in the Not available. workplace signage Lighting (including Available, need strengthening security lights) Fire detection Locations in yard by Fire extinguishers available near Control mechanism/equipment capacity room. Firefighting equipment Condition/year/make/nos Good/ 2018/ Allanne Safety Fire Engineers/12 Cleanness (inside and Satisfactory but needs strengthening and outside substation) improvement. Cleaning and housekeeping was good at the time of visit. Three empty oil drums were found lying in cycle parking area. Some paper scrap and litter was found on the back side of the control room. First Aid Kit Locations in yard Reportedly available in Control room in custody of Operator. Features that pose Locations in yard None, as all tray were covered at the time safety risks (missing or of visit. broken slabs, dogged holes, etc.) Fence or enclosure of Fenced with barbed wire

Guidelines Considered Information Required Details the site (Restriction of unauthorized people) Welfare Facilities Safe and clean Locations No piped water supply available. drinking water Potable water being procured from nearby RO plant. Toilets Location Available in control room TV/Radio/internet No Personal mobile internet of operator Guard kiosk No Personal Protective Equipment Eye and face Condition/year/make/nos No Head Condition/year/make/nos No Hearing Condition/year/make/nos No Hand Condition/year/make/nos Gloves available in control room Respiratory Condition/year/make/nos No Leg and body Condition/year/make/nos No Ambient factors in the workplace Noise Apparently within limits at the time of visit Vibration Apparently within limits at the time of visit Illumination Visually within limits at the time of visit Reflections Visually within limits at the time of visit Temperature Apparently within limits at the time of visit Hazardous materials Presence of SF6 Gas and Transformer oil in the Switchgears and transformers. No extra storage of Gas and Oil in the station, Ionization radiation - Training and Documentation Training (Learning Regular trainings given by AEE Rural. materials, equipment No training records available at station. and tools) Training on operational -do- hazardous and how to control the hazards Training on health -do- risks, hygiene, and exposure prevention Training on accidents -do- and accident prevention, protective equipment and clothing Performance Monitoring OHSMS organization No OHSMS organization Policy available. policy Emergency prevention, SOP developed by TRANTRANSCO preparedness and followed response Investigation of work- No record available at station at the time related injuries, ill of visit health, disease and

Guidelines Considered Information Required Details accidents Safety inspection, Special maintenance being carried out on testing and calibration monthly basis Material handling (Hazardous and non-hazardous materials) Storage Locations in yard by No storage facility available in station the capacity drums are not stored in some specific area. Solid waste and scrap is disposed off through local Panchayat system. Labelling Location in yard by N/A capacity Handling Location in yard by Manual capacity Solid Waste/Scraps Handling Locations in yard by Relatively clean surrounding Photos look capacity otherwise outside the station, Inside is clean enough. Disposal Locations in yard by Some litter found on back side of the capacity control room . Disposal through local panchayat system Space for Expansion Availability of space for Locations in yard by Space for new bay available. Scope of expansion capacity further expansion limited since only 3.4 acres of land available

Photo- Gallery.

Main Gate of Station Approach road inside station

Information board Overview of station

Incoming tower Terminal / outgoing lines

Transfer No 1 Transformer No 2

Transformer No 1 Transformer No 2

Switch gear Barbed fencing

Fire Extinguishers Sand buckets

Battery room Battery details displayed

Exhaust fan in battery room Store adjacent to control room

Land for new bay

Gloves in control room Single line diagram in Control room

Layout available on file Emergency numbers displayed

Control room

Oil leak near around transformer Storage of used empty drums

Empty drums Scattered litter

Fire extinguisher Scattered littering

E. Audit Report 13. Substations have been audited using the tabular criteria listed in Tables A5.A, A5.B, A5.C. Accordingly, the major audit findings and required remedial actions for each substation are liste below:

General Observations 14. Kayathar Substation: Audit findings and the required remedial actions are as follows: • The substation is earthed and has protective shields to minimize radiation and magnetic field effects. Nitrogen Injection Fire Protection System for transformers. Fire extinguishers available in control room, Administration block and the yard. • The substation has 2 transformers and several SF6 circuit breakers. The substation is PCB free. • The substation is fenced and has warning signs to prevent the general public from being exposed to any risk of electrocution. • No workplace related air, water, noise measurements are made during operations. • The substation needs improvements in the following area: the substation needs the yard cleanliness, oil storage lined facility, SF6 cylinder storage areas and appropriate waste handling and disposal practices. • Complete health and safety related complete first aid kit boxes, with proper PPRE for supervisors and works at operational sites, proper number of fire extinguishers and fire buckets are required.

15. Kamuthi substation: Audit findings and the required remedial actions are as follows: • The substation is earthed. Safe touch and step voltages are maintained at all accessible locations. The substation has Auto Hydrogen Gas Spray System for transformer protection. Fire extinguishers and Sand buckets available in yard. • The substation has 5 nos. 400/230 kV transformers, 230/110 kV transformers and SF6/oil circuit breakers, but none of these use PCB. The substation is PCB free. • The substation is fenced and has warning signs to prevent the general public from being exposed to any risk of electrocution. • No workplace related air, water, noise measurements are made during operations. • The substation needs improvements in the following area: the substation needs a designated oil storage lined area, SF6 cylinder storage areas which are currently stored in unlined unearmarked areas. • Complete health and safety related complete first aid kit boxes, with proper PPRE for supervisors and works at operational sites, proper number of fire extinguishers and fire buckets are required.

16. Vijayapuri substation: Audit findings and the required remedial actions are as follows: • The substation is earthed. Safe touch and step voltages are maintained at all accessible locations. The substation has 12 firefighting equipment in working condition. • The substation has 2 nos. 110/11 kV transformers and 2 nos. SF6 oil circuit breakers. The substation is PCB free. • The substation is fenced and has warning signs to prevent the general public from being exposed to any risk of electrocution. • No workplace related air, water, noise measurements are made during operations. • The substation needs improvements in the following area: the substation needs the yard cleanliness, oil storage lined facility, SF6 cylinder storage areas and appropriate waste handling and disposal practices. • Complete health and safety related complete first aid kit boxes, with proper PPRE for supervisors and works at operational sites, proper number of fire extinguishers and fire buckets are required.

A5.D Summary of Non Compliances identified during Due Diligence No. Issues Non-compliance with SPS 2009 guidelines A Kayathar 1 H&S hazard Broken slabs in yard. Debris strewn across the yard is a trip hazard 2 Oil leaks from drums Drums appear unlabelled and oil dripping from drums

No. Issues Non-compliance with SPS 2009 guidelines contaminating the land area. 3 Handling of Hazardous Materials Storage areas for SF6 gas cylinders and lined facility for transformer oil, and non-hazardous material needs to be improved especially in storage arrangement and prevention of spillage. 110% bunded area, impermeable surface etc. required 4 Waste mismanagement at yard Storage of empty transformer oil drums in yard. Debris is strewn across yard. B Kamuthi 1 Health and Safety Hazard For all sites suggest H&S needs improvement based on content of First Aid box in Control Room, morefire bucket etc. No proper PPE worn by staff at site. 2 Solid Waste Management in Station Substation facilities should designate special areas/ points for solid waste collection and collect all unwanted scraps for a safe disposal. 3 Material Management/stores Insufficent storage facilities for SF6 gas cylinders 4 Handling of Hazardous Materials Lined facility for transformer oil, and non-hazardous material requried especially in storage arrangement and prevention of spillage. 110% bunded area, impermeable surface etc. required C Vijayapuri 1 Safety from theft and loss at site Site seems easily accessible by the public with low fence 2 Health and Safety of staff Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPEs) not worn by staff at site 3 Unsafe storage of material Storage of hazardous material- handling of transformer oil at site without 110% bunded area. Stores at substation not properly managed

Public Concern 17. There are no public concerns regarding the substations as the substations are located a safe distance away from settlements. Infact, during consultations by the survey teams near the substation area, the local people said that though they area not aware of the the proposed line project connecting the substations, they want work/job opportunity in the project and they were ready to support the project without any objection.

F. Corrective Action Plan with Time frame 18. The above review demonstrates that corrective action is required to ensure that adverse impacts noticed of activities during construction, access to land, working conditions and amenities, health and safety. The regulatory nature of all national laws need to be adhered during implementation of the project activities and internal monitoring to make the project implementation compliant with the agreed policy in the IEE/EMP is required.

19. TANTRANSCO is required to review the Existing Facilities Audit Report and undertake the corrective action plan, including specific actions, budget responsible agencies/persons and within the required deadline for each action as shown in Table A5.E.

Table A5.E: Final Corrective Action Plan Proposed Sn Issue Corrective Action By whom By when o 1 Improvement of waste management TANTRANS Immediate facilities at the substation. • Collect waste and wastewater. CO ly • No proper solid waste management • Barricading scrap store and • Scrap scattered at sites substation area 2 Health and Safety of Staff PPE to be provided to the staff. Staff and Immediate Staff to use personal protective equipment Contractor (PPE) at all times.

Sn Issue Corrective Action By whom By when o 3 UnStorage of SF6 cylinders Prepare a storage area for SF6 TANTRANS Immediate Hazardous SF6 cylinder lying scattered in cylinders. CO ly yards. 4 Unsafe storage of material Prepare a bunded area for TANTRANS Immediate Hazardous Transformer oil stored storage of transformer oil. CO ly haphazardly with any bunding to prevent Remedy the leakage into the leakage to ground. ground. 5 Theft Issue : Boundary wall Secure a walled boundary for the TANTRANS Immediate Only barbed wire around facility. substation project. CO ly 6 Health and Safety Equipment TANTRANSCO to ensure TANTRANS Immediate H&S equipment such as incomplete first aid complete kits, fire safety as well CO ly box, lesser quantities of fire buckets, fire as fire alarms systems should be extinguisher available at sites

G. Budget 20. The full cost of implementation of the above CAP will be borne by TANTRANSCO.

Table A5.F: Budget for Corrective Action Plan Issue Costs 1 Improvement of waste management facilities at Costs to be borne by TANTRANSCO for the substation. development of area for storage of waste . No proper solid waste management, Scrap scattered Under TANTRASCO’s operational procedures for at sites substations and lines lines 2 Health and Safety of Staff Costs to be borne by TANTRANSCO. Staff to use personal protective equipment (PPE) at Under TANTRASCO’s operational procedures for all times. substations and lines 3 UnStorage of SF6 cylinders Constuction of bounded storage area to be borne Hazardous SF6 cylinder lying scattered in yards. by TANTRANSCO. Under TANTRASCO’s operational procedures for substations and lines. 4 Unsafe storage of material Constuction of bunded area to be borne by Hazardous Transformer oil stored haphazardly with TANTRANSCO. any bunding to prevent leakage to ground. Under TANTRASCO’s operational procedures for substations and lines 5 Theft Issue : Boundary wall Costs to be borne by TANTRANSCO. Only barbed wire around facility. Under TANTRASCO’s operational procedures for substations and lines. 6 Health and Safety Equipment Costs to be borne by TANTRANSCO. H&S equipment such as incomplete first aid box, Under TANTRASCO’s operational procedures for lesser quantities of fire buckets, fire extinguisher etc. substations and lines

Annexure 6: Standards, Baseline Environment Monitoring for Air, Water, Noise and Soil Sampling for Subprojects

A6.1 GoI Standards Water Quality Protocols (Central Pollution Control Board, GOI)

Table 3: Drinking Water standards Parameter Standard Drinking Water Protocol (Test Method) Specification as per IS –10500:1991 as amendment up to 3 July 2010 Desirable Limit Permissible Limit in absence of alternate source Essential Characteristics Physical Parameter Color, Hazen Units 5 25 IS: 3025 Part 4 - 1983 Odor Unobjectionable - IS: 3025 Part 5 - 1983 Taste Agreeable - IS: 3025 Part 7,8 -1984 Turbidity, NTU 5 10 IS: 3025 Part 10 - 1984 pH 6.5 – 8.5 - IS: 3025 Part 11 - 1984 Essential Characteristics-Chemical Parameters Total Hardness as CaCO3 300 Mg / L 600 Mg / L IS: 3025 Part 21 - 1983 Iron as Fe 0.3 Mg / L 1.0 Mg / L IS: 3025 Part 53 - 2003 Chloride as Cl 250 Mg / L 1000 Mg / L IS: 3025 Part 32 - 1988 Residual Free Chlorine 0.2 Mg / L - IS: 3025 Part 26 - 1986 Desirable Characteristics-Chemical Parameters Dissolved Solids 500 Mg / L 2000 Mg / L IS: 3025 Part 16 - 1984 Calcium as Ca 75 Mg / L 200 Mg / L IS: 3025 Part 40 - 1991 Magnesium as Mg 30 Mg / L 100 Mg / L IS: 3025 Part 46 - 1994 Copper as Cu 0.05 Mg / L 1.5 Mg / L IS: 3025 Part 42 - 1992 Manganese as Mn 0.1 Mg / L 0.3 Mg / L IS: 3025 Part 59 - 2006 Sulphate as SO4 200 Mg / L 400 Mg / L IS: 3025 Part 24 - 1986 Nitrate as NO3 45 Mg / L No relaxation IS: 3025 Part 34 - 1988 Fluoride as F 1.0 Mg / L 1.5 Mg / L IS: 3025 Part 60 - 2008 Phenolic Compounds as 0.001 Mg / L 0.002 Mg / L IS: 3025 Part 43 - 1991 C6H5OH Mercury as Hg 0.001 Mg / L No relaxation IS: 3025 Part 48 - 1994 Cadmium as Cd 0.01 Mg / L No relaxation IS: 3025 Part 41 - 1992 Selenium as Se 0.01 Mg / L No relaxation IS: 3025 Part 56 - 2003 Arsenic as As 0.05 Mg / L No relaxation IS: 3025 Part 37 - 1998 Cyanide as CN 0.05 Mg / L No relaxation IS: 3025 Part 27 - 1986 Lead as Pb 0.05 Mg / L No relaxation IS: 3025 Part 47 - 1994 Zinc as Zn 5 Mg / L 15 Mg / L IS: 3025 Part 49 - 1994 Anionic Detergents as 0.2 Mg / L 1.0 Mg / L APHA 5540 C MBAS Chromium as Cr+6 0.05 Mg / L No relaxation IS: 3025 Part 52 - 2003 Mineral Oil 0.01 Mg / L 0.03 Mg / L IS: 3025 Part 39 - 1991 Alkalinity 200 Mg / L 600 Mg / L IS: 3025 Part 23 - 1986 Aluminium as Al 0.03 Mg / L 0.2 Mg / L IS: 3025 Part 55 - 2003 Boron as B 1 Mg / L 5 Mg / L IS: 3025 Part 57 - 2005 Bacteriological Characteristics Coliform Organisms 10 CFU 10 CFU IS: 1622 - 1981 E. Coli Absent Absent IS: 1622 - 1981

Table 4: Surface water quality criteria for different uses (specified by CPCB, 1979 and the Bureau of Indian Standards, 1982)

S. Water quality Characteristic of water body No parameter A * B * C * D * E * 1 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) mg/l 6 5 4 4 3 (minimum) 2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 2 3 3 - - (BOD), mg/l (max) 3 Total Coliform organisms ** 50 ** 500 500 - - MPN/100ml (max) 4 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 500 - 1500 - 2100 mg/l (max) 5 Chlorides (as Cl-) mg/l (max) 250 - 600 - 600 6 Colour, Hazen units (max) - 10 300 300 - 7 Sodium Absorption Ratio (max) - - - - 20 8 Boron (as B), mg/l (max) - - - - - 9 Sulphates (as SO4)-2, mg/l 400 - 400 - 1000 (max) - 10 Nitrates (as NO3) mg/l (max) 20 - 50 - - 11 Free Ammonia (as NH3) - - - 1.2 - mg/l(max) 12 Conductivity at 25oC micro - - - 1000 2500 mhos/cm (max) 13 pH value 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.0-8.5 14 Arsenic (as As), mg/l (max) 0.05 0.2 0.2 - - 15 Iron (as Fe), mg/l (max) 0.3 - - 0.5 - 16 Fluoride (as F), mg/l (max) 1.5 1.5 1.5 - - 17 Lead (as Pb), mg/l (max) 0.1 - 0.1 - -

Note: * Classes of water use: A Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after disinfection B Out door bathing (organised) C Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfection. D Propagation of wild life, fisheries. E Irrigation, industrial cooling, controlled waste disposal.

** If the coliform is found to be more than the prescribed tolerance limits, the criteria for coliforms shall be satisfied if not more than 20 percent of samples show more than the tolerance limits specified and not more than 5 percent of samples show values more than 4 times the tolerance limits. There should be no visible discharge of domestic and industrial waste into class “A” waters. In case of classes “B” and “C” the discharge shall be so regulated/ treated as to ensure maintenance of the stream standards.

Table 5: Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of Noise Area Code Category of Area/Zone Limits in dB(A) Leq * Day Time Night Time (A) Industrial area 75 70 (B) Commercial area 65 55 (C) Residential area 55 45 (D) Silence Zone 50 40 Note 1. Day time shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m. 2. Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m. 3. Silence zone is defined as an area comprising not less than 100 metres around hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are zones which are declared as such by the competent authority. 4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above mentioned categories by the competent authority.

*dB(A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is relatable to human hearing.

A "decibel" is a unit in which noise is measured. "A", in dB(A) Leq, denotes the frequency weighting in the measurement of noise and corresponds to frequency response characteristics of the human ear. Leq: It is an energy mean of the noise level, over a specified period.

Source: Ministry of Environment and Forests Notification, New Delhi, the 14 February 2000 S.O. 123(E)

Table 6: Air Quality Standards

A6.2: IFC/World Bank EHS Guidelines

Table 7: WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines

7 World Health Organization (WHO). Air Quality Guidelines Global Update, 2005. PM 24-hour value is the 99th percentile. 8 Interim targets are provided in recognition of the need for a staged approach to achieving the recommended guidelines.

Table 8: Noise-Level Guidelines

54 Guidelines values are for noise levels measured out of doors. Source: Guidelines for Community Noise, World Health Organization (WHO), 1999. 55 For acceptable indoor noise levels for residential, institutional, and educational settings refer to WHO (1999).

Table 9: Sanitary waste discharge guidelines

Table 10: WHO Guidelines For Drinking Water WHO produces international norms on water quality and human health in the form of guidelines that are used as the basis for regulation and standard setting, in developing and developed countries worldwide. The quality of drinking water is a powerful environmental determinant of health. Assurance of drinking water safety is a foundation for the prevention and control of waterborne diseases. The guidelines developed by WHO are prepared through a vast global consultative process involving WHO member states (India is the member state), national authorities and international agencies, in consultation with the WHO Expert Advisory Panel.

Parameters Standard limits as per WHO guidelines (mg/L) Acrylamide 0.0005 Alachor 0.02 Aldicarb 0.01 Aldrin and Dieldrin 0.00003

Parameters Standard limits as per WHO guidelines (mg/L) Ammonia 1.5 Antimony 0.02 Arsenic 0.01 Atrazine 0.002 Barium 0.7 Benzene 0.01 Benzo(?)pyrene 0.0007 Boron 0.5 Bromate 0.01 Bromodichloromethane (BDCM) 0.06 Bromoform 0.1 Cadmium 0.003 Carbofuran 0.007 Carbon tetrachloride 0.004 Chlorate 0.7 Chlordane 0.0002 Chloramines 0.5 - 1.5 Chloride 200 - 300 Chlorine 5 Chlorite 0.7 Chloroform 0.3 Chlorotoluron 0.03 Chlorpyrifos 0.03 Chromium 0.05 Colour in drinking water No visible colour Copper 2.0 Cyanazine 0.0006 Cyanide 0.07 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1.0 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 0.3 1,2-Dichloroethane 0.03 Dichloromethane 0.02 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 0.03 DDT and metabolites 0.001 Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 0.008 1,2-Dichloroethylene 0.05 1,2-Dichloropropane 0.04 Dimethonate 0.006 1,4-Dioxane 0.05 Dissolved oxygen No health-based guideline value is recommended Edetic acid (EDTA) 0.6 Endrin 0.0006 Epichlorohydrin 0.0004 Ethylbenzene 0.3 Fenoprop 0.009 Fluoride 1.5 Hexachlorobutadiene 0.0006 Iron No health-based guideline value is proposed Isoproturon 0.009 Lead 0.01 Lindane 0.002 Manganese 0.4

Parameters Standard limits as per WHO guidelines (mg/L) Mercury 0.006 Methoxychlor 0.02 Metolachlor 0.01 Microcystin-LR 0.001 Molinate 0.006 Molybdenum 0.07 Monochloroacetate 0.02 N-Nitrosodimethylamine 0.0001 Nickel 0.07 Nitrate 50 Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) 0.2 Nitrite 3 Pendimethalin 0.02 Pentachlorophenol 0.009 Permethrin 0.3 pH No health-based guideline value is proposed Pyriproxyfen 0.3 Selenium 0.01 Simazine 0.002 Sulphate No health-based guideline value has been derived Styrene 0.02 Terbuthylazine 0.007 Tetrachloroethylene 0.04 Toluene 0.7 Total dissolved solids (TDS) No health-based guideline value is proposed Trichloroacetate 0.2 Trichloroethylene 0.02 2,4,6,-Trichlorophenol 0.2 Trifluralin 0.02 Trutuim 10000 Bq/L Uranium 0.015 Vinyl chloride 0.0003 Xylenes-total 0.5 Zinc No health-based guideline value is proposed

Annexure 7: National Parks and Sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu State Source: Wildlife Conservation and Management in Tamil Nadu- A Historical Perspective by Tamil Nadu Forest Department 2016

Biodiversity conservation in Tamil Nadu State has a long history with the 15 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 5 National Parks, 4 Tiger Reserves, 15 Bird Sanctuaries and two Conservation Reserves as on date. The various protected areas notified are presented in this annexure.

1. Mudumalai Tiger Reserve 1. Mudumalai Tiger Reserve is located between 11° 31' 54.9” and 11° 42' 18.5” North latitudes and between 76° 21'28.9” and 76° 45' 21.5” East longitudes. The reserve is situated in Gudalur, Udhagai and Pandalur Taluks of the Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu. Considering its importance as a key Tiger Conservation Unit, the Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park (321 km2) was upgraded as Mudumalai Tiger Reserve during 2007.

2. The Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary was formed back during 1940 in G.O.Ms.No.193, development department, dated: 27.01.1940. The Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, which is located at the tri- junction of three states, viz, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu plays a unique role by forming part of the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, which was the first Biosphere Reserve in India, declared during 1986. It provides a significant corridor for the wildlife, enabling the movement of animals from Western Ghats to Eastern Ghats and vice versa. It is the best breeding ground for the tigers and also allows for the maintenance of genetic diversity of various other fauna and flora.

3. The Mudumalai Tiger Reserve harbors excellent habitat diversity for several species of rare, endangered and endemic Flora and Fauna. This reserve is one of the richest wildlife areas in India, being particularly noted for its diverse assemblage, it acts as a source for populating the northern and eastern parts of the Western Ghats landscape. This tiger population is capable of existing at reasonably high density due to the deciduous nature of the forest tract.

4. The heritage of these rich faunal, floral assemblages, diverse habitats, terrain, climate, the location of the sanctuary along with the tribal communities gives an important scientific, educational and recreational value for Mudumalai Tiger Reserve. Mudumalai remains one of the most popular and largely visited sanctuaries of the country, where more than a lakh tourists visit every year. The predominantly deciduous vegetation interspersed with vayals in the tourism area provide greater visibility during the dry months followed by abundant herbaceous and grass growth in the pre- monsoon periods offering scope for best wildlife sightings.

2. Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve 5. The Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR) is the 17th and Southern most Tiger Reserve in India and the one of the four Tiger Reserves in Tamil Nadu. As per the provisions of section 38 V Government of Tamil Nadu had issued a notification declaring this area as Tiger Reserve vide G.O.Ms.No.28, Environment and Forests Department Dated: 5.1.1989.

6. The core area has already been declared vide Government of Tamil Nadu, Environment and Forests Department G.O.Ms.No.145 dated 28.12.07 and published in the Tamil Nadu Government Gazette dated 31.12.2007. KMTR is located between 77o 10‟E and 77o 35‟ E longitudes and between 8o 25‟N and 8o 53‟N latitudes. The KMTR is spread over an area of 895 sq.km. encompassing portion of Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari Districts of Tamil Nadu.

7. Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve includes two adjacent sanctuaries namely Kalakkad Sanctuary (1976) and Mundanthurai Sanctuary (1962) in Tirunelveli District. It is also includes part of Kilamalai and Veerapuli Reserved Forests of Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary (2002). All these three conservation Units are the unified administration of KMTR. KMTR also includes non-sanctuary RFs to the extent of 2705.69 ha. Proposal has been sent to the District Collector for declaration this area

as sanctuary.

8. KMTR is the source of as many as fourteen rivers and is rightly known as the River Sanctuary of Tamil Nadu. The perennial river Tambiraparani, the life line of Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi and Kanyakumari is sustained by the conservation of Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve.

9. KMTR forming part of the Southern Western Ghats includes part of the Agasthiyarmalai Biosphere Reserve which is recognized as one of the five important centers of Plant species diversity in India and as one of the 24 Micro centers of endemism in India.

10. As many as 448 endemic species of angiosperms have been identified from this region. The major endemic species of the reserve include: Hopea utilis, Gluta travancorica, Humboldtia unijuga (var. unijuga and trijuga) Eugenia singampattiana, Popowia beddomeana, Palaquium bourdilloni, Psychotria beddomei, Symplocos marcrocarpa, and S. macrophylla to name a few. 79 genera and 161 species of ferns have been reported from this reserve.

11. KMTR bears a large contiguous tract of about 400 sq.kms of wet evergreen forests located away from the equatorial region. Besides a rich array of flora and fauna, it harbors a large number of threatened species including the Lion Tailed Macaque (Macaca silenus), a flagship species of rainforests in the Western Ghats.

12. Richest from the faunal point of view: This tiger reserve also supports a large number of mammalian fauna. All the 5 primates of Peninsular India are found in KMTR. All the 14 endemic mammals of Western Ghats are found in KMTR. There are 19 endemic birds formed in Western Ghats are of Tamil Nadu and out of this, 15 are found in KMTR. The threatened species include the Lion Tailed Macaque (Macaca silenus), Nilgiri Langur (Seminopethicus johnii), Nilgiri Marten (Martes gwatkinsi sub sp.,), Brown Palm Civet (Paradoxurus jerdoni), and Nilgiri Tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius). Fifteen bird species that are endemic to Western Ghats are reported from KMTR viz., Nilgiri Pipit (Anthus nilghiriensis), Travancore White Breasted Laughing Thrush (Garrulax jerdoni), Grey Headed Bulbul (Pycnonotus priocephalus), Blue Winged Parakeet (Psittacula columboides), Nilgiri Wood Pigeon (Columba elphinstonii), Rufous Babbler (Turdoides subrufus), Malabar Grey Hombill (Tockus griseus) and Black and Rufous Flycatcher (Muscicapa nigrorufa). The reserve has a very diverse fish fauna including 32 species (Annamalai 2004). Butterfly fauna with rare species such as Spot Puffin (Appias lalage). Herpetofaunal assemblage is high with many endemic and rare species such as Dasia haliana, Calotes andamanensis and the Black Microhylid Frog, Melanobatrachus indicus.

13. KMTR houses quite a number of religious places like Nambikoil in Thirukurungudi Range, Karumandiamman and Pattarayan koils in Kalakkad Range, Amman koil in Ambasamudram Range, Agasthiar and Sorimuthuayyanar Koil in Papanasam Range, Siva temple in Mundanthurai Range, Gorakanathar Temple and Dhangha in Kadayam Range. Among these, two main places of religious importance viz, Sorimuthuayyanar Koil on the Mundanthurai plateau, and Nambi Kovil in the Thirukurungudi foothills. These places are visited by a large number of pilgrims that has already impinged on the biological values of the reserve.

14. Further Agasthiyarmalai (1868 M above msl), named after the Sage Agasthiyar, who is a legendary father of Tamil language and literature, is considered to be the sacred mountain and thousands of pilgrims used to visit during the full moon day of Tamil month Chithirai. River Tambiraparani originates from here. Agasthiyar falls, Manimuthar falls, Karaiyar Dam, Banathritham falls, Servalar Dam, Mundanthurai plateau and the Kalakkad Thalayani river attract large number of National and International tourists.

3. Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary 15. Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in Vedaranyam Taluk of Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu. It is located 60 kilometres south of Nagapattinam and lies where the Bay of Bengal meets the Palk Strait. The sanctuary was created in 1967 as per G.O.Ms.No.1821, Agriculture, 13th June 1967.

16. The sanctuary is home to the largest population (about 1000) of the Blackbuck in Southern India and second Largest population of India as a whole. It harbors the single largest stretch of the unique dry-evergreen forest in the country. With about 154 species of medicinal plants in the dry- evergreen forest, the sanctuary is a rich genepool of dry-tropical species. Two species of insectivorous plants viz., Drocera indica and Drocera burmani are also found in the sanctuary.

17. The sanctuary and its surrounding wetlands are important wintering grounds for water birds from the North. The sanctuary coast has been a regular nesting site of the endangered Olive Ridley turtle. Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary Block (A) (Muthupet) notified vide G.O(Ms.) No.59, Environment and Forests (FR.5) department dated 26.04.2013 Statement of significance.

18. The recently notified Block (A) is a sanctuary mangrove wetland, is located in the southern most end of the Cauvery delta it occupies and area of approximately 12,000 ha, including 1700 ha. a lagoon (Muthupet).

4. Anamalai Tiger Reserve 19. Anamalai Tiger Reserve is carved out of the Tamil Nadu portion of the Anamalais. It lies South of the Palakkad gap in the Southern Western Ghats. Geographically it is located between the longitudes 76 49.3‟ and 77 21.4‟E and latitudes 10 13.2‟ and 10 33.3' N. The tiger Reserve falls in four revenue taluks namely; Pollachi, Valparai in Coimbatore district and Udumalpet in Tiruppur District and Kodaikanal taluk in Dindigul district in the State of Tamil Nadu.

20. The Anamalai Tiger Reserve has a long management history since 1848. The erstwhile Coimbatore South Forest division, a model Forest Division for the Madras State was declared as Wildlife Sanctuary in 1976 and named “Anamalai Wildlife Sanctuary” vide G.O.Ms.No.288 Forests and Fisheries dated 14.10.1976. Consequently it was renamed “Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary” in 1987. The total extent of the notified protected area is 958 sq km. Karianshola (Tamil Nadupart), Grass Hills and Manjampatti have been declared as National Parks and have been protected as the “Indira Gandhi National Park” (108 sq km).

21. Considering its importance as a key Tiger Conservation Unit, being part of a landscape that holds promise for future survival of Tiger, the Government of India accorded in principle approval for declaration of “Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park” vide IGF and Director, Project Tiger GOI, Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi, Letter No.3-1/03PT Dated 5.8.2006. The Government of Tamil Nadu has notified entire Anamalai Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park as Tiger Reserve vide Government of Tamil Nadu, Environment and Forest (FR V Department) G.O.Ms.No.49 dated 02.04.2007. The entire 958 Sq. km area of Anamalais has been notified as “Critical Wildlife habitat or Core of Tiger Reserve” videG.O.Ms.No.145, Environment and Forests (FR. 5) Dept. dated 28.12.2007 and notified in Tamil Nadu Government Gazette No. 363 dated December 31, 2007. The post Wildlife Warden, Pollachi was upgraded to the level of Conservator of Forests. This post was subsequently upgraded to the level of Chief Conservator of Forests w.e.f. 30.07.2010.

22. The Anamalai Tiger Reserve possesses diverse fauna and flora, well representative of the region. The Tiger Reserve supports diverse habitat type viz. wet evergreen forests, semi-evergreen forests, moist deciduous, dry deciduous, dry thorn and shola forests. Other unique habitats like montane grasslands, savannah and marshy grasslands are also present.

23. A revision of flora of the Anaimalais done by Thiru. V. Ganesan, I.F.S., with reference to the Flora of Tamil Nadu revealed that the Tiger Reserve supports around 2500 species of Angiosperms. From field explorations conducted in the Tiger Reserve, certain interesting groups of plants which have rich diversity are Balsams, Crotalarias, Orchids and Kurinchi. There is rich diversity of wild genetic resources of crop plants like Mango, Jack, Banana, Ginger, Turmeric, Pepper, Cardamom, Solaipuli, Nutmeg, Cinnamom, Amla, Jasmine, Capparis, Nervilia, Bittergourd, Snakegourd, Ivygourd Drumstick, Yams, Elephant foot yam, Malabar tamarind, Rice, Strawberry, Rose, Raspberry, Wild guava, Nilgiri lily, Carrisa, Ber. Elaeocarpus, Elaegnus etc.

24. Endemism of the vegetation is very rich in the tiger reserve. There is a long list of red, endangered and threatened species of plants (≥ 39) distributed and well protected in the Tiger Reserve, Gymnosperms like Podocarpus wallichiana, Cycas circinalis, Gnetum ula are distributed in fairly good population. Insectivorous plants like Drosera are found distributed in grass land ecosystem. Ficus, one of the keystone species responsible for supporting important avifauna like hornbills is well represented with over 12 species. The staple food source of Lion Tailed Macaque, the Cullenia exarillata is represented by two varieties in the Tiger Reserve. Interesting plant groups like Ceropegias and Hoya are also represented well. There is a rich diversity of medicinal plant wealth and Kariyan shola is protected as one of the Medicinal Plants Conservation Area (MPCA) in the country. Highly threatened medicinal plants like Utleria salicifolia, Decalepis hamiltonii are well represented in the tiger reserve.

25. The diversity of bamboos, canes, reeds, palms is also unique and interesting. Rich diversity of ferns including tree ferns with endemic elements are noticed. Bryophytes, Thallophytes diversity is also very high due to moist evergreen, shola, and grassland habitats. There is rich diversity of fungi both edible and non-edible categories.

26. The Tiger Reserve supports healthy population of several endangered wild animals (Fishes ≥ 70 species, Amphibians ≥ 70 species, Reptiles ≥ 120 species, Birds ≥ 300 species, Mammals ≥ 80 species. The presence of more than 20 tigers underscores the healthiness of this eco system. Most of the herbivores species of the Western Ghats viz. Asian elephant, Sambar, Spotted deer Barking deer, Mouse deer are well represented. Anamalais supports one of the highest densities of Gaur population in Southern India. A report of white (albino) variety of Gaur is made from Manjampatti area. The only South Indian wild goat, and the State animal of Tamil Nadu, the Nilgiri Tahr is found in sizeable number (600+) on the high altitude rocky hills and grass lands in the Tiger Reserve. It is commonly seen at the 9th hairpin bend rocky portions on the Pollachi – Valparai ghat road. Grass Hills National Park which is contiguous with Eravikulam National Park is supporting the largest Nilgiris Tahr population in the world. A healthy population of more than 600 Lion Tailed Macaque found in evergreen fragments of the Tiger Reserve supports all the five primate species found in Tamil Nadu viz. Lion Tailed Macaque, Nilgiri langur, Common langur, Bonnet macaque and Slender loris. Interesting two giant squirrels both Malabar and the Grizzled are found in healthy numbers in the Tiger Reserve, so also two flying squirrels.

27. Other important wild animals like Wild pig, Sloth bear are also found in large numbers. Canids like Jackal, Wild dog, Indian fox, Felids other than Tiger, viz. Leopard, Jungle cat, Leopard cat, Rusty spotted cat, Fishing cat, Mustelids (Otters) like Smooth coated otter, Small clawed otter, Marten (Nilgiri marten), Viverrid civets – (Small Indian civet) Palm civet – (Common palm civet, Brown palm civet), Herpestids - Mongoose viz. Grey mongoose, Ruddy mongoose, Brown mongoose, Stripe- necked mongoose, Edentates like Indian pangolin, Lagomorph like Indian Hare and Insectivores like House shrew, Day‟s shrew, Kelaart's long clawed shrew, Hedge hog (Madras hedge hog), rodents like Porcupine, Giant squirrels (2), Striped squirrels (Three striped, Dusky striped, Layard's striped), Flying Squirrels (2), several Rats, Mice including Malabar Spiny Dormouse, Tree Shrew (Madras), Bats awaiting to be documented are available in Anamalais.

28. Anamalais support rich diversity of reptiles. Interestingly all the fresh water turtles and tortoises in the South like Tranvancore tortoise, Cochin forest cane turtle, Indian flap shell turtle, Indian Black turtle, Leith‟s soft shell turtle are distributed. Uropeltid snakes are interesting. Unique species of lizard, Salea anamalayana, a Western Ghats endemic is also found in these hills. Avifaunal diversity is amazing with more than 260 species of birds documented representing 16 of the 17 endemic species in the Western Ghats. Amphibian diversity is very unique where new records like Rhacophorus pseudo malabaricus, Naisikabatrachus sahyadrensis are found in Anamalais. Caecilians diversity is very interesting. Fish faunal diversity hitherto was unknown. A recent study made has recorded six new species.

29. Interesting invertebrates like butterflies and moths, mites and spiders, beetles and weevils, bugs, etc. are also well represented in the Tiger Reserve.

30. Anamalais is worth to be designated as „Anthropological Reserve‟ as it supports 6 indigenous people viz. Malasar, Malai malasars, Kadars, Eravallars, Pulayars and Muduvars. This is very unique in the entire Tamil Naduand probably the only Protected Area with diverse groups of indigenous people. These indigenous people protect several traditional varieties of agricultural crops like Rice, Ragi, Tenai, Grain amaranth etc.

31. It has interesting scenic spots like Waterfalls, Nallamudi Pooncholai, Punganodai view point, Chinnakallar waterfalls, Monkey falls etc. and important peaks like Pandaravarai, Koochimalai, Perumkundru, Vellimudi, Thanakamalai etc.

32. The Anamalai Tiger Reserve is dotted with culturally and historically important areas. Many temples of local and historical importance are found inside the Tiger Reserve as enclosures. In the eastern part of the Anamalai Tiger Reserve falling in Udumalpet, Amaravathy ranges, historic sites like ruins of forts of Vijaynagar kings, Pandavar kuzhis are seen.

5. Guindy National Park 33. Guindy National Park is situated in Mambalam-Guindy Taluk of Chennai District in south-west corner of Chennai City. The area was taken over for management by Forest Department in the year 1958. Prior to 1958 the area was under the control of Raj Bhavan. Considering the ecological, faunal, floral geomorphological and zoological importance an area of 270.57 ha of the Guindy Park Reserved Forest, was declared as National Park by the Government of Tamil Nadu in G.O.Ms.No.773, Forest and Fisheries dated 4.9.1978.

34. The presence of dry evergreen forests and endangered Blackbuck, makes the Park more significant.

6. Mukurthi National Park 35. Mukurthi Park is located in the Nilgiri District of Tamil Nadu. It lies between latitude 11°.10‟ to 11°.22‟ North and longitudes 76°.26‟ to 76°.34‟ East.

36. Mukurthi was first declared as a Wildlife Sanctuary in the year 1982. Subsequently its status was enhanced to a National Park in 1990). Final notification of Mukurthi National Park as a National Park was issued in 2001. At present the extent of the National Park is 78.46 sq.km. The park holds the endangered Nilgiri Tahr (Hemitragous hylocrius), population, the State animal of Tamil Naduand endemic to Western Ghats.

7. Vallanadu Black Buck Sanctuary 37. The Vallanadu area was declared as Sanctuary as per G.O.Ms.No.1028 Forest & Fisheries Department dated 28.09.1987.

38. This Sanctuary is located in Vallanadu village of Srivaikundam Taluk of Thoothukudi in district in Tamil Nadu on Tirunelveli- Thoothukudi road at a distance of 16 kilometers from Tirunelveli town. Thoothukudi district is situated in the extreme southeastern corner of Tamil Nadu. Vallanadu Reserved Forests is the southernmost location where Blackbuck is naturally available, which speaks for itself the need for their conservation.

8. Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park and Biosphere Reserve 39. The Gulf of Mannar, the first Marine Biosphere Reserve in the South and South East Asia, running down south from Rameswaram to Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu, India is situated between Longitudes 78008‟E to 79030‟E and along Latitudes from 8035‟N to 9025‟N with a total area of 10,500 Km2. This marine Biosphere Reserve encompasses a chain of 19 islands and adjoining coral reefs off the coasts of the Ramanathapuram and the Tuticorin districts forming the core zone; the

Marine National Park. The surrounding seascape of the Marine National Park and a 10 km strip of the coastal landscape covering a total area 10,500 sq. km., in the Ramanathapuram, Tuticorin, Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari Districts forms the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve.

40. The Gulf of Mannar has drawn attention of conservationists even before the initiation of the Man and Biosphere (MAB) program by the UNESCO in 1971. With its rich biodiversity of 3600 Species of various flora and fauna part of this Gulf of Mannar has been declared as a Marine National Park in 1986 by the Government of Tamil Nadu and later as the first Marine Biosphere Reserve of India in 1989 by the Government of India.

41. While the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park (GOMNP) is protected and managed by the Wildlife Wing of the Tamil Nadu State Forest Department, the activities in the GOMBR is facilitated, supported and managed by the multi-agency GOMBRT, wherein besides the Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Environment, Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, Rural Development and other government departments of Tamil Nadu, national and local NGOs, CBOs and academic institutions are also involved. The GOMBR Trust is chaired by the Chief Secretary of Tamil Nadu and its functional Chief Executive is a Chief Conservator of Forests of the Tamil Nadu Government. The GEF-UNDP project is operational upto 2008.

9. Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary 42. The Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary lies in the Western Ghats falling in the revenue districts of Virudhunagar and Madurai between North latitudes 90 23‟ and 90 48‟ and East and 770 26‟ 770 46‟.

43. The area was declared as a sanctuary in G.O.Ms.No.399, Environment and Forests (FR.II) dated. 26-12-1992 consisting the Reserved Forests of erstwhile Kamarajar Forest Division and Saptur R.F of Madurai Forest Division with the sanctuary headquarters at Srivilliputhur.

44. It is an important landscape for elephant conservation programme in Periyar Tiger Reserve. Owing to its large contiguous forests and connectivity with adjoining Reserve Forest Divisions, this Division has wide varieties of endangered species such as Grizzled Squirrel, Elephant, Tiger, Leopard, Nilgiri tahr, Gaur, Lion Tailed Macaque and Hyena. The diversity of habitat has got an assemblage of several species of rare plants, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and reptiles. Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary has also got several species of endemic flora and fauna. The total extent of the sanctuary is 48891.91 ha.

45. It is one of the six potential habitats with viable population of Grizzled Squirrel in India. Grizzled Giant Squirrel identified as flagship species for this protected area. The area serves as catchments and assures continuous water supply to the Towns and Villages in the District and sustains the agricultural production.

10. Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary 46. Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary is the southern-most sanctuary of India and forms the part of Southern-most end of Southern Western Ghats, and also forms a part of the Agasthiyarmalai Biosphere Reserve.

47. In G.O.Ms.No.152 E& F Department dated: 16.7.2002 the Kanyakumari Forest division was declared as Wildlife Sanctuary. Administratively out of 45,777.57 ha area of Kanyakumari Forest Division, an area of 40239.55 ha is carved out from reserved forests of Kanyakumari Forest Division, is declared as Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary. The ecological significance of the Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary is of paramount importance as the forests play a vital role in sustaining the water security of the district.

48. The richness and diversity of the flora of this region are due to the variation in its elevation from sea level to about 1800 m, tropical climate, heavy rainfall and the mountainous configuration.

49. The dry deciduous forests of the Panagudi side of the Mahendragiri, the moist deciduous forests of the Asambu Hills and the wet evergreen forests of the Veerapuli and Kilamalai forests are a joy to behold with bamboos, canes, reeds, orchids, endemic palms like Bentinckia condapanna and grasslands abound. The peaks of Varayattumottai, Mahendragiri, Muthukuzhivayal, Upper Kodayar and waterfalls such as Olakkai aruvi, Kutharapanchan aruvi and Kalikesam enchant the unsuspecting tourists.

50. The area is a part of wildlife corridor with high biodiversity, and in addition to tigers, is home to the threatened species: Indian Bison, elephant, Indian Rock Python, Lion-tailed Macaque, Mouse deer, Nilgiri Tahr and Sambar deer. There are a few tribal villages in the sanctuary and adjoining reserve forests. In addition to large number of species of birds, arthropods and other invertebrates a variety of wildlife can be seen in the division.

11. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve 51. Sathyamangalam Forest Division encompasses large contiguous Reserve Forests extending over 1455 sq km with diversity of vegetation types from dry thorn shrub to patches of semi-evergreen forests in the upper regions. The southern portion of the division covering an area of 524.34 sq km has been declared as Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary, vide G.O.Ms.No.122 dated 3.11.08 in the G.O.Ms.No.93, Environment and Forests (FR V) Department dated 11.08.2011, an area of 141,160.94 ha. was notified as Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary. Subsequently the above has been notified as Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve in the G.O.Ms.No.41, Environment and Forests (FR V) Department dated 15.03.2013.

52. The Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary is the meeting place of two distinct geographical regions of bio diversity landscape; Western Ghat and Eastern Ghat. It is an important landscape for elephant conservation programme in Nilgiris and Eastern Ghats. Owing to its large contiguous forests and connectivity with adjoining reserve forest divisions, this division has wide varieties of endangered species such as Elephant, Gaur, Blackbuck, Tiger, Leopard, White backed vulture and Hyena. The diversity of habitat has got an assemblage of several species of rare plants, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and reptiles. This sanctuary also harbors several species of wild relatives of cultivated plants including, Wild ginger, Turmeric, Solanum, and Mango that act as a gene pool for the cultivated plants. Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary has also got several species of endemic flora and fauna.

12. Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary 53. Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary is carved out of Madurai and Theni Division forest areas in the Southern Western Ghats. Geographically it is located between the Longitudes 770 45' N and Latitudes 090 31' to 090 58' E. The territorial jurisdiction of the sanctuary falls in two taluks, Uthamapalayam and Periyakulam in Theni district and two taluks, Thirumangalam and usilampatty in Madurai District.

54. The areas included in the Sanctuary have a long management history. Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary was declared in 2009 vide G.O.(D)No.63, Environment and Forest (FR-V) Department dated26.06.2009. Total extent of the notified sanctuary is 269.10 Km2 (26910.815 Ha).

55. Megamalai Sanctuary falls in Western Ghats bio-geographic zone. A part of the sanctuary falls in Periyar Elephant Reserve. The biota of the region is highly diverse. Sanctuary is known for its rich diversity. It harbors large number of Endemic, endangered and vulnerable flora and fauna.

56. Sanctuary is a home for indigenous tribal group - Paliyars. With biological richness, the sanctuary offers excellent scope for scientific research on biological, anthropological, historical and cultural aspects as this area remains as one of the least studied protected areas in the country.

57. Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary provides important ecological services for Theni and Madurai region as it forms the catchment of Vaigai River, the life line of the region. Sanctuary also supports some irrigation cum hydroelectric Project like Periyar and Suruliar Hydro Electric Projects. The

agricultural and economic prosperity of the region thus depends heavily on the sanctuary.

58. Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary is thus very rich biologically with floral, faunal and anthropological uniqueness in the Western Ghats with Himalayan faunal associates like Nilgiri Tahr. Sanctuary qualifies as Elephant Reserve, Tiger Reserve, Anthropological reserve, Primate Sanctuary and Wild gene sanctuary. It plays vital role in the water security of the region as water sanctuary and enhances quality of life as very great oxygen sanctuary. Conservation of Megamalai is therefore very crucial for the physical, mental and spiritual well-being of humanity as a whole.

13. Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary 59. The Forests of Kodaikanal Wild Life Sanctuary falls between 770 16‟ and 770 45‟ of East longitude and 100 20‟ and 100 5‟ of North latitude. The Kodaikanal Wild life Sanctuary is spread over an area of 655.70 sq.km encompassing portion of Dindigul and Theni Districts of Tamil Nadu.

60. Kodaikanal Wild Life Sanctuary is formed in G.O.No.143, E&F Dept. Dated 20.9.2013. Major water source for two districts, Dindigul and Theni.

61. Owing to wide variations in the topographical geomorphological, edaphic and climatic features, the forests of Kodaikanal Wild Life Sanctuary consequently justify their wide variations in floristic composition.

62. This sanctuary also supports a large number of mammalian fauna (44 numbers). The threatened species include Nilgiri Langur, Nilgiri Marten, Brown Palm Civet and Nilgiri Tahr. Ten bird species that are endemic to Western Ghats are reported from this sanctuary viz., Nilgiri Pipit, Grey Headed Bulbul, Blue Winged Parakeet, Nilgiri Wood Pigeon, Rufous Babbler and Black and Rufous Flycatcher. The reserve has a very diverse fish fauna including 8 species. Butterfly fauna with rare species such as Spot Puffin, Herpetofaunal assemblage is high with many endemic and rare species such as Dasia haliana, Calotes andamanensis and the Black Microhylid Frog, Melanobatrachus indicus.

63. Kodaikanal Wild Life Sanctuary offers excellent opportunities for practicing restoration ecology particularly shola.

14. Nellai Wildlife Sanctuary 64. The entire reserved forest areas to the extent of 3573.33 ha. of Tirunelveli Forest Division was declared as "Nellai wildlife Sanctuary" in G.O.Ms.No.12, Environment and Forests (FR.V) Department dated: 04.02.2015.

65. This forms part of the broader landscape of Kalakkadu Mundandurai Tiger Reserve, Tirunelveli as link between Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary, Kalakkadu Mundandurai Tiger Reserve and Srivilliputhur Grizzled Giant Squirrel Sanctuary with compare floral and faunal diversity similar to the other adjoining areas.

15. Gangaikondan Wildlife Sanctuary 66. Tirunelveli Wildlife Preservation Association during the year 1976 took initiative to form 'Deer Park' on a leased forest land of 500 acres in Gangaikondan Village in Tirunelveli Division vide G.O.Ms.No.406, Forests and Fisheries Department dated: 11.05.1976. Recently the above park has been notified Gangaikondan Deer Sanctuary in G.O.Ms.No.150, Environment and Forests (FR.V) Department dated: 01.10.2013.

Central Asian Flyway and Stop Over Sites in Tamil Nadu 67. Migrating birds cover long distances during their annual migration and how they navigate their flight path is still not fully understood. Birds seem to navigate by a combination of senses, position of sun and stars, setting of sun, earth‟s magnetic field, etc. Water birds generally follow the same route

year after year for migration owing to the presence of stop over points enroute which provide food supplies. The stop over sites where migrating birds refuel and rest for several hours to few days are very critical in the survival and success of migrating birds.

68. Sanctuaries which are lying on the migratory route of migrating birds act as stop over sites. Point Calimere and wetlands in Rameswaram and Kanyakumari are not only major stop over sites for water birds during their southward migration but also are wintering sites for portion of the migratory population. Point Calimere is the stop over site for passerine birds and Western Ghats are the major wintering sites.

69. The Central Asian Flyway is spread over more than 30 countries from the Arctic to Indian Ocean. Tamil Nadu is the last landmass in this flyway. The Flyway comprises several important migration routes of water birds, most of which extend from the northernmost breeding grounds in Russia (Siberia) to the southernmost non-breeding (wintering) grounds in West and South Asia, the Maldives and the British Indian Ocean Territory.

Bird Migration Studies in Tamil Nadu

70. BNHS has conducted large scale bird ringing studies in Point Calimere, Gulf of Mannar, Kanyakumari, Pulicat, Kaliveli, Nilgiris, Palani hills and some other parts of southern Western Ghats and generated data on the distribution and movement of migratory birds all over Tamil Nadu.BNHS is undertaking ringing and colour flagging studies in Point Calimere and this can be extended to other wetlands of Tamil Nadu. Department staff could be trained on bird ringing and identification at Bird Migration Study Centre, Point Calimere.

Bird Sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu

71. All the sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu including Point Calimere, Vedanthangal and Pulicat are significant for nesting of resident birds. Koonthankulam and Karaivetti sanctuaries support thousands of migratory ducks and geese as well. Sanctuaries like Vedanthangal are situated amidst agrarian landscapes and birds spend the day out there in the fields feeding and return back to the lake in the evening for shelter. Out of 223 species of birds recorded from the coastal wetlands of India, the highest number of species was recorded from the east coast. The order Charadriiformes was highest in dominance followed by Falconiformes and Ciconiiformes. 31 threatened birds species were recorded from the coastal wetlands. Hence, there is a need to protect coastal and marine areas with high priority conservation for future research on bird communities.

The brief details of Bird Sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu (as on 01-01-2016) are stated below:

Sl.No Name of Sanctuary Area in ha Legal G.O.Ms. No.in District in Major Species found Section of Wildlife status which declared which located (Protection) Act under which declared 1 Vedanthangal Birds 30.000 PWD 199 E&F Kanchee puram Cormorants, egrets, grey Final notification Sanctuary TANK Department dated heron, Open billed stork, issued u/s 26A(1) 3.7.98 Pelicans, migratory birds like garguney, teals, shovallers 2 Karikili Birds Sanctuary 61.210 PWD 332 E&F Kanchee puram Cormorants, egrets, grey 18(1) TANK Department dated heron, spoon billed stork, 23.5.89 3 Vettangudi birds 38.400 PWD 574 E&F Sivagangai Cormorants, egrets, herons, 18(1) Sanctuary TANK Department dated teals, pelicans 3.6.77 4 Kanjirankulam Birds 104.000 PWD 684 E&F Ramanatha Cormorants, egrets, herons, 18(1) Sanctuary TANK Department Dated puram teals, pelicans 21.9.89 5 Chitrangudi Birds 47.630 PWD 684 E&F Ramanatha Cormorants, egrets, herons, 18(1) Sanctuary TANK Department dated puram teals, pelicans 21.9.89 6 Udayamarthanda puram 45.280 PWD 379 E&F Tiruvarur Little cormorant, darter, Final notification Birds Sanctuary TANK Department dated spoon bill, Indian Reef issued u/s 26A(1) 31.12.98 Heron, Grey heron, white necked stork 7 Vaduvoor birds 128.100 PWD 169 E&F Tiruvarur Cormorants, egrets, ibis, Final notification Sanctuary TANK Department dated herons and many variety of issued under section 22.7.99 birds 26A(1) 8 Koonthankulam- 129.000 PWD 301 E&F Tirunelveli Grey pelican, painted stork, 18(1) Kadankulam Birds TANK Department dated white Ibis, jackal, rat snake Sanctuary 30.11.94 9 Karaivetti Birds 453.710 PWD 92 E&F Arialur Egrets, pelican, Grey heron, 18(1) Sanctuary TANK Department Dated White Ibis, Spoon bill 5.4.99 10 Vellode Birds Sanctuary 77.180 PWD 44 E&F Erode Spoon bill, Teals, Pintail Final notification TANK Department dated ducks, Darter issued u/s 26A(1) 29.2.2000

Sl.No Name of Sanctuary Area in ha Legal G.O.Ms. No.in District in Major Species found Section of Wildlife status which declared which located (Protection) Act under which declared 11 Melaselvanur- 593.080 PWD 57 E&F Ramanatha Grey Pelican, Painted Stork 18(1) Kilaselvanur Birds TANK Department dated puram Sanctuary 10.3.98 12 Theerthangal Bird 29.290 PWD G.O.Ms No.220 Ramanatha White -breasted Kingfisher, 18(1) Sanctury TANK E&F Department puram Spot- billed Pelican, dated 15.12.2010 Brahminy Kite 13 Sakkarakottai Tank 230.490 PWD G.O.Ms. No 114 Ramanatha Spot billed Pelican, Egret, 18( 1 ) Birds Sanctuary TANK E&F Department puram Common Myna, Grey Heron, dated 17-04-2012 Little Cormorant, Black Kite etc 14 Oussudu Lake Birds 331.785 PWD G.O.Ms. No 49 Villupuram Spot billed Pelican, Egret, 18( 1 ) Sanctaury TANK E&F Department Common Myna, Grey Heron, dated 31-03-2015 Little Cormorant, Black Kite etc 15. Pulicat Lake Birds 15367.000 LAKE 1247E&F Tiruvallur Spot billed Pelican, Egret, 18( 1) Sanctuary Department dated Common Myna, Grey Heron, 22.9.80 Little Cormorant, Black Kite etc Total 17666.155

Annexure 8: Important Bird Area Information

Acoording to Birdlife International, the detailed information of the Important Bird Area are listed as below.

No IBA Northing Easting Altitude m Area ha IN274 Naduvattam 11.32 N 76.57 E 1500-0 m 3,538 IN258 Big Tank (Peria Kanmai) and 9.37 N 78.57 E 0 m 2,541 Sakkarakotai Kanmai IN264 Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park 8.67 N 78.17 E 0-6 m 623 IN278 Srivilliputhur Wildlife Sanctuary 9.52 N 77.42 E 200-1200 m 48,520 IN265 Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and 10.42 N 76.97 E 350-2500 m 98,700 National Park IN258 Veeranam Lake 11.25 N 79.54 E 72-0 m 3,885 IN282 Vandivoorand Kunnathur Tanks 9.92 N 78.15 E 0 m 287 (Madurai) IN224 Pulicat Lake 13.67 N 80.18 E 0-10 m 60,000 IN275 Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary 10.30 N 79.85 E 0-3 m 37,733 IN261 Chitragudi and Kanjirankulam Bird 9.33 N 78.48 E 15-0 m 152 Sanctuary IN251 Silent Valley National Park 11.13 N 76.43 E 658-2383 m 8,952 IN271 Kullur Sandai Reservoir 9.56 N 78.01 E 80-0 m 1,362 IN269 Kuntangulam Bird Sanctuary 8.47 N 77.73 E 0-0 m 129 Source: http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet

IN274 : Naduvattam Country/territory: India IBA Criteria met: A1, A2 (2004) Area: 3,538 ha Protection status: Bombay Natural History Society Most recent IBA monitoring assessment Year of assessment Threat score (pressure) Condition score (state) Action score (response) 2003 low not assessed not assessed

Site description 1. Naduvattam is a forest range under the jurisdiction of the South Division of Nilgiris. It comprises of two areas, namely Mudimunth (1,346 ha) and Naduvattam beats (2,192 ha). It has several pockets of Shola and exotic plantation. This site is located between Mudumalai and Ooty.

Key biodiversity 2. Avifauna: Not much study has been done, but Loven Pereira (pers. comm. 2003) has seen more than 40 species, including some Western Ghats endemics. The site lies in the Western Ghats (Endemic Bird Area 123), where Stattersfield et al. (1998) have listed 16 restricted range species. Eight of them are found in this IBA. All the five restricted range species associated with Wet Temperate sholas and Subtropical Broadleaf Hill Forest (Stattersfield et al. 1998) are found, which proves that some shola habitat is still available, despite extensive plantation of exotics in the past. The Vulnerable Kashmir Flycatcher Ficedula subrubra is also recorded from this IBA. Naduvattam is located in Biome-10 (Indian Peninsula Tropical Moist Forests: BirdLife International, undated). Fifteen species represent this biome. Only two species, White-cheeked Barbet Pomatorhinus horsfieldii and Indian Scimitar Babbler Pomatorhinus horsfieldii, have been located till now, but more are likely to be found once detailed studies are conducted.

3. Other Key Fauna: Not much information is available.

Pressure/threats to key biodiversity 4. The IBA is quite well protected. No one is allowed without a permit. A Cinchona plantation has been converted into a tea plantation by the Government of Tamil Nadu. Commercialization of native vegetation types (mainly grassland) has, however, severely effected the ecology of this area.

IBA Criteria 5. Year of most recent IBA criteria assessment: 2004

Populations of IBA trigger species Species Current IUCN Season Year(s) of Population IBA Criteria Red List estimate estimate Triggered Category Nilgiri Woodpigeon Columba VU resident 2004 present A1, A2

elphinstonii Grey-headed Bulbul NT resident 2004 present A2

Brachypodius priocephalus

Species Current IUCN Season Year(s) of Population IBA Criteria Red List estimate estimate Triggered Category

Garrulax cachinnans NR resident 2004 present A1, A2

Brachypteryx major NR resident 2004 present A1, A2 Nilgiri Flycatcher Eumyias LC resident 2004 present A2

albicaudatus Kashmir Flycatcher Ficedula VU winter 2004 present A1, A2

subrubra Black-and-orange LC resident 2004 present A2 Flycatcher Ficedula

nigrorufa Crimson-backed Sunbird LC resident 2004 present A2

Leptocoma minima Nilgiri Pipit Anthus VU resident 2004 present A2

nilghiriensis Note: This table presents the IBA criteria triggered and the species that triggered then at the time of assessment, the current IUCN Red List category may vary from that which was in place at that time.

IBA Monitoring Most recent IBA monitoring assessment Year of assessment Threat score Condition score Action score (pressure) (state) (response) 2003 low not assessed not assessed Was the whole site Yes State assessed by unset covered? Accuracy of information good

Threats to the site (pressure) Threat Level 1 Threat Level 2 Timing Scope Severity Result Agricultural annual & perennial non- happening small slow but low expansion and timber crops - agro-industry now area/few significant intensification farming individuals deterioration (<10%) Agricultural wood and pulp plantations happening small very rapid to low expansion and (includes afforestation) - now area/few severe intensification agro-industry plantations individuals deterioration (<10%)

Conservation actions taken at site (response) Conservation Designation Management Planning Conservation Action Result Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed not assessed

IBA Protection Protection status: Protected Designation Area Relationship with IBA Overlap with Area (ha) IBA (ha) Western World Heritage Site 795,315 protected area is 0

Ghats adjacent to site

Nilgiri Tahr National Park 7,800 unknown 0

Nilgiri Bird Reserve 552,000 unknown 0

Nilgiri UNESCO-MAB Biosphere 552,000 protected area contains 3,538 Reserve site

100

Habitats

IUCN Habitat Habitat detail Extent (% of site) Forest - Shrubland -

Land use Land-use Extent (% of site) forestry -

Country/territory: India Central coordinates: 11o 19' 0" North (11.32o) 76o 34' 0" East (76.57o) Area: 3,538 ha Altitude: 1500-0 m

IN258: Big Tank (Peria Kanmai) and Sakkarakotai Kanmai

Country/territory: India IBA Criteria met: A1, A4iii (2004) For more information about IBA criteria please click here Area: 2,541 ha

Protection status: Most recent IBA monitoring assessment Year of assessment Threat score (pressure) Condition score (state) Action score (response) 2003 low not assessed not assessed

Site description 6. Big Tank or Peria Kanmai (System Tank) (891 ha) and Sakkarakottai Kanmai (Non-system Tank) (1,650 ha) are twin wetlands of great importance for bird conservation, although they were initially built to provide irrigation and drinking water. Peria Kanmai is fed by the River Vaigai and Sakkarakottai Kanmai is rainfed. These wetlands are located 5 km north of the district headquarters at Ramanathapuram. The wetlands are rich in aquatic flora, especially Scirpus, Cyperus pygmaeus, Cyperus difformis and Cynodon dactylon. Ipomea carnea can be seen in dense stands on the periphery.

Key biodiversity 7. Avifauna: This site has been selected as an IBA based on the large numbers of congregatory waterfowl, and especially as a nesting site for the globally threatened Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis. The wetlands have attracted waterfowl immediately after the completion of the dams. Many birds started nesting on the numerous Acacia niloticatrees found inside the tank. Significant numbers of heronry species such as the Grey Heron Ardea cinerea, Purple Heron Ardea purpurea, cormorants Phalacrocorax spp., Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis, Little Egret Egretta garzetta and Large or Great Egret Casmerodius albus nest there. Coot Fulica atra is also found breeding on these wetlands. Recently small numbers (35-40) of Spotbilled Pelican were found breeding. Balachandran (pers. comm. 2003) has found that the pelicans shift their nesting site between these two wetlands, depending upon availability of water. The Big Tank (Peria Kanmai) is close to the Gulf of Mannar, from where Greater Flamingos Phoenicopterus ruber frequent this lake in thousands when the water level is low (S. Balachandran, per. comm. 2002). During the Annual Waterfowl Count in 2002, nearly 1,600 were sighted. A very large congregation of ducks is also seen. At a time, there may not be as much as 20,000 birds (A4iii criteria), but in a year more than 20,000 birds use these wetlands. These tanks also attract many species listed as Near Threatened. On 25 April, 2002, 1,800 White Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus, 250 Black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa, 1,300 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus, 1,500 Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala and 2000 Little Egret Egretta garzetta were seen, along with other waterbirds (S. Balachandran pers. comm. 2003). The numbers were much more than the 1% mentioned by Wetlands International (2002).

8. Other Key Fauna: As these wetlands are surrounded by human habitation, there is not much large terrestrial fauna.

Country/territory: India Central coordinates: 9o 22' 0" North (9.37o) 78o 52' 0" East (78.87o) Area: 2,541 ha Altitude: 0-0 m

102

IBA Criteria Year of most recent IBA criteria assessment: 2004 Populations of IBA trigger species Species Current IUCN Season Year(s) of Population IBA Criteria Red List estimate estimate Triggered Category Spot-billed Pelican NT resident 2004 present A1

Pelecanus philippensis A4iii Species group - n/a unknown 2004 20,000 A4iii

waterbirds individuals Note: This table presents the IBA criteria triggered and the species that triggered then at the time of assessment, the current IUCN Red List category may vary from that which was in place at that time.

Year of compilation: 2004

Site description 9. Big Tank or Peria Kanmai (System Tank) (891 ha) and Sakkarakottai Kanmai (Non-system Tank) (1,650 ha) are twin wetlands of great importance for bird conservation, although they were initially built to provide irrigation and drinking water. Peria Kanmai is fed by the River Vaigai and Sakkarakottai Kanmai is rainfed. These wetlands are located 5 km north of the district headquarters at Ramanathapuram. The wetlands are rich in aquatic flora, especially Scirpus, Cyperus pygmaeus,

Cyperus difformis and Cynodon dactylon. Ipomea carnea can be seen in dense stands on the periphery.

Key biodiversity 10. Avifauna: This site has been selected as an IBA based on the large numbers of congregatory waterfowl, and especially as a nesting site for the globally threatened Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis. The wetlands have attracted waterfowl immediately after the completion of the dams. Many birds started nesting on the numerous Acacia niloticatrees found inside the tank. Significant numbers of heronry species such as the Grey Heron Ardea cinerea, Purple Heron Ardea purpurea, cormorants Phalacrocorax spp., Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis, Little Egret Egretta garzetta and Large or Great Egret Casmerodius albus nest there. Coot Fulica atra is also found breeding on these wetlands. Recently small numbers (35-40) of Spotbilled Pelican were found breeding. Balachandran (pers. comm. 2003) has found that the pelicans shift their nesting site between these two wetlands, depending upon availability of water. The Big Tank (Peria Kanmai) is close to the Gulf of Mannar, from where Greater Flamingos Phoenicopterus ruber frequent this lake in thousands when the water level is low (S. Balachandran, per. comm. 2002). During the Annual Waterfowl Count in 2002, nearly 1,600 were sighted. A very large congregation of ducks is also seen. At a time, there may not be as much as 20,000 birds (A4iii criteria), but in a year more than 20,000 birds use these wetlands. These tanks also attract many species listed as Near Threatened. On 25 April, 2002, 1,800 White Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus, 250 Black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa, 1,300 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus, 1,500 Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala and 2000 Little Egret Egretta garzetta were seen, along with other waterbirds (S. Balachandran pers. comm. 2003). The numbers were much more than the 1% mentioned by Wetlands International (2002).

11. Other Key Fauna: As these wetlands are surrounded by human habitation, there is not much large terrestrial fauna.

Pressure/threats to key biodiversity 12. Main Threats: Illegal snail collection; Poaching and collection of eggs and chicks; Illegal tree cutting.

13. These wetlands are under the control of the Irrigation Department, but the Forest Department has control on the wildlife. Illegal collection of bird eggs and chicks still occurs, though not to the same extent as before. Effluence from a hospital pollutes the water of Sakkarakotai Kanmai. This needs to be stopped at once. Attempts should be made to involve villagers and students in the conservation of birds. Environmental awareness programmes to highlight the role of guano-rich water in increasing the fertility of the crop fields should be taken up. If the villagers agree, these tanks should be considered as Community Conservation Areas, under the modified Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act.

Threats to the site (pressure) Threat Threat Level 2 Timing Scope Severity Result Level 1 Biological hunting & collecting terrestrial happening small no or low resource animals - intentional use now area/few imperceptible use (species being assessed is the individuals deterioration

104

target) (<10%) Biological logging & wood harvesting - happening small slow but low resource unintentional effects: now area/few significant use subsistence/small scale individuals deterioration (<10%) Pollution industrial & military effluents - happening small slow but low type unknown/unrecorded now area/few significant individuals deterioration (<10%)

Conservation actions taken at site (response) Conservation Designation Management Planning Conservation Action Result Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed not assessed

Habitats

IUCN Habitat Habitat detail Extent (% of site) Coastline - Artificial - aquatic -

Land use Land-use Extent (% of site) agriculture - fisheries/aquaculture -

IN264: Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park

IBA Criteria met: A1, A4iii (2004) Area: 623 ha

Protection status: Most recent IBA monitoring assessment Year of assessment Threat score (pressure) Condition score (state) Action score (response) 2003 medium not assessed not assessed

Site description 14. The Gulf of Mannar, the first marine Biosphere Reserve of India, off the southern extremity of India, includes a group of 21 islands, located 0.2 to 8 km off the coast. Most of the islands are small, from a few hectares to less than 4 sq. km., running roughly parallel to the coast. The islands are mainly of coral origin. The Gulf of Mannar is the first Marine Biosphere Reserve not only in India, but also in south and southeast Asia. It is about 60 km from Ramanathapuram. The Gulf of Mannar has a coastal length of about 141 km. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) commission on National Parks, and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), identified the Reserve as being an area of “Particular concern” given its biodiversity and special ‘multiple use’ management status. Mandapam lies on a narrow peninsula projecting from the southeast coast of India, with the Gulf of Mannar to the south and Palk Bay to the north. At the end of the peninsular extension is Pamban Island, which is connected to the mainland by a railway bridge. The inshore region of the Palk Bay is largely muddy, while in the Gulf of Mannar, it is rocky and interspersed with small areas of sand and mud (Balachandran 1995). The mixing of waters of Palk Bay and the Gulf takes place through the Pamban Pass and also through Adam’s Bridge between Dhanushkodi and the west coast of Sri Lanka (Jayaraman 1954). The Gulf of Mannar Marine NP consists of 6.23 sq. km, but the Biosphere Reserve stretches 180 km along the coast and is c. 10 km wide. Forty villages lie within the Biosphere Reserve. There are four or five main islands and lagoons: Manali Island, Hare island, Dhanushkodi lagoon, Kundugal inter-tidal area, Pallaimadam lagoon and Dhanushkodi lagoon.

Key biodiversity 15. Avifauna: About 187 species of aquatic and terrestrial birds have been identified from this IBA (Balachandran 1990, 1995), which is famous for waders and seabirds. Sometimes >50,000 water birds are found here. Pelagic birds are also recorded (Balachandran 1990). Its proximity to Sri Lanka makes this IBA an important flyway for migratory birds. Among the waders, the Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus, Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea and Little Stint Calidrisminuta are the most abundant. Red Knot Calidris canutus is a regular winter visitor in small numbers, and the species is not a vagrant as reported previously. The rare Eastern Knot C. tenuirostris has also been recorded from this area. The occurrence of Crab Plovers Dromas ardeola in hundreds indicates that the two islands (Manali and Hare) in the Gulf of Mannar are important habitats for the species, next only to Pirotan Islands in Kutch (coastal northwest India, another IBA) (where two to three thousand individuals were reported to winter regularly). The Bar-tailed Godwit Limosalapponica, reportedly a straggler in south India, has been recorded in hundreds. The status of Sanderling Calidris albawas confirmed as a regular common winter migrant, after being first recorded by Biddulph (1938) earlier. The marine terns, such as the Lesser Crested Sterna bengalensis and the Sandwich S. sandvicensis commonly occur, and the former was found breeding. The other breeding species at Mandapam are: Little Tern Sterna albifrons, Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus, Stone Plover Esacus magnirostris and Stone Curlew Burhinus oedicnemus. Since Greater flamingos Phoenicopterus ruber frequent this area in several thousands, this IBA ranks third as an important wintering ground for flamingos along the east coast, after Pulicat Lake (IBA) and Great Vedaranyam Swamp. Rare waders in this area are the Broad-billed Sandpiper Limicola falcinellus, Dunlin Calidris alpina, Long-toed Stint Calidris subminuta and Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus. The Gulf of Mannar lies within the passage of many migrants such as Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa and Broad-billed Sandpiper. Also, 15 species of migratory waders and 8 species of migratory terns were found to

106 summer here especially on the two islands. Along with Chilika Lake in Orissa (an IBA) and Point Calimere in Tamil Nadu (an IBA), the Gulf of Mannar forms an extremely important link for migrant and resident waders. On the Sri Lanka side, about 10 km away, in Jaffna district, there are 4 IBAs (Anatidal-Thondamannar, Araly South-Punale, Kaithady and Kayts Island-Mandativu (Anon. 2003).

16. Other Key Fauna: This IBA is very important for the Dugong Dugong dugon, one of the most endangered species of marine mammals on the east coast of India. Several species of cetaceans also occur in the Park. Marine turtles breed in small numbers, and there is a rich marine fauna associated with the reefs and seagrass. Green Tiger Prawn Penaeussemisulcatus is extensively harvested for export.

17. The Gulf of Mannar NP has 3,600 species of plants and animals. The Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay contain some of the most extensive beds of sea-grasses (Hydrocharitaceae and Potamogetonaceae) on the east coast of India. Six of the world’s 12 seagrass genera and 11 of the world’s 50 species, occur in the Gulf. Krusadai Island exemplifies the biological significance of this area. The island harbours three species of seagrass endemic to the Gulf of Mannar, and also a unique Balanoglossus (protochordate) Ptychdera fluva, a taxonomically unique living fossil which links vertebrates with invertebrates. The seagrass beds are extremely important for the Dugong. They also provide food and habitat to five species of marine turtles: Green Chelonia mydas, Olive Ridley Lepidochelys olivacea, Hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata, Leathery Dermochelys coriacea, and Loggerhead Caretta caretta which is very rare.

18. About 120 species of coral have been identified from the Gulf of Mannar NP. Mangroves are also very common. 17 species have been identified so far, including Pemphis acidula, which is endemic to the Gulf of Mannar.

Pelecanus philippensis A4iii Species group - n/a non- 2004 20,000-49,999 A4iii

waterbirds breeding individuals Note: This table presents the IBA criteria triggered and the species that triggered then at the time of assessment, the current IUCN Red List category may vary from that which was in place at that time.

IBA Monitoring Most recent IBA monitoring assessment Year of assessment Threat score Condition score Action score (pressure) (state) (response) 2003 medium not assessed not assessed Was the whole site Yes State assessed by unset covered? Accuracy of information good

Threats to the site (pressure) Threat Level 1 Threat Level 2 Timing Scope Severity Result Biological fishing & harvesting happening some of slow but medium resource use aquatic resources - now area/population significant unintentional effects: (10-49%) deterioration subsistence/small

scale Biological hunting & collecting happening small area/few slow but low resource use terrestrial animals - now individuals significant intentional use (<10%) deterioration (species being assessed is the target) Energy mining and quarrying past (and small area/few very rapid to low production and unlikely to individuals severe mining return) and (<10%) deterioration no longer limiting Human recreational activities happening small area/few slow but low intrusions and now individuals significant disturbance (<10%) deterioration Invasive and invasive non- happening small area/few slow but low other native/alien now individuals significant problematic species/diseases - (<10%) deterioration species and named species genes Residential and commercial and happening small area/few slow but low commercial industrial now individuals significant development development (<10%) deterioration Transportation shipping lanes likely in long small area/few very rapid to low and service term individuals severe corridors (beyond 4 (<10%) deterioration years)

Conservation actions taken at site (response) Conservation Designation Management Planning Conservation Action Result Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed not assessed

IBA Protection Protection status: Protected Designation Area (ha) Relationship with IBA Overlap with IBA Area (ha) Gulf of UNESCO-MAB Biosphere 1,050,000 protected area 623

Mannar Reserve contains site Gulf of Marine National Park 62,300 protected area 623

Mannar contains site

Habitats

IUCN Habitat Habitat detail Extent (% of site) Forest - Shrubland - Coastline -

Land use Land-use Extent (% of site) fisheries/aquaculture - nature conservation and research -

Country/territory: India Central coordinates: 8o 40' 0" North (8.67o) 78o 10' 0" East (78.17o)

108

Area: 623 ha Altitude: 0-6 m

IN278: Srivilliputhur Wildlife Sanctuary

Country/territory: India IBA Criteria met: A1, A2 (2004) For more information about IBA criteria please click here Area: 48,520 ha

Protection status: Most recent IBA monitoring assessment Year of assessment Threat score (pressure) Condition score (state) Action score (response) 2003 high not assessed not assessed

Site description 19. Srivilliputtur Grizzled Giant Squirrel Wild Sanctuary is located about 40 km south of Madurai, north of Sivagiri Hills. Its southwestern boundary abuts Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala. The terrain is mostly undulating with high grassy and barren rocky peaks, while the slopes and deep valleys have very dense vegetation. Srivilliputur receives the major part of its annual rainfall from the northeast monsoon from October to November. It also receives heavy rain from the southwest monsoon. The vegetation of the Sanctuary consists of Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest, Tropical Moist Forest, and Tropical Thorn Forest. The Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest dominates in the eastern and lower altitude slopes. It is also an important habitat for the Grizzled Giant squirrel Ratufa macrura dandolena. The higher areas have Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest and Wet Evergreen Forests. The eastern lowlands have Tropical Thorn Forest. Key biodiversity

20. Avifauna: About 220 bird species have been recorded in this area, which includes 14 of the 16 restricted range and endemic species found in the Western Ghats (J. Joshua pers. comm. 2003). There is a clear evidence of change in species composition according to change in altitude and habitat. The valleys with Moist Deciduous, Semi-evergreen and Evergreen forests on the slopes are home to the Small Sunbird Nectarinia minima, White-bellied Treepie Dendrocitta leucogastra, White- bellied Blue Flycatcher Cyornis pallipes and many endemic species, that still exist in good numbers. The Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon Columba elphinstonii is also frequently sighted in this area. The raptors are well represented, with more than 14 species including the Critically Endangered Oriental White-bellied Vulture Gyps bengalensis and Long-billed Vulture G. indicus. Another raptor, the Rufousbellied Hawk Eagle Hieraaetus kienerii, also exists in this area. Three hornbill species, the Great Pied Hornbill Buceros bicornis, Malabar Pied-hornbill Anthracoceros coronatus and Malabar Grey Hornbill Ocyceros griseus can be sighted frequently.

21. Other Key Fauna: The Grizzled Giant Squirrel Ratufa macroura dandolena is the most famous mammal of Srivilliputtur Sanctuary. It is endemic to the southern Western Ghats and Sri Lanka (Prater 1990). This Sanctuary has a viable breeding population of this rare animal.

22. The other threatened mammals found here are Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa indica indica, Slender Loris Loris tardigradus, Nilgiri Langur Trachypithecus johni, Lion-tailed Macaque Macaca silenus, Nilgiri Marten Martes gwatkinsi, Nilgiri Tahr Hemitragus hylocrius, Asiatic Elephant Elephas maximus, Gaur Bos frontalis and Indian Wild Dog Cuon alpinus.

23. Nineteen species of reptiles were recorded during a study conducted by the World Wide Fund for Nature-India (Bhupathy and Kannan 2002). The following three species are endemic to the Western Ghats: Draco or Gliding Lizard Draco dussumieri, Large-scaled Calotes Calotes grandisquamis and Southern Green Calotes C. calotes (Malhotra and Davis 1991).

110

Pressure/threats to key biodiversity 24. Main Threats: Poaching; Illicit cutting of trees; Over-grazing by livestock; Seasonal fires; Lopping for minor non-timber forest products.

25. Habitat degradation is one of the major conservation issues in this Sanctuary. The last remaining population of the endangered Grizzled Giant Squirrel also faces heavy pressure, along with avifauna and larger mammals, because of habitat degradation mainly due to severe wood cutting for fuel and timber (Joshua and Johnsingh 1994). Forestry practices like monoculture, plantation and weed infestation in the forest should be controlled immediately. Joshua (1992) has reported that the Grizzled Giant squirrel greatly prefers Tamarindus indica trees, for foraging and nesting. There are pressures from the locals adjoining the forest, and from other areas of the nearest towns Srvilliputur and Rajapalayam. Srivilliputur, which is famed for milk products, that has a large population of livestock that uses this forest intensively. Livestock grazing must be stopped entirely. Effective biodiversity need to be implemented to ensure protection of biodiversity.

Country/territory: India Central coordinates: 9o 31' 16" North (9.52o) 77o 25' 7" East (77.42o) Area: 48,520 ha Altitude: 200-1200 m

elphinstonii White-rumped Vulture Gyps CR non- 2004 present A1

bengalensis breeding

Indian Vulture Gyps indicus CR non- 2004 present A1 breeding Malabar Grey Hornbill LC resident 2004 present A2

Ocyceros griseus Malabar Parakeet Psittacula LC resident 2004 present A2

columboides White-bellied Treepie LC resident 2004 present A2

Dendrocitta leucogastra Broad-tailed Grassbird VU resident 2004 present A1, A2

Schoenicola platyurus Grey-headed Bulbul NT resident 2004 present A2

Brachypodius priocephalus

Garrulax cachinnans NR resident 2004 present A1, A2 Rufous Babbler Argya LC resident 2004 present A2

subrufa Wynaad Laughingthrush LC resident 2004 present A2

Garrulax delesserti

Brachypteryx major NR resident 2004 present A1, A2 Nilgiri Flycatcher Eumyias LC resident 2004 present A2

albicaudatus White-bellied Blue-flycatcher LC resident 2004 present A2

Cyornis pallidipes Black-and-orange Flycatcher LC resident 2004 present A2

Ficedula nigrorufa Crimson-backed Sunbird LC resident 2004 present A2

Leptocoma minima Nilgiri Pipit Anthus VU resident 2004 present A2

IBA Monitoring Most recent IBA monitoring assessment Year of assessment Threat score Condition score Action score (pressure) (state) (response) 2003 high not assessed not assessed Was the whole site Yes State assessed by unset covered? Accuracy of information good

Threats to the site (pressure) Threat Level 1 Threat Level 2 Timing Scope Severity Result Agricultural livestock farming and happening some of moderate to high expansion and ranching (includes forest now area/population rapid intensification grazing) - small-holder (10-49%) deterioration grazing, ranching or farming Agricultural wood and pulp happening small area/few slow but low expansion and plantations (includes now individuals significant intensification afforestation) - agro- (<10%) deterioration industry plantations Biological gathering terrestrial happening small area/few slow but low resource use plants - unintentional now individuals significant effects (species being (<10%) deterioration

112

assessed is not the target) Biological hunting & collecting happening small area/few slow but low resource use terrestrial animals - now individuals significant intentional use (species (<10%) deterioration being assessed is the target) Biological logging & wood happening majority/most of moderate to high resource use harvesting - unintentional now area/population rapid effects: subsistence/small (50-90%) deterioration scale Invasive and invasive non-native/alien happening small area/few slow but low other species/diseases - now individuals significant problematic unspecified species (<10%) deterioration species and genes Natural system fire & fire suppression - happening small area/few slow but low modifications increase in fire now individuals significant frequency/intensity (<10%) deterioration

Conservation actions taken at site (response) Conservation Designation Management Planning Conservation Action Result Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed not assessed

IBA Protection Protection status: Protected Designation Area Relationship with IBA Overlap with IBA Area (ha) (ha) Western World Heritage 795,315 protected area overlaps with 44,236

Ghats Site site

Srivilliputhur Sanctuary 48,520 is identical to site 48,520

Habitats

IUCN Habitat Habitat detail Extent (% of site) Forest -

Land use Land-use Extent (% of site) nature conservation and research -

IN265: Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park

Country/territory: India IBA Criteria met: A1, A2, A3 (2004) Area: 98,700 ha

Protection status: Most recent IBA monitoring assessment Year of assessment Threat score (pressure) Condition score (state) Action score (response) 2003 high not assessed not assessed

Country/territory: India Central coordinates: 10o 25' 10" North (10.42o) 76o 58' 10" East (76.97o) Area: 98,700 ha Altitude: 350-2500 m

Site description 26. Anamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, also called Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary is spread over an area of 98,700 ha. On its western side lies the Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary (an IBA) of Kerala which covers 28,500 ha. The inter-state boundary between Tamil Nadu and Kerala separates the two protected areas administratively, but ecologically there is no barrier. The terrain is largely hilly with altitude varying from 350 m to 2,500 m. The Anamalai Hills cover an area of about 2,00,000 ha in the Western Ghats. Between the Anamalai Hills in the south and the Nilgiri Plateau in the north, is a 25 km wide stretch of flat land called the Palghat Gap, which has been an important biogeographic barrier for certain birds and other taxa. This isolation from the northern ranges has resulted in speciation in many plant and animal groups in the Anamalai Hills (Rodgers and Panwar 1988). The altitudinal range (<150 m to >2500 m) has led to a variety of habitats. Due to these factors, Anamalai Hills have assumed special conservation importance. Protected areas cover three-quarters of the total area of Anamalai Hills, of which Anamalai and Parambikulam Sanctuaries form more than 80%. The vegetation can be divided into five broad categories: Tropical Evergreen Rainforest, Tropical Montane Forest, Grassland and Moist Dry Deciduous Forest. Important plant species include Michelia nilagirica, Rhododendronarboreum, Cymbopogon sp., Terminalia-Anogeissus-Tectona grandis

114 series, pure stands of Bambusa arundinacea and Dendrocalamus strictus. Monocultures include plantations of tea Thea sinensis, coffee Coffee arabica, Cinchonacinchona sp., rubber Ficus sp. and teak Tectona grandis which surround this IBA.

Key biodiversity 27. Avifauna: From 1991 to 1993, in a bird survey in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park, a total of 218 bird species were recorded. Of these, 12 were endemic and 75 were typical rainforest species (Kannan 1998, Raman 2001). In a recent study that was confined to two ranges (Ulandy and Pollachi) of this IBA, 139 species were recorded, of which 10 are restricted range and three are Vulnerable (Sivakumaran and Rahmani 2002) The Vulnerable Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon Columba elphinstonii, and Near Threatened Great Pied Hornbill Buceros bicornis are breeding residents in the Sanctuary, mainly in Kariyan-Shola, Anaikunthy-Shola, Varagalaiyar, and Vanathiar-Shola of Ulandy Range, and the other ranges such as Valparai and Manjam Patty. Ceylon Frogmouth Batrachostomus moniliger, an uncommon species, breeds in Kariyan-Shola, and probably in other sholas also (Sivakumaran and Rahmani, 2002). Stattersfield et al. (1998) have listed 16 restricted range species in the Western Ghats Endemic Bird Area. In this IBA site, 15 have been recorded till now (Raman 2001, Sivakumaran and Rahmani 2002). Except for the Nilgiri Laughingthrush Garrulax cachinnans, which is in any case not found south of the Palghat Gap (Ali and Ripley 1987, Grimmett et al. 1998), all the endemic birds of the Western Ghats were seen. This is one of the IBAs in the Western Ghats where every expected endemic has been found. Besides threatened species, this site also has five Near Threatened species. This IBA lies in the Biome-10 (Indian Peninsula Tropical Moist Forest), according to the classification by BirdLife International (undated). Fifteen species have been listed in this biome, of which ten are found at this site.

28. Other Key Fauna: The Anamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, the Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary and the Eravikulam National Park (both in Kerala), in conjunction with the adjacent forests form a vital conservation unit for many endangered large mammals including the Asian Elephant Elephas maximus and the Nilgiri Tahr Hemitragus hylocrius (Rodgers and Panwar 1988). Mishra and Johnsingh (1994) estimate between 560 and 680 Tahrs in Anamalai and Parambikulam Sanctuaries, and between 1,360 and 1,480 if we include Eravikulam also – this conservation unit contains approximately half of the existing population of Nilgiri Tahr in the wild. Tiger Panthera tigris, Leopard Panthera pardus and Dhole or Wild Dog Cuon alpinus are the major predators of Tahr in the area. This area has a viable population of Gaur Bos frontalis.

29. Mammals endemic to the Western Ghats, besides the Nilgiri Tahr, include the Lion-tailed Macaque Macaca silenus, the Nilgiri Langur Trachypithecus johni, the Dusky-striped Squirrel Funambulus sublineatus, and the Travancore Flying Squirrel Petinomys fuscocapillus (Prater 1980; Ashraf et al. 1993).

Pressure/threats to key biodiversity 30. Main Threats: Encroachments in the foothills; Poaching; Excessive tourism. The Anamalai Hills were opened to planters in 1864 when the Government agreed to auction some of the rainforest areas, termed as ‘waste’ in official records, for tea and coffee plantations. Thus began the establishment of the British in the Anamalai, and a century of deforestation and habitat conversion. Vast areas were cleared for coffee, tea, and teak plantations (Kumar 1987). Most of the remaining forests were also selectively logged. These plantations also caused large-scale resettlement of a huge workforce (Kumar 1987). The area abounded in wildlife and attracted hunters, although notes of hunters and planter-naturalists from the early 20th century indicate that hunting was not on a major scale. At present, tea estates occupy about 18,000 ha and Cinchona plantations 4,000 ha within the Anamalai Sanctuary (Sundararaju 1987). The Anamalai is home to nearly 5,000 tribals of six groups: Malasar, Malai Malasar, Kadar, Muduvar, Ervallars and Pulayars. They grow traditional crops, without the use of chemicals. It is possible that due to onslaught of civilization, some of these crops varieties are going extinct, particularly in the plains. There is an urgent need to document the traditional knowledge and wisdom of these tribals.

elphinstonii Malabar Grey Hornbill LC resident 2004 present A2, A3

Ocyceros griseus Malabar Parakeet Psittacula LC resident 2004 present A2, A3

columboides White-bellied Treepie LC resident 2004 present A2, A3

Dendrocitta leucogastra Broad-tailed Grassbird VU resident 2004 present A1, A2

Schoenicola platyurus Grey-headed Bulbul NT resident 2004 present A2, A3

Brachypodius priocephalus

Garrulax jerdoni NR resident 2004 present A2, A3 Rufous Babbler Argya LC resident 2004 present A2, A3

subrufa Wynaad Laughingthrush LC resident 2004 present A2, A3

Garrulax delesserti

Brachypteryx major NR resident 2004 present A1, A2, A3 Nilgiri Flycatcher Eumyias LC resident 2004 present A2, A3

albicaudatus White-bellied Blue-flycatcher LC resident 2004 present A2, A3

Cyornis pallidipes Black-and-orange Flycatcher LC resident 2004 present A2, A3

Ficedula nigrorufa Crimson-backed Sunbird LC resident 2004 present A2, A3

Leptocoma minima Nilgiri Pipit Anthus VU resident 2004 present A2, A3

Threats to the site (pressure) Threat Level 1 Threat Level 2 Timing Scope Severity Result Agricultural annual & perennial happening some of moderate to high expansion and non-timber crops - now area/population rapid intensification agro-industry (10-49%) deterioration farming Agricultural annual & perennial happening small area/few moderate to low expansion and non-timber crops - now individuals rapid

116 intensification small-holder farming (<10%) deterioration Agricultural wood and pulp past (and some of very rapid to low expansion and plantations (includes unlikely to area/population severe intensification afforestation) - agro- return) and (10-49%) deterioration industry plantations no longer limiting Biological hunting & collecting happening small area/few moderate to low resource use terrestrial animals - now individuals rapid intentional use (<10%) deterioration (species being assessed is the target) Biological logging & wood happening majority/most of slow but high resource use harvesting - now area/population significant unintentional effects: (50-90%) deterioration large scale Human recreational happening small area/few slow but low intrusions and activities now individuals significant disturbance (<10%) deterioration Residential housing and urban happening small area/few very rapid to low and areas now individuals severe commercial (<10%) deterioration development

Conservation actions taken at site (response) Conservation Designation Management Planning Conservation Action Result Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed not assessed

IBA Protection Protection status: Protected Designation Area Relationship with IBA Overlap with IBA Area (ha) (ha) Western World Heritage 795,315 protected area is adjacent to 0

Ghats Site site Indira National Park 11,710 protected area contained by 11,710

Gandhi site Indira Sanctuary 84,149 protected area contained by 84,149

Gandhi site

Anamalai Sanctuary 84,149 protected area contained by 84,149 site

Habitats

IUCN Habitat Habitat detail Extent (% of site) Forest - Shrubland - Grassland - Artificial - terrestrial - For further information about the habitat classification please click here.

Land use Land-use Extent (% of site) forestry - nature conservation and research -

IN258: Veeranam Lake IBA Criteria met: A1, A4i, A4iii (2004) Area: 3,885 ha Central coordinates: 11o 15' 0" North (11.25o) 79o 32' 30" East (79.54o) Area: 3,885 ha Altitude: 72-0 m

Protection status: Most recent IBA monitoring assessment Year of assessment Threat score (pressure) Condition score (state) Action score (response) 2003 medium not assessed not assessed

Year of compilation: 2004 Site description 31. Veeranam lake is situated in Cuddalore district, about 25 km west of Chidambaram town. It is one of the biggest and oldest lakes in Tamil Nadu. The Chola King Paranthaga constructed this lake in the 9th century AD. The book Ponniyen Selvan authored by Kalki in 1950 gives information on this lake, stating that it was constructed over 1,000 years ago by Prince Rajathithar, son of Paranthaga Cholan. The lake was originally called Veeranarayanan lake. The lake is about 16 km long and 8 km broad with a waterspread of about 15 sq. km. There are 34 sluices around the lake through which

118 about 40,000 acres of two talukas, namely Chidambaram and Kattumanarkoil receive irrigation. The lake is fed by Vadavar river and Sengal stream. Under the current New Veeranam Project, parts of the lake were desilted recently. Veeranam Lake has a rich aquatic plant diversity with submerged, floating and emergent species. In several parts of the lake, mats of reeds and Ipomoea carnea occur. The trees found in the surrounding areas, islets and on the bunds are Acacia nilotica, Prosopis chilensis, Thespesia populnea, Pithecelobium dulce, Borassus flabellifer, Ficus benghalensis, F. religiosa and Azadirachta indica.

Key biodiversity 32. Avifauna: Veeranam lake is an important area for migrant and resident birds. The lake qualifies A4iii criteria as it holds, on a regular basis, more than 20,000 waterbirds. According to Thiyagesan (pers. comm. 2001), about 20,000 Asian Openbill Anastomus oscitans visit this area, and V. Santharam (pers. comm. 2003) has counted about 10,000 Black-tailed Godwits Limosa limosa. According to Wetlands International (2002), the total breeding population of the Asian Openbill in South Asia is 1,25,000 and the 1% population threshold is 1,250. Similarly, the total biogeographic population in South Asia of Black-tailed Godwit is 1,00,000 (Wetlands International 2002). With the sighting of 10,000 in Veeranam, it means that 10% of the population uses this IBA. Therefore, this site also qualifies A4i criteria. The Asian Openbill regularly forages in the lake and nests in the adjacent village Tiruchinapuram. According to the locals, Spotbilled Pelicans Pelecanus philippensis also visit the lake in small numbers especially during summer when the water level is reduced. Altogether, 54 species have been recorded, of which 81% are waterbirds (Anand et al. 1997, Meganathan 2002).

33. Other Key Fauna: As the lake is surrounded by agricultural fields and human habitations, there are no large wild mammals of any conservation concern. The lake is rich source of many commercial fish such as Anabas testudines, Channa punctatus, Mastacembelus armatus and Mystus tenegra, (Anand 1999, Bharathi 2002).

Pressure/threats to key biodiversity 34. Main Threats: Poaching of birds; Fishing and associated disturbances; Cattle grazing; Siltation; Encroachment; Weed invasion; Pollution.

35. Improvements of the Vadavar channel, and strengthening of the Veeranam lake main bund are two pressing needs. There has been a demand to declare this area as a bird sanctuary, or to create community conservation areas where water would be managed by the Irrigation Department, and the Forest Department would have the authority to ensure a viable water level for birds. Use of pesticides is very high in the area, which may be causing problems. There is a proposal to divert water from Veeranam to Chennai for drinking purposes. This would deplete the reservoir quickly, much before the migratory waterfowl leave the site. Several research studies have been conducted by the Wildlife Biology Division of Anbanathapuram Vagayara Charity College (Autonomous) (A.V.C), Mayiladuthurai, all of which suggest the importance of this wetland area for the welfare of both the local people and birds.

Anastomus oscitans Spot-billed Pelican NT resident 2004 present A1

Pelecanus philippensis Black-tailed Godwit NT winter 2004 present A4i

Limosa limosa A4iii Species group - n/a unknown 2004 20,000 A4iii

Threats to the site (pressure) Threat Level 1 Threat Level 2 Timing Scope Severity Result Agricultural annual & perennial non- happening small area/few slow but low expansion and timber crops - small- now individuals significant intensification holder farming (<10%) deterioration Agricultural livestock farming and happening small area/few slow but low expansion and ranching (includes now individuals significant intensification forest grazing) - small- (<10%) deterioration holder grazing, ranching or farming Biological hunting & collecting happening small area/few slow but low resource use terrestrial animals - now individuals significant intentional use (species (<10%) deterioration being assessed is the target) Human work and other happening small area/few slow but low intrusions and activities now individuals significant disturbance (<10%) deterioration Invasive and invasive non- happening small area/few slow but low other native/alien now individuals significant problematic species/diseases - (<10%) deterioration species and unspecified species genes Natural system dams & water likely in majority/most of moderate to medium modifications management/use - long term area/population rapid abstraction of surface (beyond 4 (50-90%) deterioration water (domestic use) years) Pollution agricultural & forestry happening some of slow but medium effluents - herbicides now area/population significant and pesticides (10-49%) deterioration Pollution agricultural & forestry happening some of slow but medium effluents - soil erosion, now area/population significant sedimentation (10-49%) deterioration

Conservation actions taken at site (response) Conservation Designation Management Planning Conservation Action Result Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed not assessed

Habitats

120

IUCN Habitat Habitat detail Extent (% of site) Artificial - aquatic -

Land use Land-use Extent (% of site) agriculture - fisheries/aquaculture - forestry - other - rangeland/pastureland - water management -

IN282: Vandivoorand Kunnathur Tanks (Madurai)

IBA Criteria met: A1 (2004) For more information about IBA criteria please click here Area: 278 ha

Protection status: Most recent IBA monitoring assessment Year of assessment Threat score (pressure) Condition score (state) Action score (response) 2003 high not assessed not assessed

Central coordinates: 9o 55' 16" North (9.92o) 78o 9' 13" East (78.15o) Area: 278 ha Altitude: 0-0 m

Site description 36. The Madurai tank, as the name indicates, is located on the outskirts of Madurai city, north of the river Vaigai. The tank is fed by monsoon rains and also by the Periyar-Vaigai irrigation system, located about 2 km from the tank. This irrigation system is on the two rivers, Periyar in Kerala and the seasonal Vaigai. The water is diverted to Madurai tank through channels. The tank contains water till February/March, after which it dries out. Prosopis chilensis and Ipomea mainly dominate the vegetation of the tank, which is infested with Water Hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes.

Key biodiversity 37. Avifauna: The site has become significant as the globally threatened Spotbilled Pelican Pelecanus philippensis is present during the monsoon. About 150 Spot-billed Pelicans were reported from this site during April 1997 (Sathasivam 1997). Apart from this, the site harbours several resident and migratory waterfowl. The significant species are Lesser Whistling Duck Dendrocygna javanica, Comb Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos, Cotton Pygmy Goose Nettapus coromandelianus, Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha, Garganey A. querquedula, Northern Shoveller A. clypeata, Common Pochard Aythya ferina, Purple Moorhen Porphyrio porphyrio, Common Coot Fulica atra, Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus, Pheasanttailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus, Little Grebe

122

Tachybaptus ruficollis, Darter Anhinga melanogaster, Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger and Indian Shag P. fuscicollis.

38. Other Key Fauna: As the tank lies close to the city, the site does not have any large mammal of conservation concern.

Pressure/threats to key biodiversity

39. Main Threats: Heavy drainage flow from the city; Dumping of wastage in the tank; Human over population; Fishing by explosives.

40. As the tanks are close to Madurai City, there is heavy traffic on the roads surrounding the Vandioor tank, while Kunnathur is slightly inside and hence comparatively undisturbed. Local conservationists have given a proposal to the Forest Department to declare the 2 tanks together as a bird sanctuary. According to Sathsivam (1997), poachers use explosives for fishing.

Pelecanus philippensis Note: This table presents the IBA criteria triggered and the species that triggered then at the time of assessment, the current IUCN Red List category may vary from that which was in place at that time.

Threats to the site (pressure) Threat Level Threat Level 2 Timing Scope Severity Result 1 Biological fishing & harvesting happening majority/most of moderate to high resource use aquatic resources - now area/population rapid unintentional effects: (50-90%) deterioration large scale Human work and other happening small area/few slow but low intrusions activities now individuals significant and (<10%) deterioration disturbance Pollution domestic & urban happening some of slow but medium waste water - run-off now area/population significant (10-49%) deterioration Pollution garbage & solid waste happening some of very rapid to high now area/population severe (10-49%) deterioration

Conservation actions taken at site (response) Conservation Designation Management Planning Conservation Action Result Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed not assessed

Habitats

IUCN Habitat Habitat detail Extent (% of site) Artificial - aquatic - For further information about the habitat classification please click here.

Land use Land-use Extent (% of site) fisheries/aquaculture - water management -

124

IN224: Pulicat Lake

Central coordinates: 13o 40' 0" North (13.67o) 80o 10' 59" East (80.18o) Area: 60,000 ha Altitude: 0-10 m IBA Criteria met: A1, A4iii (2004) Area: 60,000 ha

Protection status: Most recent IBA monitoring assessment Year of assessment Threat score (pressure) Condition score (state) Action score (response) 2014 very high favourable high

Site description 41. Pulicat lake is an extensive brackish to saline lagoon with associated marshes and a massive freshwater to brackish swamp to the north. There are two connections with the sea; in general, sea water enters the lagoon through the channel at the northern end of Sriharikota Island, and flows back into the Bay of Bengal through the channel at the southern end. The backwaters attract large congregations of the Greater Phoenicopterus ruber and Lesser P. minor flamingos, Spot-billed or Grey Pelican Pelecanus philippensis, Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala, Grey Heron Ardea cinerea, and species of ducks, teals, terns, gulls and waders. Pulicat is the third most important wetland for migratory shorebirds on the eastern board of India. Sriharikota Island, well protected as it is the satellite launching station of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), has remnants of Tropical Dry Evergeen Forest of considerable botanical interest (Suryanarayana et al. 1989, 1998). On the other islands in the lake, where protection is negligible, the exotic Prosopischilensis has invaded many areas (Scott 1989). In the elevated mudflats, succulent halophytes, such as Arthrocnemum indicus, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Salicornia brachiata, Suaeda maritima, S. monoica and S. nudiflora occur. Submerged macrophytes include species of Enteromorpha, Hypnea, Ulva, Halophila and Enhalus (Oswin 1987).

Key biodiversity 42. Avifauna: Pulicat Lake is an extremely important area for a variety of resident and Palaearctic migratory waterfowl. The lagoon supports significant populations of Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis. A total of 88 species of birds has been recorded from Pulicat Bird Sanctuary during a

BNHS study (Rao and Mohapatra 1993). During the mid-winter waterfowl count in 1988, 83,000 waterfowl were counted in the Sanctuary. However, during 1991 and 1992, the numbers were 38,722 and 10,902 respectively (Rao and Mohapatra 1993). The abundance of waterfowl fluctuates mainly with the prevailing water regime. This site has been selected as an IBA on the basis of its population of Spot-billed Pelican (Criteria A1) and waterfowl congregation (Criteria A4iii). Pulicat is the major foraging ground of pelicans that breed in Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary, an IBA, less than 20 km away (Manakadan and Kannan 2003). The lagoon in Pulicat Lake is one of the two major wintering grounds in southeast India for shorebirds (Prater et al. 1977). Due to its vastness, only a rough estimate of the wader population is possible (Rao and Mohapatra 1993). Many waders are likely to occur above their 1% geographical population threshold. Therefore this site would qualify for A4i criteria. Most of the waders are distributed over the extensive mudflats along the Sriharikota-Sulurpet road and near Tada in the southwest part of the lagoon. The BNHS has conducted ringing camps in this area, and a notable recovery was that of a Curlew Sandpiper Calidris testacea with a Polish ring. Subsequently, it was found that the bird had been banded in the Arctic Circle region of Russia (Rao and Mohapatra 1993). Taher and Pittie (1989) have prepared a checklist of birds of Andhra Pradesh. During ringing at Pulicat Lake in 1990-91, seven birds were added to the bird list of Andhra Pradesh (Rao and Mohapatra 1994). Interesting among them are the Large Sand Plover Charadrius leschenaultii, Knot Calidris canutus, Eastern Knot C. tenuirostris and Black Tern Chlidonias niger. Pulicat Lake also provides suitable feeding conditions for the two species of flamingos. In October 2002, more than 2,000 Greater Flamingos were seen there.

43. Other Key Fauna: The mammalian fauna includes the Jungle Cat Felis chaus, Golden Jackal Canis aureus, Wild Boar Sus scrofa, Small Indian Mongoose Herpestesauropunctatus and Monitor Lizard Varanus bengalensis.

44. Recently, a dead Leopard Panthera pardus was found, trapped in the slush in the lake. This was the first record of Leopard from Pulicat Lake (Kannan and Manakadan in press).

Pressure/threats to key biodiversity 45. Main Threats: Fishing activities; Illegal Prawn farming; Industrial development on the shores of the lagoon; Siltation. More than 1,00,000 people live in 52 villages around the borders and islands of Pulicat Lake. The southernmost end of the lagoon is near the metropolis of Chennai, which burdens it with additional ‘developmental problems’. Due to these and other factors, Pulicat Lake faces a number of threats. The fishing community in Pulicat Lake numbers around 30,000, spread over 50 settlements. An average of c. 1200 tonnes of fish is harvested each year. Sixty percent of the catch is made up of prawns, 23% of mullets, and the rest largely Clupeioides catfish, Beloniformes and crabs. Since the northern side of the lake dries up in summer, a large part of the fishing ground is not productive throughout the year. Depletion of fish resources due to overfishing, use of destructive fishing gear, and changes in the hydrology have resulted in conflicts among fishermen, especially between the fishermen of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Another problem related to fisheries is the conversion of land for prawn aquaculture since 1993, some of which were/are in the sanctuary area. Prawn farms are largely concentrated around Durgarajpatnam, and as of 1994, there were about 32 parties guilty of raising aqua farms illegally in the precincts of the Sanctuary (Ramesh 1994, Panini 1996). The area of Pulicat Lake in Tamil Nadu faces greater threats than those in Andhra Pradesh. The 630MW North Chennai Thermal Power Station (NCTPS), the Ennore Satellite Port project, and a proposed petrochemical park are major threats to the lake’s ecosystem. Thousands of acres of land have been cleared for three projects that will progressively damage the ecosystem, stretching across 40 km, from Ennore (20 km north of Chennai) to Pulicat. The North Chennai Thermal Power Station (NCTPS) draws 44 lakh litres of fresh water from the Ennore Creek, lets out hot coolant water into the Buckingham Canal, and discharges toxic fly ash, in the form of slurry, into the lagoon. This has resulted in an increase of temperatures of 5 °C at the outlets. Despite precipitators and chemical filters, the fly ash contains toxic elements such as arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, manganese, fluorine and beryllium. In Athipattu village, 10 km from NCTPS, the contamination of saltpans has forced the people to give up their occupation. Fly ash is especially harmful as it can be inhaled and leads to permanent respiratory disorders, dermatitis, asthma, bronchitis and cancer. The

126 silica in fly ash could cause silicosis. The site of the Ennore Satellite Port falls in Category I (No- Development Zone) of the Coastal Regulatory Zone (CRZ) classification. The port, a sheltered harbour facility, when fully operational, is expected to handle about 16.12 tonnes of coal, which is the daily requirement for the NCTPS and the thermal power stations at Mettur. The construction of the breakwaters for the port has caused the sea to ingress 50 m into the mainland that separates the Pulicat lagoon system and the sea. This has caused severe water erosion at Koraikuppam and eight other fishing hamlets in the Pazhaverkadu area, which form an island, with the sea to its east, and the lagoon to the west. This island is home to a fishing community more than 20,000 strong. The Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation (TIDCO) is acquiring 2,900 ha for the proposed Rs. 600 million petrochemicals industrial complex. It is estimated that the proposed complex would require 45 million litres of water per day, an amount that would seriously deplete coastal aquefers.

IBA Criteria Year of most recent IBA criteria assessment: 2004 Populations of IBA trigger species Species Current IUCN Red Season Year(s) of Population IBA Criteria List Category estimate estimate Triggered Spot-billed Pelican NT resident 2004 present A1

Pelecanus philippensis White-rumped Vulture CR non- 2004 present A1

Gyps bengalensis breeding Greater Spotted Eagle VU winter 2004 present A1

Clanga clanga A4iii Species group - n/a unknown 2004 20,000 A4iii

IBA Monitoring Most recent IBA monitoring assessment Year of assessment Threat score Condition score Action score (pressure) (state) (response) 2014 very high favourable high Was the whole site Yes State assessed by unset covered? Accuracy of information good

Threats to the site (pressure) Threat Level 1 Threat Timing Scope Severity Result Level 2 Transportation and shipping happening majority/most of very rapid to very service corridors lanes now area/population (50- severe high 90%) deterioration

Condition of habitat (state) Habitat Habitat Reference Actual % of habitat % of carrying Result Detail Area (ha) Area (ha) remaining capacity (overall) Wetlands 0 0 good (> 90%) good (> 90%) near (inland) favourable

Conservation actions taken at site (response) Conservation Management Planning Conservation Action Result Designation Whole area of site A comprehensive and The conservation measures high

(>90%) covered by appropriate management plan needed for the site are being appropriate exists that aims to maintain or comprehensively and conservation improve the populations of effectively implemented designation qualifying bird species

IBA Protection Protection status: Protected Designation Area Relationship with IBA Overlap with IBA (ha) Area (ha)

Pulicat Lake Sanctuary 15,367 protected area contained by site 15,367

Habitats

IUCN Habitat Habitat detail Extent (% of site) Forest Dry evergreen forest (tropical) - Coastline Lagoons - Wetlands (inland) -

Land use Land-use Extent (% of site) urban/industrial/transport -

128

IN275: Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary Country/territory: India Central coordinates: 10o 18' 0" North (10.30o) 79o 50' 59" East (79.85o) Area: 37,733 ha Altitude: 0-3 m

IBA Criteria met: A1, A4i, A4iii (2004) Area: 37,733 ha Protection status: Most recent IBA monitoring assessment Year of assessment Threat score (pressure) Condition score (state) Action score (response) 2003 high not assessed not assessed

Year of compilation: 2004 Site description Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary is situated on a low promontory on the Coromandel coast in Nagapattinam district. The Great Vedaranyam Swamp stretches for about 48 km from east to west, parallel to the Palk Strait and separated by a sand bank. Its dimensions are about 10 km from north to south, and it is broadest in the east, narrowing to about 8 km in the central part and 6 km at the western end. It is about 11 km from Vedaranyam town. There are only two villages, namely Kodikkarai and Kodikkadu. A motorable road connects the Sanctuary with the nearest town. The control of the area passed from the Revenue Department to the Forest Department in 1907. The forest of Point Calimere Sanctuary has an area of 1,729 ha, comprising of the Kodikkadu Reserve Forest and Kodikkadu Extension Reserve Forest. During 1988, it was proposed to declare Point Calimere Sanctuary as Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary and Bird Sanctuary with a total area of 37,733 ha, including the Great Vedaranyam Swamp and Talaignayar Reserve. This IBA comprises of mangrove forest and lagoon in the Muthupet-Adirampattinam, and mudflats interspersed with numerous islets in the Siruthalaikkadu-Kodikkarai area. The IBA also encompasses Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest and low-lying coastal grazing lands. Five freshwater channels empty into the Swamp, most of which have running water only during the monsoon. The Korayar river confluences with the Mullipallam lagoon in the west. The Swamp is demarcated to the north by an artificial bund. There is a 30 m wide belt of mangrove vegetation. The area has variable rainfall regimes, and is not typical of tropical monsoon climate. The northeast monsoon is the main contributor to this area, though some rainfall occurs during the southwest monsoon. The winds are dry, but cause low-pressure depressions in the Bay of Bengal, resulting in cyclonic storms on the mainland (Daniel and Rao 1988-1991).

Key biodiversity Avifauna: The IBA is an extremely important staging and wintering ground for migratory birds. Remarkable among them are flamingos, ducks, waders, gulls and terns. It is also a vital foraging

ground for several species. It harbours a large number of migratory waders and flamingos (Ali 1963). A total of 110 species of waterbirds has been recorded from the swamp and saltpans. Of these, 34 are winter migrants from the Palearctic region (Sugathan 1982). According to a census in January 1987, 28,000 Flamingos Phoenicopterus ruberand 1,00,000 Garganey Anas querquedula were recorded. The threatened Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis also occurs here. Manakadan (1992) had recorded 150-250 birds yearly in the late 1980s in the Great Vedaranyam Swamp during regular bird census. About 1,200 pelicans were recorded in the Great Vedaranyam Swamp during October 1999 (Balachandran pers. comm. 2002). Hussain (1976) has recorded Broad-tailed Grass- Warbler or Grassbird Schoenicola Platyura, a globally Vulnerable species. Many species of ducks and waders occur in much above their 1% biogeographical number as determined by Wetlands International (2002).

46. Other Key Fauna: Major mammals include Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra, Spotted Deer or Chital Axis axis, Jackal Canis aureus, Wild Boar Sus scrofa and Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis. Large number of feral cattle and feral horses are seen in the Kodiakkadu forests.

Pressure/threats to key biodiversity 47. Main Threats: Encroachment; Poaching; Cattle grazing; Collection of firewood; Industrialisation in Great Vedaranyam Swamp.

48. The entire Swamp and the adjoining Muthupet mangrove area should be declared as a single National Park. No major industries should be allowed within the prescribed limits as per the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Existing industries should treat their effluents and should have separate effluent storage tanks. A permanent research station should be established to monitor the habitat status of the migratory as well as the resident birds. Studies should be taken up on the autecology of the important medicinal plants occurring in the forest, so as to preserve this invaluable gene pool. Freshwater inflow should be allowed into the Swamp, this would help to provide a healthier habitat for migratory waterbirds. To reduce overgrazing of cattle in the Sanctuary, unregistered animals should be removed from the Sanctuary. Tilling, ploughing and plantation operations should be banned in the open grazing land, as they affect the Blackbuck population.

querquedula Greater Flamingo LC - 2004 present A4i

Phoenicopterus roseus Spot-billed Pelican NT resident 2004 present A1, A4i

Pelecanus philippensis Spoon-billed Sandpiper CR winter 2004 present A1

Calidris pygmaea Spotted Greenshank EN winter 2004 present A1

Tringa guttifer A4iii Species group - n/a unknown 2004 20,000 A4iii

IBA Monitoring Most recent IBA monitoring assessment Year of assessment Threat score Condition score Action score

130

(pressure) (state) (response) 2003 high not assessed not assessed Was the whole site Yes State assessed by unset covered? Accuracy of information good

Threats to the site (pressure) Threat Level Threat Level 2 Timing Scope Severity Result 1 Agricultural annual & perennial non- happening small area/few moderate to low expansion timber crops - small-holder now individuals rapid and farming (<10%) deterioration intensification Agricultural livestock farming and happening majority/most slow but high expansion ranching (includes forest now of significant and grazing) - small-holder area/population deterioration intensification grazing, ranching or farming (50-90%) Biological hunting & collecting happening small area/few slow but low resource use terrestrial animals - now individuals significant intentional use (species (<10%) deterioration being assessed is the target) Biological logging & wood harvesting - happening small area/few slow but low resource use unintentional effects: now individuals significant subsistence/small scale (<10%) deterioration Pollution industrial & military effluents happening small area/few slow but low - type unknown/unrecorded now individuals significant (<10%) deterioration Residential commercial and industrial happening small area/few very rapid to low and development now individuals severe commercial (<10%) deterioration development

Conservation actions taken at site (response) Conservation Designation Management Planning Conservation Action Result Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed not assessed

IBA Protection Protection status: Protected Area Designation Area Relationship with Overlap (ha) IBA with IBA (ha) Point Calimere Wildlife Ramsar Site, Wetland of 38,500 protected area 37,733

and Bird Sanctuary International Importance contains site

Point Calimere Sanctuary 17,260 protected area 17,260 contained by site

Habitats

IUCN Habitat Habitat detail Extent (% of site) Forest Mangrove forest (tropical), Dry evergreen forest (tropical) - Coastline Estuarine waters, Intertidal mud, sand & salt flats, Lagoons, Sand - dunes & beaches Artificial - -

terrestrial Wetlands Coastal lagoons, Intertidal mud, sand or salt flats - (inland)

Land use Land-use Extent (% of site) agriculture - fisheries/aquaculture - other -

132

IN261: Chitragudi and Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary IBA Criteria met: A1, A4i (2004) Area: 152 ha Protection status: Most recent IBA monitoring assessment Year of assessment Threat score (pressure) Condition score (state) Action score (response) 2003 high not assessed not assessed

Year of compilation: 2004 Site description 49. Chitrangudi (48 ha) and Kanjirankulam (104 ha) Bird Sanctuaries are situated in the Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu, in the villages of the same names. The Sanctuaries are c. 5 km from Mudukulathur and c. 25 km from Paramakudi, in a drought prone area. The floral diversity is very poor and the area seems to be scrub jungle type. The area has been planted with Prosopis chilensis and Acacia nilotica in the villages and around the tanks; the two species were introduced and planted by the Forest Department on a massive scale to sustain firewood collection. Tamarind Tamarindus indicus is the only common tree, seen sporadically on the roads and the tank bunds. Due to the nature of the soil and scanty rainfall, the natural vegetation is sparse.

Key biodiversity 50. AVIFAUNA: The site qualifies as an IBA as the threatened Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensisbreeds here. A maximum of 100 birds reportedly breed, i.e 2.5% of the species biogeographic population at the 1% level of 40 birds (Wetlands International 2002). Chitrangudi and Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary are two of the oldest known pelicanries in the state. Since time immemorial, the locals have protected both the pelicanries. In January 1988, in Chitrangudi Sanctuary, 934 Pelicans and 100 nests were found (BirdLife International 2001). Johnson et al. (1993) have seen 700 pelicans in January 1989, and 286 in 1991 in the same tank. Besides the Spot-billed Pelican, the Asian Openbill Anastomus oscitans, Little Egret Egretta garzetta, Large Egret Casmerodius albus, Grey Heron Ardea cinerea, Purple Heron Ardea purpurea, and Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii are known to breed in both villages. In Kanjirankulam, Abraham (1973) found Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala breeding on the same trees as pelicans nests were found. During his visit, the nesting colony was on 60 trees, mainly Ficus religiosa, Thespesia populnea and Acacia arabica. He also found nesting colonies of Oriental White Ibis Threskiornismelanocephalus and Black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa, about 1.6 km away from Kanjirankulam.

51. Other Key FauNA: Due to the presence of scrub jungle and surrounding agricultural fields, the vegetation cover does not permit the presence of large or medium sized mammals.

Pressure/threats to key biodiversity Main Threats: Poaching; Encroachment. 52. While poaching at the nesting site is not a major problem, many adult birds are killed by tribals for food. Traditional nesting trees are dying due to drought and poor rainfall. The tanks need reconstruction of their bunds to collect and store adequate water during the monsoon season to safeguard the nesting trees of the pelican. Forest Department should take remedial measures or alternate ways to protect the trees. Conservation education is needed to inform and motivate the locals in order to restrict the anthropogenic pressure on the avifauna.

Threats to the site (pressure) Threat Level 1 Threat Level 2 Timing Scope Severity Result Agricultural annual & happening small area/few slow but low expansion and perennial non- now individuals (<10%) significant intensification timber crops - deterioration small-holder farming Biological hunting & happening some of moderate to high resource use collecting now area/population rapid terrestrial (10-49%) deterioration animals - intentional use (species being assessed is the target) Climate change drought happening majority/most of slow but high and severe now area/population significant weather (50-90%) deterioration

Conservation actions taken at site (response) Conservation Designation Management Planning Conservation Action Result Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed not assessed

IBA Protection Protection status: Protected Area Designation Area Relationship with IBA Overlap with IBA (ha) (ha)

Kanjirankulam Sanctuary 104 protected area contained by 104 site

Chitrangudi Sanctuary 48 protected area contained by 48 site

Habitats

IUCN Habitat Habitat detail Extent (% of site) Artificial - aquatic - Shrubland - Artificial - terrestrial -

Land use Land-use Extent (% of site)

134 agriculture - rangeland/pastureland - water management -

Central coordinates: 9o 19' 48" North (9.33o) 78o 28' 59" East (78.48o) Area: 152 ha Altitude: 15-0 m

IN251: Silent Valley National Park Country/territory: India IBA Criteria met: A1, A2, A3 (2004) Area: 8,952 ha

Protection status: Most recent IBA monitoring assessment Year of assessment Threat score (pressure) Condition score (state) Action score (response) 2013 low favourable high Central coordinates: 11o 7' 54" North (11.13o) 76o 25' 46" East (76.43o) Area: 8,952 ha Altitude: 658-2383 m

Site description 53. Silent Valley is a rectangular tableland enclosed by a high contiguous ridge along its northern and eastern borders, and by a lower, irregular ridge along its western and southern borders. It is flanked by steep escarpments to the south and west, which descend some 1,000 m to the plains of Kerala, and by sheer cliffs to the north and east which rise a further 1,000 m to the Upper Nilgiri Plateau. Kunthipuzha river flows southwards through the entire 15 km length of the Park, dividing it into a narrow western sector of less than 2 km and a wider eastern sector of 5 km. The valley is drained by five main tributaries of the Kunthipuzha, which originate near the eastern border and flow westwards. Only a few minor streams drain into the Kunthipuzha from the western sector. The river is uniformly shallow, with no floodplains. Its bed falls from 1,861 m to 900 m over a distance of 12 km, the last 8 km being particularly level, with a fall of only 60 m. Kunthipuzha is one of the less torrential rivers of the Western Ghats, with a pesticide-free catchment area. The soil is blackish and slightly acidic in the evergreen forests, where there is good accumulation of organic matter. The underlying

136 rock in the area is granite with schists and gneiss, which give rise to the loamy laterite soils on slopes (Anon., undated, 1981, 1982; Unnikrishnan, 1989). The total area is 8,951.65 ha. The Park is contiguous to the proposed Karimpuzha National Park (22,500 ha) in the north and to Mukurthi National Park (7,846 ha), Tamil Nadu, in the northeast. The altitude ranges from 658 m to 2,383 m (Balakrishnan 1984). Most of the Park lies between 880 m and 1,200 m (Anon. undated). High peaks such as Anginda (2,383 m), Sispara (2,206 m) and Kozhipara (1,904 m) occur in the northern part of the Park. Four main types of vegetation can be recognized: Tropical Evergreen Forest, Subtropical Hill Forest, Shola forest and grasslands which are restricted to the narrow sector west of the Kunthipuzha and to the higher slopes and hill tops in the eastern sector. Seven new plant species have been recorded from the Silent Valley (Manilal 1988), as well as many rare, endemic and economically valuable species, such as Cardamom Elettaria cardamomum, Pepper Piper nigrum, Yam Dioscorea spp., various beans Phaseolus spp., a pest-resistant strain of Rice (species unknown), and 110 plant species of importance in Ayurvedic medicine (Nair et al. 1980).

Key biodiversity 54. Avifauna: Kerala’s avifauna is well represented within the Park. Two hundred species of birds have been recorded (Jayson 1990, Basheer and Nameer 1990). Four globally threatened species are found here. The Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon Columba elphinstonii is an uncommon bird (Zacharias and Gaston 1999, BirdLife International 2001), even in this well protected forest. The Broadtailed Grassbird Schoenicola platyura has a wide range in the Western Ghats but is uncommon everywhere. Santharam (1996) found it in the Poochipara area in December 1990. The site lies in the Western Ghats Endemic Bird Area (EBA) (Stattersfield et al. 1998). In this IBA, all the 16 endemic or restricted range species have been recorded. Flocks of Wynaad Laughingthrush Garrulax delesserti are sighted up to an elevation of 1,700 m. Above that, it seems to be the range of the Nilgiri Laughingthrush Garrulax cachinnans. Vijayan et al. (1999) also found this species in the upper reaches. Both the species confine themselves strictly to their respective altitudinal ranges. Nilgiri Flycatcher Eumyias albicaudata, a Near Threatened species, is common in the foothills of the National Park. Silent Valley is not only a paradise for local species, but it also host a large number of forest migrants in winter, from the Himalaya and beyond. Some of the forest birds noted are Tickell’s Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus affinis, Large-billed Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus magnirostris, Western Crowned Warbler Phylloscopus occipitalis, Rufous-tailed Flycatcher Muscicapa ruficauda, Brown-breasted Flycatcher Muscicapa muttui and Blueheaded Rock-thrush Monticola cinclorhynchus. This site lies in Biome-10 (Indian Peninsula Tropical Moist Forest) where 15 species are considered as representative of this biome’s assemblage. Nine of these species have been recorded from Silent Valley NP. Only those species which live in comparatively drier habitats are not found here, for example, the Small Greenbilled Malkoha or Blue-faced Malkoha Phaenicophaeus viridirostris, a bird of scrub and secondary jungle, and the Jerdon’s Nightjar Caprimulgus atripennis, a bird found in scrub forests, edges of moist forests and secondary growth. Silent Valley NP has been selected as an IBA as it qualifies three criteria (A1, A2, and A3) and more importantly, it has one of the finest undisturbed forests left in the Western Ghats. This famous forest has significant populations of many threatened and endemic birds. It also adjoins another IBA, Mukurthy NP in Tamil Nadu.

55. Other Key Fauna: The faunal diversity is very high and includes a number of endemic and threatened species. Some 26 species of mammals, excluding bats, rodents and insectivores, have been recorded (Balakrishnan 1984). Notable species include Nilgiri Langur Trachypithecus johni, Lion-tailed Macaque Macaca silenus, Tiger Panthera tigris, Leopard P. pardus, Jerdon’s Palm Civet Paradoxurus jerdoni, Wild Dog Cuon alpinus, Nilgiri Marten Martes gwatkinsi, Asian Elephant Elephas maximus, Gaur Bos gaurus and Nilgiri Tahr Hemitragus hylocrius, some of which are endemic to the Western Ghats. Estimates of large mammal populations are provided by Balakrishnan (1984). Six species of bats have been recorded, of which Peshwa’s bat Myotis peshwa and Hairy-winged bat Harpiocephalus harpia are considered rare. Amphibians total 19 species, lizards 9 species and snakes 11 species (Kerala Forest Department 1990). Notable records are two fishes (Holaloptera pillae and Garra menimi) and two amphibians (the primitive caecilian Ichthyophis longicephalus and Malabar tree toad Nectophryne tuberculosa). 56. Lepidoptera comprise about 100 species of butterflies and about 400 of moths, of which 13

are endemic to South India, and now have very restricted distributions, mostly within the Western Ghats (Mathew 1990).

Pressure/threats to key biodiversity Main Threats: Grazing; Firewood collection. 57. A large number of people in the Mannarghat plains depend directly on the perennial flow of water in Kunthipuzha. The whole cultural fabric of these people is woven around the fact that this river retains its flow even in the harshest of summer. Bharathapuzha, which receives the water from Kunthipuzha is dry, except for this lean flow through the summer heat. The greatest threat to the forest of Silent Valley has been warded off with the abandonment of the hydroelectric power project and dam and the consequent declaration of the National Park. At present, forest fires have assumed a major role as the destroyer of prime forest. Uncontrolled tourism activities can equally well destroy the forest environment. A constant check on all these major factors is essential to the well being of the National Park.

BA Criteria Year of most recent IBA criteria assessment: 2004 Populations of IBA trigger species Species Current Season Year(s) of Population IBA Criteria IUCN Red estimate estimate Triggered List Category Nilgiri Woodpigeon Columba VU resident 2004 present A1, A2, A3

elphinstonii Malabar Grey Hornbill LC resident 2004 present A2, A3

Ocyceros griseus Malabar Parakeet Psittacula LC resident 2004 present A2, A3

columboides White-bellied Treepie LC resident 2004 present A2, A3

Dendrocitta leucogastra Broad-tailed Grassbird VU resident 2004 present A1, A2

Schoenicola platyurus Grey-headed Bulbul NT resident 2004 present A2, A3

Brachypodius priocephalus

Garrulax cachinnans NR resident 2004 present A1, A2, A3

Garrulax jerdoni NR resident 2004 present A2, A3 Rufous Babbler Argya LC resident 2004 present A2, A3

subrufa Wynaad Laughingthrush LC resident 2004 present A2, A3

Garrulax delesserti

Brachypteryx major NR resident 2004 present A1, A2, A3 Nilgiri Flycatcher Eumyias LC resident 2004 present A2, A3

albicaudatus White-bellied Blue-flycatcher LC resident 2004 present A2, A3

Cyornis pallidipes Black-and-orange Flycatcher LC resident 2004 present A2, A3

Ficedula nigrorufa Crimson-backed Sunbird LC resident 2004 present A2, A3

Leptocoma minima Nilgiri Pipit Anthus VU resident 2004 present A2, A3

138

Most recent IBA monitoring assessment Year of assessment Threat score Condition score Action score (pressure) (state) (response) 2013 low favourable high Was the whole site No State assessed by unset covered? Accuracy of information medium

Threats to the site (pressure) Threat Level 1 Threat Level Timing Scope Severity Result 2 Agricultural annual & happening some of no or low expansion and perennial now area/population imperceptible intensification non-timber (10-49%) deterioration crops - agro- industry farming

Condition of habitat (state) Habitat Habitat Reference Actual % of habitat % of carrying Result Detail Area (ha) Area (ha) remaining capacity (overall) Forest 0 0 good (> 90%) good (> 90%) near favourable

Conservation actions taken at site (response) Conservation Management Planning Conservation Action Result Designation Whole area of site A comprehensive and The conservation measures high (>90%) covered by appropriate management plan needed for the site are being appropriate exists that aims to maintain or comprehensively and conservation improve the populations of effectively implemented designation qualifying bird species

IBA Protection Protection status: Protected Designation Area (ha) Relationship with IBA Overlap with IBA Area (ha) Western World Heritage 795,315 protected area contains 8,952

Ghats Site site

Silent Valley National Park 8,952 is identical to site 8,952

Habitats

IUCN Habitat Habitat detail Extent (% of site) Forest - Grassland -

Land use Land-use Extent (% of site) forestry - nature conservation and research -

IN271: Kullur Sandai Reservoir

Country/territory: India IBA Criteria met: A1 (2004) Area: 1,362 ha Protection status: Central coordinates: 9o 33' 29" North (9.56o) 78o 0' 34" East (78.01o) Area: 1,362 ha Altitude: 80-0 m

Most recent IBA monitoring assessment Year of assessment Threat score (pressure) Condition score (state) Action score (response) 2003 high not assessed not assessed

Year of compilation: 2004 Site description 58. The Kullur Sandai Reservoir is located in Aruppukottai Taluka of Virudunagar district, about 8 km along the Palavanatham road. It is about 80 km southwest of Madurai. The climate of this region is semiarid tropical monsoon type, with high temperature and low humidity. It receives scanty rainfall, with an annual average of just 800 mm. The reservoir receives most of the rainfall during the northeast monsoon from October to December. It also receives inflows from the Khowsika river, which originates in the Western Ghats. The Vallikulam stream also flows into the Reservoir during the monsoon. Kullur Sandai Reservoir has a waterspread of 1,361 ha. The Public Works and the Fisheries Departments protect the dam and undertake measures for storing water and also for fish culture. Apart from the Kullur Sandai Reservoir, there are other irrigation reservoirs in the area (Anaikootam, Vembakottai and Golwarpatti). Pelicans and other birds move between these various waterbodies according to the availability of water. The dam and its environs are rich in aquatic vegetation, with tall and medium Borassus flabellifer trees along the banks. The fringes have been invaded by Ipomoea carnea. The reservoir is fortunately free of water hyacinth.

Key biodiversity 59. Avifauna: Kullur Sandai Reservoir qualifies IBA criteria A1, as it holds a significant number of globally threatened Spot-billed Pelicans Pelecanus philippensis. During the Asian Waterfowl Census in January 1987, at least 32 Spot-billed Pelicans were recorded (Johnson et al. 1993). In recent years,

140 the number of Pelicans appears to have increased, as 1,670 were recorded during the pelican survey in September 2002 (Manakadan and Kannan 2003). The 1% biogeographic population threshold of this species is 40 (Wetlands International 2002). This IBA also harbours several other species during winter, such as the Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis, Common Coot Fulica atra, Northern Shoveller Anasclypeata, Gadwall Anas strepera, Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha, Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger, Indian Shag Phalacrocorax fuscicollis, Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala, Little Egret Egretta garzetta, and Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber. The total population of waterbirds sometimes exceeds 10,000.

60. OTHER KEY FAUNA: The Fisheries Department has almost eliminated the native fish community by the introduction of commercial species of carps such as Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cerrhina mrigala, Channa spp. as well as catfish. The water of the dam is rich in phytoplankton, zooplankton, and submerged vegetation. Because of the rich growth of plankton and heavy stock of fish, pelicans and other waterfowl congregate. This brings them in direct conflict with the Fisheries Department.

Pressure/threats to key biodiversity 61. Main Threats: Land accreditation; Influx of heavily polluted drainage water; Poaching pressure; Discharge from Cement Industry.

62. This IBA site is under great pressure from commercial fishery. According to the Fisheries Department, fish-eating birds such as Cormorants and Spot-billed Pelicans inflict heavy loss on the commercial fish culture. Their staff regularly chase away the birds, especially Cormorants. In many places, the bund has been broken due to neglect. It is in urgent need of repair and strengthening, to enable storage of more water. The weed Ipomoea carnea is spreading fast and if left uncontrolled it poses a threat to the ecology of the area. In order to encourage nesting of Pelicans, we suggest that Barringtonia sp. and Acacia nilotica trees should be planted on small artificial islands. These trees would also serve as roosting sites for other birds. One of the biggest problems is that the Virudunagar Municipal Corporation drains polluted water and city sewage into Kullur Sandai Dam. This not only results in eutrophication, but also brings in weeds such as Ipomoea and Water Hyacinth. Steps should be taken to minimise or divert the drainage elsewhere. In addition, appointment of forest personnel is essential to provide adequate protection to the birds.

Spot-billed Pelican NT resident 2004 present A1 Note: This table presents the IBA criteria triggered and the species that triggered then at the time of assessment, the current IUCN Red List category may vary from that which was in place at that time.

Threats to the site (pressure) Threat Level Threat Level 2 Timing Scope Severity Result 1

Biological fishing & harvesting happening majority/most moderate to high resource use aquatic resources - now of rapid unintentional effects: large area/population deterioration scale (50-90%) Biological hunting & collecting happening small area/few slow but low resource use terrestrial animals - now individuals significant intentional use (species (<10%) deterioration being assessed is the target) Biological hunting & collecting likely in small area/few very rapid to low resource use terrestrial animals - short term individuals severe persecution/control (within 4 (<10%) deterioration years) Human work and other activities happening small area/few slow but low intrusions now individuals significant and (<10%) deterioration disturbance Invasive and invasive non-native/alien happening some of slow but medium other species/diseases - named now area/population significant problematic species (10-49%) deterioration species and genes Pollution domestic & urban waste happening some of moderate to high water - run-off now area/population rapid (10-49%) deterioration Pollution industrial & military happening small area/few slow but low effluents - type now individuals significant unknown/unrecorded (<10%) deterioration

Conservation actions taken at site (response) Conservation Designation Management Planning Conservation Action Result Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed not assessed

Habitats

IUCN Habitat Habitat detail Extent (% of site) Artificial - aquatic -

Land use Land-use Extent (% of site) agriculture - fisheries/aquaculture - rangeland/pastureland - water management -

142

IN269: Kunthangulam Bird Sanctuary

Country/territory: India

IBA Criteria met: A1, A4i (2004) Area: 129 ha Protection status: Most recent IBA monitoring assessment Year of assessment Threat score (pressure) Condition score (state) Action score (response) 2003 high not assessed not assessed

Year of compilation: 2004 Site description 63. The Koonthangulam Bird Sanctuary is located in Naguneri Taluka of Tirunelveli district between Moolakaraipatti and Kariandi. It is about 20 km from Tirunelveli town. It is a rain and river- fed freshwater tank, and receives water from the Manimuthar river. The globally threatened Spot- billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis breeds here, along with other birds. It is one of the oldest known pelicanries in India, having existed for 200 years or more. Rhenius first reported this pelicanry in 1906 (Rhenius 1907). The villagers believe that the birds that come to Koonthangulam are harbingers of good luck and their yearly arrival ensures good rainfall. They also benefit from the rich guano deposited in the breeding colonies. This is used to fertilize the fields. Guano-rich tank water is used for irrigation. Koonthangulam (also transcribed as Koondakulam) has a large tank within the village precints, and several smaller tanks scattered in the vicinity. These waterbodies and the fields are the main foraging grounds for birds. Koonthangulam is basically an agricultural area, so there is no forest as such. Acacia nilotica has been planted in about 35.5 ha. This is where most of the birds nest.

Key biodiversity 64. Avifauna: The pelicanry at Koonthangulam is quite famous and commented upon by various naturalists (e.g. Rhenius 1907, Webb-Peploe 1945, Wilkinson 1961, Nagulu and Rao 1983, Kumar 1993 and Thomas et al. 2000). In the early 1990s, about 1000 Spot-billed Pelicans were recorded (Anon. 1993). This constitutes more than 8% of the biogeographic population. During a pelican survey in January 2003, only about 452 Spot-billed Pelican were recorded breeding. BirdLife International (2001) has listed records of pelicans from 1906 up till 1993 from this site. Besides the Spot-billed Pelican, Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala breeds in the village in large numbers, sometimes on the trees inside private property. In some years, Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber also built nest mounds, though breeding has not been confirmed. Asian Openbill Anastomus oscitans, Oriental White or Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus, Black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa, Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus, Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia, Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger, Pond Heron Ardeola grayii, Grey Heron Ardea cinerea, Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax, Darter Anhinga melanogaster, Little Egret Egrettagarzetta, Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis, Bar- headed Goose Anser indicus, Northern Pintail Anas acuta, Northern Shoveller Anas clypeata, Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis, Common Coot Fulica atra, White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus, Indian Moorhen Gallinula chloropus, Purple Moorhen Porphyrio porphyrio and various species of waders are also seen here, many in numbers greater than their 1% biogeographic population threshold. This IBA site is also famous for its vast flocks of Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellussometimes up to 1,000 are seen together, foraging in the inundated crop fields or flying from one foraging area to another.

65. Other Key Fauna: Most of the smaller mammals of rural areas are seen in this site, such as Golden Jackal Canis aureus, Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, and Jungle cat Felis chaus.

Pressure/threats to key biodiversity 66. Koonthangulam is about 65 km from Kanyakumari, a major tourist area where millions of people, especially school groups come every year. Koonthangulam also receives about 15,000 Indian

tourists and about 100 foreigners. It can become a major centre for environmental education for students and public. However, as the villagers are very sensitive to the protection of ‘their’ birds, crass tourism should be avoided. Regulated guided tours, watching birds from selected points and an interpretation centre would help in conveying the message of environmental education. A system should be developed so that at least half of the revenue from tourism should go to village panchayat (council) for the development of social infrastructure. Local youth could be trained as guides. As the birds forage in agricultural fields, it is absolutely necessary to monitor the pesticide use in the area. Regular scientific monitoring of birds, both breeding and wintering species, is also required. It is also recommended that this IBA site should be kept natural, and no attempt should be made to ‘beautify’ the place. Nothing is more beautiful that a hungry pelican chick being fed by its parent, or a flock of 500 Glossy Ibis going to roost.

falcinellus Spot-billed Pelican NT resident 2004 present A1, A4i

Pelecanus philippensis

Note: This table presents the IBA criteria triggered and the species that triggered then at the time of assessment, the current IUCN Red List category may vary from that which was in place at that time.

Threats to the site (pressure) Threat Level 1 Threat Level 2 Timing Scope Severity Result Human recreational activities happening majority/most of moderate to high intrusions and now area/population rapid disturbance (50-90%) deterioration Pollution agricultural & forestry happening majority/most of slow but high effluents - herbicides now area/population significant and pesticides (50-90%) deterioration

Conservation actions taken at site (response) Conservation Designation Management Planning Conservation Action Result Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed not assessed

IBA Protection Protection status: Protected Area Designation Area (ha) Relationship with IBA Overlap with IBA (ha)

Kuthankulam Sanctuary 129 is identical to site 129

144

Habitats

IUCN Habitat Habitat detail Extent (% of site) Wetlands (inland) -

Land use Land-use Extent (% of site) water management -

Country/territory: India Central coordinates: 8o 28' 12" North (8.47o) 77o 43' 48" East (77.73o) Area: 129 ha Altitude: 0-0 m

Annexure 9: Details of Sample Public Consultations

A9.I Village wise List of the participants and their occupation are given in Tables A9.1-5 below. List of 16 1public consultations are listed below for reference.

Table A9.1 Consultation at S1 Virudhunagar (2x1500MVA) 765/400

SNo Village Tehsil/Manda Districts Distance from the District Head Number of l Quarters Participant s 1 Valayapatti Virudhu nagar Virudhu Virudhu nagar 17 nagar

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation Name of the Village: Valayapatti 1 Mr. S Pedamal Agriculture 2 Mr. S Sodigiraj Agriculture 3 Mr. T Kuttimuryan Agriculture 4 Mr .P. Perumal Agriculture 5 Mr. A Sabbiga Agriculture 6 Mr. A Kudbalingam Agriculture 7 Mr. P.Ponna Samy Agriculture 8 Mr. P Kuttiyam Agriculture 9 Mr. S Puniswany Business 10 Mr. B.Solan Agriculture 11 Mr. T. Sivasuriyam Agriculture 12 Mr. M Muthaya Agriculture 13 Mr. G .Rajsekar Driver 14 Mr. V .Gopal Agriculture 15 Mr. A.K Arruppa Swamy Driver 16 Mr. D.Karruppa Swamy Agriculture 17 Mr. Enavara Swamy Agriculture

Table A9.2: Consultation at S2 Ottapidaram (2x500MVA) + (2x200MVA) 400/230/110 kV SNo Village Panchayat Districts Distance from the District Head Quarters Number of Participants 1

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation Name of the Village: 1 Mr. S Pedamal Agriculture 2 Mr. S Sodigiraj Agriculture 3 Mr. T Kuttimuryan Agriculture 4 Mr .P. Perumal Agriculture 5 Mr. A Sabbiga Agriculture 6 Mr. A Kudbalingam Agriculture 7 Mr. P.Ponna Samy Agriculture 8 Mr. P Kuttiyam Agriculture

1 The detailed consulation formats for 56 locations is available on request from PPTA survey team engaged separately under the project.

146

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation 9 Mr. S Puniswany Business 10 Mr. B.Solan Agriculture 11 Mr. T. Sivasuriyam Agriculture 12 Mr. M Muthaya Agriculture 13 Mr. G. Rajsekar Driver 14 Mr. V .Gopal Agriculture 15 Mr. A. K Arruppa Swamy Driver 16 Mr. D. Karruppa Swamy Agriculture 17 Mr. Enavara Swamy Agriculture

Table A9.3: Consultation at Subproject T1. 765 kV double circuit line Virudhunagar - Coimbatore 242 1 Number of SN District Distance from the District Head Participant o Village Panchayat s Quarters s 1

Qs sl Name of Component/ Number of Location Name of no Site Participant village 1 765 kV DC-TL from 7 kavutham Palayam Kavutham Virudhunagar to 765 kV Palayam SS Coimbatore S.No. Name Occupation Signature 1 Mr C Ramesh Kumar Student 2 Mr K. Arunach Alam Agriculture 3 Mr. A Viswanath Power loom worker 4 Mr. S Sanjnagan Agriculture 5 Mr. G. Vilegiri Power loom worker 6 Mr. A. Planiswamy Pvt.Service 7 Mr. J. Janaradha Pvt.Service Qnnrs Name of Component/ Number of Participant Location Name of sl no Site village 2 765 kV DC-TL from 7 At bus stand /Public place Sirukalanji Virudhunagar to 765 kV SS Coimbatore S.No. Name Occupation Signature 1 Mrt. P Mahender Business 2 Mr V. Anand Service 3 Mr. V Krishanan Pvt. Service 4 Mr. A Sathivel Pvt.Service 5 Mr. R Servanan Driver 6 Mr. C Tanga muttu Agriculture 7 Mr. K Tangavel Agriculture Qnnrs Name of Component/ Number of Location Name of sl no Site Participant village 3 765 kV DC-TL from 8 At the grampanchayat Padiyaandi Virudhunagar to 765 kV premises Palayam SS Coimbatore S.No. Name Occupation Signature 1 Mr. Vel Swamy Agriculture 2 Mr. K. Alagumuthu Agriculture 3 Mr.P Karthikeyan Agriculture 4 Mrs P Minakshi H/W 5 Mrs. S Kavitha H/W 6 Mrs. G Geetha H/W 7 Mr. S Murti Farmer 8 Mr. Shiva Chezian Hotel Business Qnnrs Name of Component/ Number of Participant Location Name of sl no Site village 4 765 kV DC-TL from 7 Public place near the G.Nadupatt Virudhunagar to 765 kV primary school i SS Coimbatore

148

Qs sl Name of Component/ Number of Location Name of no Site Participant village S.No. Name Occupation Signature 1 Mr. R Raman Bus.conductor 2 Mr. k. Krishanan Agriculture 3 Mr. S Parma Swamy Forman Eb 4 Mr. S Parimal Swamy Retd. Eb 5 Mr. G Govind Student 6 Mr. Kuppa Swamy Agriculture /labour 7 Mr. R Ramanan Agri/labour Qnnrs Name of Component/ Number of Participant Location Name of sl no Site village 5 765 kV DC-TL from 6 Near the temple Pudhukkitta Virudhunagar to 765 kV premises/Bus stand t SS Coimbatore S.No. Name Occupation Signature 1 Mr. S Bala Muruggan Pvt. Service 2 Mr. M Raja Pandiyan Bore well operator 3 Mr. P Muniswamy Govt.service 4 Mrs. Bhagya Lakshmi H/W, Shop 5 Mrs. Pandi Ammal H/W, Shop 6 Mrs. V Lakshmi Agriculture /labour Qnnrs Name of Component/ Number of Participant Location Name of sl no Site village 6 765 kV DC-TL from 7 at the bus stand/at temple V.Kovilpatti Virudhunagar to 765 kV premise SS Coimbatore S.No. Name Occupation Signature 1 Mr. R Mani Farmer 2 Mr. P Sunder Farmer 3 Mr. M Karuppa Swamy Farmer 4 Mr. Selvan Farmer 5 Mr. C Pandi Farmer 6 Mr. Moka Pandi Agri 7 Mr. Rama Swamy Agri Qnnrs Name of Component/ Number of Participant Location Name of sl no Site village 7 765 kV DC-TL from 6 At ex.president resident Vagaikulam Virudhunagar to 765 kV and bus stand, tea shop SS Coimbatore S.No. Name Occupation Signature 1 Mr. Pandi Farmer 2 Mr. Mahesh Student 3 Mr. T Shiva Priya Student 4 Mr. C.Kandiban Agri 5 Mrs R. Radha Tea shop 6 Mr. R. Pandi Agri labour Qnnrs Name of Component/ Number of Participant Location Name of sl no Site village 8 765 kV DC-TL from 8 At temple premises S.Gobalapu Virudhunagar to 765 kV ram SS Coimbatore S.No. Name Occupation Signature

Qs sl Name of Component/ Number of Location Name of no Site Participant village 1 Mr. P Senthil Kumar Pvt. service 2 Mr. Narayan Swamy Farmer 3 Mrs. Vatslya Agri 4 Mrs. Analakshi Agri 5 Mrs. Anitha H/W 6 Mrs. Saroja H/W 7 Mrs. Geetha H/W 8 Mrs. Vishnu Priya Govt. service Qnnrs Name of Component/ Number of Participant Location Name of sl no Site village 9 765 kV DC-TL from 7 Public place/near the Lalapuram Virudhunagar to 765 kV temple premises SS Coimbatore S.No. Name Occupation Signature 1 Mr. R Jay Rachangan Farmer 2 Mr. A Alagar Swamy Agriculture 3 Mr. R Caokappa Agriculture Rediyar 4 Mr. A shri vasan Agriculture /Labour 5 Mr. R Pandiammal Agriculture /Labour 6 Mr. K Karthiresan Agriculture /Labour 7 Mr. A S Alagar Swamy Agriculture /Labour Qnnrs Name of Component/ Number of Participant Location Name of sl no Site village 10 765 kV DC-TL from 6 Public place /Bus stand Valayapatti Virudhunagar to 765 kV SS Coimbatore S.No. Name Occupation Signature 1 Mr. J Periya Swamy Driver 2 Mr. R Kuttiyan Farmer 3 Mr. A Nalla Muthu Student 4 Mr. K Kuttiyan Student 5 Mr. P Karthik Driver 6 Mr. Chinna cattering Work

150

Table A9.4: List of Participants for Consultation for Subproject

T1.2 400 kV double circuit line Virudhunagar - Kayathar 73

Distance from the District Number of SNo Village Panchayat Districts Head Quarters Participants 1

VIRUDHUNAGAR TO KAYATHAR Qnnrs sl Name of Component/ Site Number of Participant Location Name of no village 11 400 kV DC - TL from 8 At the hotel near Ayyanaruth Virudhuagar 765 kV SS to the bus stand u Kayathar 400 kV SS S.No. Name Occupation Signature 1 Mr. B.Abdul Farmer 2 Mr. S.Pulliya Farmer 3 Mr. K Maheshwaran Private job in jio 4 Mr. V Suppaiya Electrician 5 Mr. V Sanmuggiya Farmer 6 Mr. P ganeshan Farmer 7 Mr. T Velpande Farmer 8 Mr. S Shantithan Farmer Qnnrs sl Name of Component/ Site Number of Participant Location Name of no village 12 400 kV DC - TL from 7 Malaipaity - at Malaipatti Virudhuagar 765 kV SS to temple Kayathar 400 kV SS S.No. Name Occupation Signature 1 Mr. O Jay anand Farmer 2 Mr. M Jayveeran Farmer 3 Mr. K Kumaranan Agriculture labour 4 Mr. P Kuttiyan Agriculture labour 5 Mr. D Rajender Farmer 6 Mr. R Boss Farmer 7 Mr. S Kahi raj Farmer Qnnrs sl Name of Component/ Site Number of Participant Location Name of no village 13 400 kV DC - TL from 8 Public place near sirukkulam Virudhuagar 765 kV SS to bus stand Kayathar 400 kV SS S.No. Name Occupation Signature 1 Mr. M Gajendran Agriculture 2 Mr. E Ramamurthi Agriculture 3 Mr. R Adinarayan Agriculture 4 Mr. S Mardisamy Agriculture 5 Mr. N Solaisamy Agriculture 6 Mr. K Velmusayan Agriculture 7 Mr. R Pandiraj Agriculture 8 Mr. R Suburaj Agriculture Qnnrs sl Name of Component/ Site Number of Participant Location Name of no village

14 765 kV DC-TL from 6 Near the bus stand/ Lingampatti Virudhunagar to 765 kV SS tea shop Coimbatore S.No. Name Occupation Signature 1 Mr. P Chantiram Agriculture labour 2 Mr. R Shamigaiya Farmer 3 Mr. S Thangvel Farmer 4 Mr. A Sosail Agriculture labour 5 Mr. A Kovilmuthu Farmer 6 Mr. A Parriyaan Farmer 7 Mr. D John Farmer 8 Mr. S Anal raj Farmer Qnnrs sl Name of Component/ Site Number of Participant Location Name of no village 15 400 kV DC - TL from 8 Aathamappan patti Oddamchat Virudhuagar 765 kV SS to hirada Kayathar 400 kV SS S.No. Name Occupation Signature 1 Mr.N.Nachimthoo Agri 2 Mr.K.Moothu Swamy carpenter 3 Mr.K Marudhan Agri labour 4 Mr.N Nachiappa Goundar Agri 5 Mrs. P Bhagyamnal Agri labour 6 Mrs.S Velammal Agri labour 7 Mr.A. Muthugatham Agri labour Mr.K Mani Agri 16 400 kV DC - TL from 6 G.Nadupatti Dindigul - Virudhuagar 765 kV SS to west Kayathar 400 kV SS S.No. Name Occupation Signature 1 Mr.S Perumal Swamy Retd. 2 Mr.S Parma Swamy Electrician 3 Mr.R.Ramar Bus Contector 4 Mrs.A.Sappammal Agri Labour 5 Mrs.S.Rukmani Agri-Labour H/W 6 Mrs.A. Geetha H/W 17 400 kV DC - TL from 7 Near the bus stand. Sivangvinan Virudhuagar 765 kV SS to puram Kayathar 400 kV SS S.No. Name Occupation Signature 1 Mr. V Rahey reddy Business 2 Mr. V Periyasammy Farmer 3 Mr. K Samamurthy Agriculture labour 4 Mr. C Nagarajan Farmer 5 Mr. P Chandran Agriculture labour 6 Mr. Chalayia Agriculture labour 7 Mr. S Algamanisuney Agriculture farmer

152

Table A9.5: List of Participants for Consultation for Subproject

T1.3 400 kV double circuit line in and out at Covered in Virudhunagar Line because of small length Virudhunagar for Kamuthi to Thappagundu (proposed) line

Table A9.6: List of Participants for Consultation for Subproject T2.1 400 kV double circuit line Ottapidaram - Udangudi 68 km Number of SN District Distance from the District Head Participant o Village Panchayat s Quarters s 1 Sakkamal 6 Puram

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation Name of the Village: Kuttampuli 1. R.A. Joseph Retired Army Official 2. S. Durai Raj Business 3. P. Mookendi Agriculture 4. B. Parvesh Agriculture 5. R. Ramanan Pvt Job 6. Krushna Agriculture

Distance from the District Number of SNo Village Panchayat Districts Head Quarters Participants 2 Sampadi 6

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation Name of the Village: Siluvaipuram 1. Muthu Raj Government Clerk 2. Jay Raj Agriculture 3. Ashok Kumar Student 4. Muthu Raman Fishing 5. Peran Padayan Agriculture 6. Sampat Private job

Distance from the District Number of SNo Village Panchayat Districts Head Quarters Participants 3 Agaram 6

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation Name of the Village: Agaram 1. Jeba Singh Private Job 2. Arun Kumar Private Job 3. Jeeya Seelan Agriculture 4. Beniel Student 5. R. Raja Student 6 Mr. Sundaram Farmer

Distance from Number of SNo Village Panchayat Districts the District Participants

Head Quarters 4 Ramachandra Puram 7

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation Name of the Village: Servaikaranmadam 1. Kashi Rajan Driver 2. Mariappan Driver 3. Pulamandan Contractor 4. Guru Raj Driver 5. Mutthu Kumar Labour 6 M. Rama Lingam Labour 7 Viswanathan Driver

Table A9.7: List of Participants for Consultation for Subproject T2.2 400 kV double circuit line Ottapidaram - Kamuthi 72 km Number of SNo Village Panchayat Districts Distance from the District Head Quarters Participants 1 Chandiragiri 8

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation Name of the Village: Chandiragiri 1. Mr Marimurthy Driver/Village Head 2. Mr Sekhar Driver 3. Mr Rahul Student 4. Mr K Kumar Labour 5 Mr. Rahul Labour 6 Mr. radha Krishnan Driver 7 Mr. V. Kumaran Farmer 8 Mr. S. Raman Farmer

Distance from the District Number of SNo Village Panchayat Districts Head Quarters Participants 2 O Lakshminarayan 6 puram

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation Name of the Village: O Lakshminarayan puram 1. Mr. Laxmana Perumal Farmer 2. Mr. Gopal Krishnan Service 3. Mrs. R Karuppai Housewife 4. Mr. A. Karuppai Labour 5. Mr. C. Rajan Farmer 6 Mr. Krishnan Farmer

Distance from the District Number of SNo Village Panchayat Districts Head Quarters Participants 3 Muthhiyapuram 6

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation Name of the Village: Muthhiyapuram

154

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation 1. K. Mallapan Farmer 2. B. Alagu raju Farmer 3. P. Reddy Farmer 4. G. Ganeshan Farmer 5. Seethalaxmi Government Servant 6 K. Swami Labour 7 C. Raja Labour 8 D. Vellu Farmer

Distance from the District Number of SNo Village Panchayat Districts Head Quarters Participants 4 Nerinjipatti 7

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation Name of the Village: Nerinjipatti 1. Mr. Subhramaniyam Farmer 2. Velusami Farmer 3. Murugan Farmer 4. Bala Murugan Driver 5. Pakkia Raj Labour 6 Chandran Farmer 7 Muriya Swami Farmer

Table A9.8: List of Participants for Consultation for Subproject T2.2 400 kV double circuit line Ottapidaram - Vijayapuri 35 Number of Panchaya District Distance from the District Head Participant SNo Village t s Quarters s 1 Keelamudima 7 n

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation Name of the Village: Keelamudiman 1. Mr. Joseph Contractor 2. Mr. R. Swami Farmer 3. Mr. B. Amal Raj Labour 4. Mr. M. Swami Labour 5. Mr. Y. Prakashan Labour 6. Mr. R. Ramanan Farmer 7. Mr. Deenakaran Business

Distance from the District Number of SNo Village Panchayat Districts Head Quarters Participants 2 Kamanayakkam Patti 8

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation Name of the Village: Kamanayakkam Patti 1. Mr. J. Moses Farmer 2. Mr. D. Mohan Student 3. Mr. A. Alagapparaj Labour

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation 4. Mr. M. Murugan Labour 5. Mr. A. Daniel Labour 6. Mr. G. Murugan Labour 7. Mr. A. Antony Raj Farmer 8. Mr. R. George Labour

Distance from the District Number of SNo Village Panchayat Districts Head Quarters Participants 3 Ottapidaram 8

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation Name of the Village: Ottapidaram 1. Mr. P. Jayachnadran Private job 2. Mr. S. Bharat Kamal Private job 3. Mr. N. Kartik Student 4. Mr. G. S. Muthhu Farmer 5. Mr. P.Shiva Perumul Farmer 6. Mr. P. Suresh Kumar Private job 7. Mr. M. Sanmurgaraj Private job 8. Mr. A. Murugan Technician

Table A9.9: List of Participants for Consultation for Subproject T2.4 230 kV double circuit line in and out at Ottapidaram for Sipcot - 6 km Savasapuram line Distance from the District Number of SNo Village Panchayat Districts Head Quarters Participants 1 Valasamuthiram 5

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation Name of the Village: Valasamuthiram 1. Mr. Pakil Nadar Retired 2. Mr. Alagu Krishnan Driver 3. Mrs. Selva Rani Tea Stall 4. Mr. Muniandi Agriculture Labour 5. Mr. Ramachandran Agriculture

Table A9.10: List of Participants for Consultation for Subproject T2.5 110 kV double circuit line in and out at Ottapidaram for 5 Ottapidaram - Eppothumvendran Distance from the District Number of SNo Village Panchayat Districts Head Quarters Participants 1 Silanathan 7

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation Name of the Village: Silanathan 1. A. Manika Private Job 2. A. Arul Raj Private Job 3. A. Swami Private Job 4. K. Murthy Labour

156

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation 5. P. Rediara Farmer 6. K. Raj Farmer 7. S. Lingam Labour

Table A9.12: List of Participants for Consultation for Subproject T2.7 110 kV double circuit line in and out at Ottapidaram for TTN Auto - 10.5 km T-off Sipcot line Distance from the District Number of SNo Village Panchayat Districts Head Quarters Participants 1

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation Name of the Village: 1. No data

Table A9.12: List of Participants for Consultation for Subproject T2.7 230 kV double circuit line in and out at Ottapidaram for Sipcot - 10 km Kavanoor line Distance from the District Number of SNo Village Panchayat Districts Head Quarters Participants 1 Sinthalakathai 6

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation Name of the Village: Sinthalakathai 1. Kashi Viswanath Farmer 2. M. Mariappan Retired Government officer 3. J. Mani Driver 4. J. J. Manik raj Retired personnel 5. V.K. Rajan Driver 6. N. Raman Carpenter

Distance from the District Number of SNo Village Panchayat Districts Head Quarters Participants 2 Kumarapuram 7

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation Name of the Village: Sinthalakathai 1. Mr. Mariselvan Private job 2. Mr. Manokaran Farmer 3. Mr. U. Maiyan Business 4. Mr. Ganeshan Farmer 5. Mr. Maheswaran Farmer 6. Mr. C. Munishan Labour 7 Mr. Mkundan Business

Distance from the District Number of SNo Village Panchayat Districts Head Quarters Participants 3 Saminathan 7

SNo Name of the Participants Occupation Name of the Village: Saminathan 1. A. Ramaswami Artisan 2. Mr. Murugan Labour 3. Mr. N. Selvan Service 4. Mr. N. Nallaselvan Agriculture 5. Mr. P. Achari Agriculture 6. Mr. S. Raja Ratnam Labour 7 Mr. C. Shekhanan Student

158

A9.II General Perception and Summary of Consultations are given in Table A9.13 below.

Table A9.13 S. Name of Number Location Name of village General Is the land Loss of Loss of Protected Current Will the no compone of perception irrigated and residenti communi areas environme project nt/ site participa about the what are the al/comm ty life like (national park, ntal siting nt project and the sources of ercial any protected conditions adversely awareness irrigation? structure market forest, in the area impact the about the s, if any places or religiously – air, dust, water or proposed due to communi sensitive sites, noise soil project. the ty historical or conditions resource project activities archaeological in the area. in the to be sites), if any locality affected 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 765 kV Double Circuit Line Virudhunagar - Coimbatore 1 765 kV 7 Kavutha Kavutham palayam The local people No land is not No loss No loss Anamalai tiger Current No air DC-TL m are not aware imigated, fully reserve, environme pollution, from palayam about the depends on rain pollachi 275 ntal dust, Virudhun project, not in water. km, protected condation noise, agar to favour of this forest at 6 km is good. observed 765 kV proposed Vijaya in area. SS project. manalam Coimbato village. re 2 765 kV 7 At bus Sirukalanji The local people No imigation No loss No loss Anamalai tiger Very clean Accoordin DC-TL stand are not aware facility. Fully of of reserve - no g the local from /public about the depend on rain. residenti communi polachi-285 polluction peoples Virudhun place project -general Wells used to al ty life. km protected opinion agar to perception is collect water structure. forest-3km at ground 765 kV against the HT and through . vijaymangala water may SS line due to loss pump set lift m. startage Coimbato of farming,land water for by the HT re and its value. imigation. line due to earthing of

S. Name of Number Location Name of village General Is the land Loss of Loss of Protected Current Will the no compone of perception irrigated and residenti communi areas environme project nt/ site participa about the what are the al/comm ty life like (national park, ntal siting nt project and the sources of ercial any protected conditions adversely awareness irrigation? structure market forest, in the area impact the about the s, if any places or religiously – air, dust, water or proposed due to communi sensitive sites, noise soil project. the ty historical or conditions resource project activities archaeological in the area. in the to be sites), if any locality affected 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 towers. 3 765 kV 8 At the Padiyaandi palayam The local people Well used for No loss Anamalai tiger Current Due to DC-TL grampan are worry about imgation but of reserve- environme EHV from chayat the proposed only in the rainy residenta polachi-100 ntal line/tower Virudhun premises project-they season. l and km, protected conditions ground agar to have not heared communi forest-25km in the area water may 765 kV regaring this ty life due is clean no goes SS project.village is to the air dust down. Coimbato closed to the project. noise re main kangayam pollution city. observed/n oticed. 4 765 kV 7 Public G.nadupatti The local people Land is not No loss National park Enviornme No DC-TL place are worry about irrigated fully of or protected ntal idea/awar from near the the proposed depend on rain residenti forest are not condition is e about Virudhun primary project-no any for water,well onal and near the very good the agar to school objection are used as communi village. More no air, adversly 765 kV regarding, the irrigation after ty life due then 150 km dust, noise impect on SS project. collection of rain to the from the pollution the water Coimbato water through project. village. observed. or the soil re pump set. anamalai tiger resourses. reserve polachi in

160

S. Name of Number Location Name of village General Is the land Loss of Loss of Protected Current Will the no compone of perception irrigated and residenti communi areas environme project nt/ site participa about the what are the al/comm ty life like (national park, ntal siting nt project and the sources of ercial any protected conditions adversely awareness irrigation? structure market forest, in the area impact the about the s, if any places or religiously – air, dust, water or proposed due to communi sensitive sites, noise soil project. the ty historical or conditions resource project activities archaeological in the area. in the to be sites), if any locality affected 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Coimbatore dist. No sensitive site. 5 765 kV 6 Near the Pudhukkittat The local people Not irrigation No less Anamalai tiger By the No idea DC-TL temple have not heared facility of reserve-200 railway line about the from premises about the residenti km no and nh adverge Virudhun /bus project, but not al/comm protected near the impects agar to stand in tower of new ercial forest or village on ground 765 kV HT line already structure secretive site. noise water or SS HT line,railway and pollution on the Coimbato line, NH - communi observed soil. re existing in the cation life but village, distubed enviorment the agri and day al to day activities. coundation is clean/good . 6 765 kV 7 At the V. kovilpatti Local people Already many Availablit No loss Anamalai tiger Current Wild pig DC-TL bus have not heard HT line going in y of of any reserve -170 enviorment and from stand/at regarding the and near the gound residenta km no condation randiya/de Virudhun temple project, not village,area is water is l and protected is very ers agar to premise interested in the paddy field and very commers forest near the neat and

S. Name of Number Location Name of village General Is the land Loss of Loss of Protected Current Will the no compone of perception irrigated and residenti communi areas environme project nt/ site participa about the what are the al/comm ty life like (national park, ntal siting nt project and the sources of ercial any protected conditions adversely awareness irrigation? structure market forest, in the area impact the about the s, if any places or religiously – air, dust, water or proposed due to communi sensitive sites, noise soil project. the ty historical or conditions resource project activities archaeological in the area. in the to be sites), if any locality affected 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 765 kV project. dance up.village ial and village. clean,no SS coconut,fully and communi air, dust, Coimbato greenary area. pound ty life due noise re and to the pollution chanels towers/H obserbed. are the T main sources for irrigation. Land is irrigated by punds, channels, walls 7 765 kV 6 At ex- Vagaikulam Local people Land is irrigated No loss No loss Anamalai tiger Current No idea DC-TL president have not aware by well pump of any of any reserve-200 environme about the from resident before, they sets. residenti communi km no any ntal adverse Virudhun and bus don’t want any al or ty life due protected condation impact on agar to stand, towers/HT line commers to the HT forest but due in the area the water 765 kV tea shop from this village ial line of to baren land like air, and soil SS only from the complex towers. green area dust, resourses.

162

S. Name of Number Location Name of village General Is the land Loss of Loss of Protected Current Will the no compone of perception irrigated and residenti communi areas environme project nt/ site participa about the what are the al/comm ty life like (national park, ntal siting nt project and the sources of ercial any protected conditions adversely awareness irrigation? structure market forest, in the area impact the about the s, if any places or religiously – air, dust, water or proposed due to communi sensitive sites, noise soil project. the ty historical or conditions resource project activities archaeological in the area. in the to be sites), if any locality affected 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Coimbato outside from due to noticed. noise, re west distance. the HT pollution lines not observed. 8 765 kV 8 At temple S. Gobalapuram Local people No loss due to No loss Anamalai tiger Enviornem This is DC-TL premises have not heared the project of reserve – 200 ent benefit of from about the communi km from thois condations the local Virudhun project. hands ty life due village. no in the area people agar to value is very to the protected is clean that due to 765 kV high due to near tower forest or without tower and SS the NH road sensitive sites any line Coimbato both side of the near the pollution. ground re village. fully village water may cultivate land, go down bore well/well and are the main plantation sources of coconut irrigation. and other tree may drg. 9 765 kV 7 Public Lalapuram Not aware about Well and bore No loss Anamalai tiger Environme No idea DC-TL place/ne the project. first well are the of reserve-210 nt regarding from ar the time came to main sources of residenti km no condations the

S. Name of Number Location Name of village General Is the land Loss of Loss of Protected Current Will the no compone of perception irrigated and residenti communi areas environme project nt/ site participa about the what are the al/comm ty life like (national park, ntal siting nt project and the sources of ercial any protected conditions adversely awareness irrigation? structure market forest, in the area impact the about the s, if any places or religiously – air, dust, water or proposed due to communi sensitive sites, noise soil project. the ty historical or conditions resource project activities archaeological in the area. in the to be sites), if any locality affected 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Virudhun temple know about the irrigation al/comm protected in the area adversly agar to premises project.no any ercial forest, no is very impacts 765 kV major objection structure sensitive site clean, no on the SS regarding the and any near the any kind of water and Coimbato HT line.already communi village. pollucation soil. re HT line existing ty life due observed. in the village. to the tower and HT line 10 765 kV 6 Public Valayapatti Not heard about No imagination No loss Anamalai tiger Current Neem, DC-TL place the HT tower facility only well of any reserve 250 environme palm (a from /bus project but and bore well residenti km. no any ntal few), Virudhun stand aware about the are the main al or project forest conditions babool agar to sub-station at sourses but commerc and no are good shrubs 765 kV Mallayapatti depend on the ial sensitive site no any SS already tower rain water only. complex in the village. kind of Coimbato exiting in the due to pollution re village the HT observed lines 400 kV DC - TL from Virudhunagar 765 kV SS to Kayathar 400 kV SS 11 400 kV 8 At the Ayyanaruthu Not aware of the Irigation through No loss Due to many No DC - TLl hotel project, but local bore well. of HT line/tower, environme

164

S. Name of Number Location Name of village General Is the land Loss of Loss of Protected Current Will the no compone of perception irrigated and residenti communi areas environme project nt/ site participa about the what are the al/comm ty life like (national park, ntal siting nt project and the sources of ercial any protected conditions adversely awareness irrigation? structure market forest, in the area impact the about the s, if any places or religiously – air, dust, water or proposed due to communi sensitive sites, noise soil project. the ty historical or conditions resource project activities archaeological in the area. in the to be sites), if any locality affected 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 from near the people have not residenti wild birds like nt Virudhun bus any objection, al/ peacock and problem,no agar 765 stand due to already commerc kulbi burent pollucation kV SS to sub-station and ial every day. observed. Kayathar power wind mill structure Water level 400 kV established 5 to and gone down, SS 10 year before. communi cancer case this is the hub of ty life due increased power to the from the last 5 project. years in the village. 12 400 kV 7 Malaipait Malaipatti Not aware about Land is irrigeted No loss No loss No protected Current The DC - TLl y - at the project,not by bore well of of area, sensitive environme project from temple willing to residenta communi sites. nt sitting Virudhun support the l/commer ty life. condations adversly agar 765 proposed cial is clean in impact on kV SS to project. structure the area, ground Kayathar s due to no water, 400 kV the pollucation gone SS project. in the area. down due to the HT line and towers.

S. Name of Number Location Name of village General Is the land Loss of Loss of Protected Current Will the no compone of perception irrigated and residenti communi areas environme project nt/ site participa about the what are the al/comm ty life like (national park, ntal siting nt project and the sources of ercial any protected conditions adversely awareness irrigation? structure market forest, in the area impact the about the s, if any places or religiously – air, dust, water or proposed due to communi sensitive sites, noise soil project. the ty historical or conditions resource project activities archaeological in the area. in the to be sites), if any locality affected 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 400 kV 8 Public Sirukkulam Disturbance in Bore-well is the No loss No loss No such area Current Ground DC - TLl place the farming and only source of of any of any in the village environme water from near bus safety of major irrigation. structure communi but, dam or ntal goes Virudhun stand issues not s fue to ty life. Arjuna river 2 condition is down due agar 765 avoided about the km distance clean to towers. kV SS to the project project. without air Kayathar dust and 400 kV noise SS problem. 14 765 Near the Lingampatti Not awarded Through the No loss No protected Environme The local kv.dc-tl bus about the bore-well only of area, but hill ntal people from stand/ project .the irrigation facility. registrati side forest condition is people v.nagar tea shop project is not on department of neat and think that to 765 benefits for the /common pollution clean no governme kv.ss local people structure observed. any kind of nt water coimbato s and pollution is goes re communt observed. down due y life due to the to the towers proposed earthing project. 15 400 kV 7 Near the Sivangvinanpuram Local people Irrigated No No No Neat and By the DC - TLl bus have not through bore- clean earthing of

166

S. Name of Nu Locatio Name of Type of Wild, Type of Number of General socio- What other Any critical Any other No Compon mbe n village trees in endemic, agricultur Households economic standing: organizations of issue or observation ent/ Site r of the area: endangere e/crops in the What are the a social nature concern by s Part Fruit/non d animals in the Village/Distri economic (NGOs/CBOs/ the local icip fruit/fores in the area. area. ct, Area activities? Land Civil Society) people ant t/ populated by use, cropping active in the regarding rare/enda ethnic pattern (Seasonal), area? Name of the project? ngered minorities types of crops, these species etc. Average land organizations etc. holding size etc. 1 2 3 4 5 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Virudhun m project other birds G.nut, Gounder powerloom and landholding 5 local people support of agar to will sitting available in Turmeric, and working in the acres to 10 are not the local 765 kV adversly large maize, Mudaliya private company. acres. ready to people by SS impact number. coconut communicati support the the local Coimbato on the on no any purpose land re ground . ethic project due brokers. The main minority to adverise The local tree are living in this impect by people neem, village. the 1+1 line demanding kiker, and sub- high rate of babool, station the land and coconut, all round water developmen due to t found for HT line the village and sub- like route, station in street, and the free power village. suply in the village. 2 765 kV 7 At bus Sirukalanji Cocone,p Peocock Cotton, Total no. The main economic No working in No critical The local DC-TL stand alm, and wild coconut, HH- activities-Agri + agri this village ossues people are from /Public neem, pig found bazara, 100.Nadar labour-70% non sitting by the not in the Virudhun place kikar, in plenty in turmeric and agri works -30%. localpeople. favour of HT

168

S. Name of Nu Locatio Name of Type of Wild, Type of Number of General socio- What other Any critical Any other No Compon mbe n village trees in endemic, agricultur Households economic standing: organizations of issue or observation ent/ Site r of the area: endangere e/crops in the What are the a social nature concern by s Part Fruit/non d animals in the Village/Distri economic (NGOs/CBOs/ the local icip fruit/fores in the area. area. ct, Area activities? Land Civil Society) people ant t/ populated by use, cropping active in the regarding rare/enda ethnic pattern (Seasonal), area? Name of the project? ngered minorities types of crops, these species etc. Average land organizations etc. holding size etc. 1 2 3 4 5 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 agar to babools this arera. Kongvilada only one crops in a But line from the 765 kV are the main year in the karif disturbance village.They SS communities seasons. Average in the think Coimbato , no ethnic land holding size 5 farming a permanent re minority to 10 areas. major disturbance living in the issues. in the village farming and value of the land become zero. Bad impects on the income. 3 765 kV 8 At the Padiyaandi coconut, No sigle Total no of Main occupation- No working in The village The village DC-TL grampa Palayam babool, endemic/ crops in HH in the agri+agri labour this village is very is attached from nchayat neem endangere a village - 70% and non agri labour closed to with the Virudhun premis d animals year,the Kongovalad in the rice, oil main city- main taluka agar to es found in main and adi textiles mill. Kangayan. city 765 kV the area. crops are dranid are The area is Kangayam. SS - the main under The land Coimbato cotton,chi community. industries/ value of re lli,coconu No ethinic factory/mill. very high. t minority. Land value People are is very high. not agree

S. Name of Nu Locatio Name of Type of Wild, Type of Number of General socio- What other Any critical Any other No Compon mbe n village trees in endemic, agricultur Households economic standing: organizations of issue or observation ent/ Site r of the area: endangere e/crops in the What are the a social nature concern by s Part Fruit/non d animals in the Village/Distri economic (NGOs/CBOs/ the local icip fruit/fores in the area. area. ct, Area activities? Land Civil Society) people ant t/ populated by use, cropping active in the regarding rare/enda ethnic pattern (Seasonal), area? Name of the project? ngered minorities types of crops, these species etc. Average land organizations etc. holding size etc. 1 2 3 4 5 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Mostly for the demand for proposed industryes project.They coconut want to sift plantation is from the the main other side crops and where sourses of waste land income,throu available. gh the town and HT line- adverse impacts any possible. 4 765 kV 7 Public G.Nadupat Coconut, Wild rabbit, Ground Total no of Main occupation- No working in No critical No objection DC-TL place ti palm, Wild pig, nut,Maiz HH-4000+, agri/agri labour- this village issue or by the local from near neem, Peacock e, bajara, Goundars,N 60%, Non agri conserns by people Virudhun the shrubs, chilli, ayakkan, labour-40% the local regarding agar to primary kikar Vegetabl Maniyam are people the 765 kV school e the main regarding proposed SS community. the project project. The Coimbato No ethnic they want demand any re majority market rate maximum living in the for the compensati

170

S. Name of Nu Locatio Name of Type of Wild, Type of Number of General socio- What other Any critical Any other No Compon mbe n village trees in endemic, agricultur Households economic standing: organizations of issue or observation ent/ Site r of the area: endangere e/crops in the What are the a social nature concern by s Part Fruit/non d animals in the Village/Distri economic (NGOs/CBOs/ the local icip fruit/fores in the area. area. ct, Area activities? Land Civil Society) people ant t/ populated by use, cropping active in the regarding rare/enda ethnic pattern (Seasonal), area? Name of the project? ngered minorities types of crops, these species etc. Average land organizations etc. holding size etc. 1 2 3 4 5 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 area. compensatio on as per n for the loss open market ofcoconut rate. trees and others tree as per its value. 5 765 kV 6 Near Pudhukkitt Neem, No wild Onion, Total HH - Agri/agri labour - No NGO Already HT Want DC-TL the at coconut, endemic,e vegetabl 600hh, sc 75%, non agri working in the line and perpose from temple emali, ndangered e, and bc labour 25%, driver, village railways line componsati Virudhun premis kikar/bab animals in Flowers dewan,goun borewell exiting in the on for the agar to es/Bus ool the village / (medicin der, shetiyar operator/jcb driver village. HT HT line 765 kV stand area. al), are the main mainly. Average line is not tower as per SS bajara, communities land 5 - 10 acres. beneficial, its less and Coimbato gram, . disturbed the value of the re Maize, farming and land and rice decreased works / job the value of oppertunity the land. in the Compensati project. on given by the EB earlier HT line.

S. Name of Nu Locatio Name of Type of Wild, Type of Number of General socio- What other Any critical Any other No Compon mbe n village trees in endemic, agricultur Households economic standing: organizations of issue or observation ent/ Site r of the area: endangere e/crops in the What are the a social nature concern by s Part Fruit/non d animals in the Village/Distri economic (NGOs/CBOs/ the local icip fruit/fores in the area. area. ct, Area activities? Land Civil Society) people ant t/ populated by use, cropping active in the regarding rare/enda ethnic pattern (Seasonal), area? Name of the project? ngered minorities types of crops, these species etc. Average land organizations etc. holding size etc. 1 2 3 4 5 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 6 765 kV 7 at the V. Yes the Neem,coco Main total no of agri/agri labour are No NGO Already The local DC-TL bus Kovilpatti local nut, palm, crops - HH 500,only the main working in the many people from stand/a people emali, paddy, dewar occupation non agri village towers/HT demandtoav Virudhun t have babool are cotton, communicati labour only 10% line existing oide the agar to temple opinion the main coconut on living in double crops in a in the praposed 765 kV premis of tree found the village year possible in the village, project,land SS e adversly in the area. artea average land disturbance is highely Coimbato impect holding size is 5- 10 in farming. cultivable re on acres. and good ground for weater paddy.cultiv and ation is the plantatio main n Due to sourses of HT line livelihood. /towers. 7 765 kV 6 At ex. Vagaikula Neem, Wild pig Main Total no of Main occupation- No NGO Already HT The local DC-TL preside m palm, and crops - HH-350HH, agri + agri labour - working in the lines existing people are from nt babool, Randiar Paddy,co main 50% non agri works village. all the sides work about Virudhun residen are the found in tton, communities 50% average land of the village the towers agar to t and main tree the area. green are dewar, size 3 to 5 which is not and HT 765 kV bus gram, periyar, minimum beneficial for lines. land SS stand, bajara. sakaliar, /maxumum 10 the farmers value Coimbato tea pallar acres. and decreased,

172

S. Name of Nu Locatio Name of Type of Wild, Type of Number of General socio- What other Any critical Any other No Compon mbe n village trees in endemic, agricultur Households economic standing: organizations of issue or observation ent/ Site r of the area: endangere e/crops in the What are the a social nature concern by s Part Fruit/non d animals in the Village/Distri economic (NGOs/CBOs/ the local icip fruit/fores in the area. area. ct, Area activities? Land Civil Society) people ant t/ populated by use, cropping active in the regarding rare/enda ethnic pattern (Seasonal), area? Name of the project? ngered minorities types of crops, these species etc. Average land organizations etc. holding size etc. 1 2 3 4 5 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 re shop cultivation no activities developmen disturbed. t near the tower possible. But if the line crossed from the west direction of the village they no any objection. 8 765 kV 8 At S.Gobalap Neem, wild The main Total HH- Main occupation - No NGO Critical The village DC-TL temple uram palm, rabbit,wild crops - 200, majar agri/agri labour working in this issues is on the road from premis babool, bear and cotton, cast- 80% pvt. job 20% village. disturbance side both Virudhun es but not at randiyar Groundn Nayadu, average land in the side NH agar to large found in uts, shetiyar/ach holding size 3 to 5 farming and road 765 kV scale. the baren Green arya aeres.single crops value of land crossing.the SS Trees land/very gram,sun only kharif possible. that cases land value is Coimbato found common flawer, due to the very high so re only animal. maize, tower no any people are beside bajra demand of worry about the land near the

S. Name of Nu Locatio Name of Type of Wild, Type of Number of General socio- What other Any critical Any other No Compon mbe n village trees in endemic, agricultur Households economic standing: organizations of issue or observation ent/ Site r of the area: endangere e/crops in the What are the a social nature concern by s Part Fruit/non d animals in the Village/Distri economic (NGOs/CBOs/ the local icip fruit/fores in the area. area. ct, Area activities? Land Civil Society) people ant t/ populated by use, cropping active in the regarding rare/enda ethnic pattern (Seasonal), area? Name of the project? ngered minorities types of crops, these species etc. Average land organizations etc. holding size etc. 1 2 3 4 5 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 village the tower. proposed within1 to project. 1.5 km area only. 9 765 kV 7 Public Lalapuram Wild bear main main tree - Total house hold- No NGO 100% land is The local DC-TL place/ pig, crops- plam,neem,b 300, main cost - working in this cultivated, people don’t from near Randiyar, suger abool Recliyar valeyer, village. no forest, want the HT Virudhun the peacock cane, Devendrem(s) main barren, or line from the agar to temple are very rice, occupation-mostely barren land village. 765 kV premis common in g.nut farmers-80% agri in the Farming SS es this area. labour, non agri village. Due disturbed Coimbato labour -20% to tower due to the re average land farming tower/HT holding size 5 to 10 disturbed, line. The acres. decrease the crossing of value of the the HT line land, no any is at least 3 development to 4 km in the future. away the village. 10 765 kV 6 Public Valayapatti Neem, Wild bear, The main Total no of Main occupation- No NGO No critical The local DC-TL place/ palm, peacock, crops- house hold - Agri + agri labour working in this issue, the people have from Bus babool, found this cotton, 230 main 90% non agri village. local people no objection

174

S. Name of Nu Locatio Name of Type of Wild, Type of Number of General socio- What other Any critical Any other No Compon mbe n village trees in endemic, agricultur Households economic standing: organizations of issue or observation ent/ Site r of the area: endangere e/crops in the What are the a social nature concern by s Part Fruit/non d animals in the Village/Distri economic (NGOs/CBOs/ the local icip fruit/fores in the area. area. ct, Area activities? Land Civil Society) people ant t/ populated by use, cropping active in the regarding rare/enda ethnic pattern (Seasonal), area? Name of the project? ngered minorities types of crops, these species etc. Average land organizations etc. holding size etc. 1 2 3 4 5 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Virudhun stand shrubs area at g.nut, caste labour 10% are ready to regarding agar to large sunflower valayer only average land support. the project. 765 kV scale. , bajra, (bc). no holding size 3 to 5 full support SS maize ethnic acres. by the local Coimbato minority people only re living. depend maximum compensati on. 400 kv DC - TL from V.nagar 765 kv.ss to kayathar 400 kv. SS 11 400 kV 8 At the Ayyanaruth Neem, Peocock,K Paddy,co Total hh Single crop during No NGO Bad impact The local DC - TL hotel u coconut, ulbi tton,maiz 130, kharif only average working in the on the health people want from near Plam, e, G.nut, muslims - land holding size 3 area. a major support and Virudhun the bus Babool chilli, 50% hindu - to 5 area. issues, special care agar 765 stand coconut 50% cancer about the kV SS to Agri/agri cases health Kayathar labour - 50% increasing concerns 400 kV Mat from the last want good SS merchant - 5 year. hospital and 50% Team from care. chennai visited to find the reason of

S. Name of Nu Locatio Name of Type of Wild, Type of Number of General socio- What other Any critical Any other No Compon mbe n village trees in endemic, agricultur Households economic standing: organizations of issue or observation ent/ Site r of the area: endangere e/crops in the What are the a social nature concern by s Part Fruit/non d animals in the Village/Distri economic (NGOs/CBOs/ the local icip fruit/fores in the area. area. ct, Area activities? Land Civil Society) people ant t/ populated by use, cropping active in the regarding rare/enda ethnic pattern (Seasonal), area? Name of the project? ngered minorities types of crops, these species etc. Average land organizations etc. holding size etc. 1 2 3 4 5 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 cancer in the village.a very fearful situation in the village. 12 400 kV 7 Malaipa Malaipatti Neem,ba No wild Ured dal, Total no of Agri and agri labour No NGO Due to The local DC - TL ity - at bool, endemic,e bajra, hh 1500, are the main working in the distrubance people are from temple plam, ndangered maize, Rediyar occupation total area. in the agri worry about Virudhun emali animals in cotton, bc/sc and land used for field and the agar 765 the area. chilli, mbc are in cultivate single farming,the proposed kV SS to sunflower the main crops only during local people project due Kayathar , g.nut castes. kharif average land are not to loss of 400 kV holding size 5 to 10 ready to agri,its SS acres provide land value and for the no use in towers and the future HT line due to towers and HT line. 13 400 kv 8 Public sirukkulam Neem, No wild Bajra, Total Farmer-60%, No NGO Land is fully Due to loss DC - TL place palm animals in maize, number of agriculture labour- working in the under of from near tree, the area. cotton, household 40% non village only cultivation agriculture V.nagar bus babool chilli, dal. 250 main agriculture is the gram panchayat and fully land and its 765 kv.ss stand caste secondry active. depend on value the

176

S. Name of Nu Locatio Name of Type of Wild, Type of Number of General socio- What other Any critical Any other No Compon mbe n village trees in endemic, agricultur Households economic standing: organizations of issue or observation ent/ Site r of the area: endangere e/crops in the What are the a social nature concern by s Part Fruit/non d animals in the Village/Distri economic (NGOs/CBOs/ the local icip fruit/fores in the area. area. ct, Area activities? Land Civil Society) people ant t/ populated by use, cropping active in the regarding rare/enda ethnic pattern (Seasonal), area? Name of the project? ngered minorities types of crops, these species etc. Average land organizations etc. holding size etc. 1 2 3 4 5 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 to nayadu-200, occupation single agriculture local people kayathar shetiyar crops only during land value is are not 400 kv. others +50. rainy season, very high. ready to Ss average land accept any holding is 3-5 area. compention for this project. They want other side. 14 765 near Lingampatt Neem, No Maize, Total Agriculture+ No NGO No critical The local kV.DC- the bus i palm urad dal, household - agriculture labour - working. issues. people are TL from stand/ babool. cotton,, 2004, main 80%, non People want work due to v.nagar tea bajra. caste, nadar agriculture+ proper towers and to 765 shop sc tower, business / private . compention its negative kV.SS naidu and Service -20% as per local impacts on Coimbato yadav. average land market rate. farming and re hoding 3-5 areas / value of the single crops. land. 15 400kv 7 Near Sivangvina Neem/ No Dal, Total Farmer/ agriculture No NGO Already from From NH-7 dc-TL the bus npuram palm/ maize, household- labour 80% non working. the NH-7 left left side, 2 from v stand. babool. bajra, 180, nadar agriculture labour - side HT line km from the nagar to lemon sc, dewar, 20% average land exsiting, so village, HT kayathan plantatio komar main holding side - 3-5 people want line 400kv ss. n and caste. area single crops in from that crossing, so

178

No Name of Location Numbe General Is the land Loss of Loss of Protected Current Will the project Compone r of perception Irrigated and residential/c community areas environmental siting adversely nt/ Site Particip about the what are the ommercial life like any (national park, conditions in the impact the water ant project and the sources of structures, if market protected area – air, dust, or soil resource awareness Irrigation? any due to Places or forest, noise conditions in in the locality about the the project community religiously the area. proposed activities to sensitive sites, project. be affected historical or archaeological sites), if any 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 & proposed plant is only Kavanoor project working 2 T2.3-230 Saminatha 7 People have not Fully depend on No loss of No loss of No protected Current No idea but due kV TL n heard about the rain water-no any kind of community area environmental to wind power LILO project no irrigation facility structure life condition is not mill it may be Ottapidar interest in the only 15-20 good due to starlite possible in future am project borewell in the chemical factory but not by this SIPCOT village project & Kavanoor 3 T2.3-230 Sinthalakat 6 Common man The land is not No loss of No loss of Only Vallanad Air pollution is Not observed any kV TL tai not aware about irrigated fully any kind of community Deer Park-50 common problem adversely impact LILO the proposed depends on rain structure life km. No due to thermal on the water or Ottapidar project not protected area power dust in the on the soil am interested in the in and around air a common SIPCOT proposed this area. problem & project. Kavanoor 4 T2.5-110 Sillanathan 8 The thought of Land is not No loss of No loss of No national Current No the project kV DC the people on irrigated full residential/ community park protected environmental will not any line the proposed depends on rain commercial life forest religious condition is not adverse effects Ottapidar project are structure Sensitive site, good due to on the ground am- positive but they historical site industries in local water Eppothuri have issues affected area

No Name of Location Numbe General Is the land Loss of Loss of Protected Current Will the project Compone r of perception Irrigated and residential/c community areas environmental siting adversely nt/ Site Particip about the what are the ommercial life like any (national park, conditions in the impact the water ant project and the sources of structures, if market protected area – air, dust, or soil resource awareness Irrigation? any due to Places or forest, noise conditions in in the locality about the the project community religiously the area. proposed activities to sensitive sites, project. be affected historical or archaeological sites), if any 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 vendran regarding Transmission line and tower. 5 T2.6-110 Kamanaya 8 Local people do No irrigation No loss of No loss of Only Valland Current No adversely kV TL kkam Patti not have any facility due to no any kind of community Deer Park -40 environmental impacts on water LILO benefit from the availability of structure life km condition is good and soil Ottapidar tower and line, ground water no air problem dust am- there is no fully depend on noise condition in Vijayapuri enthusiasm for rain the area this project people are not aware. 6 T2.6-110 Keelamudi 7 Mostly people Fully depend on No loss of No loss of Vallanad Deer Due to strong wind No idea kV TL man are not aware rain water, for any kind of community park-50 km air pollution noticed regarding LILO the project they vegetable structure life due to dust adversely impact Ottapidar are not happy cultivation a few otherwise no issue on water or soil am- with the people using regarding pollution Vijayapuri proposed pump set for project irrigation total- 25 borewell in the village 7 T2.6-110 Ottapidara 8 Not aware Very few land No such loss No loss of Vallanad Deer Due to thermal Not aware kV TL m about the near the village observed community park-55 km power plant and LILO- project mostly as irrigated by life chemical factories

180

No Name of Location Numbe General Is the land Loss of Loss of Protected Current Will the project Compone r of perception Irrigated and residential/c community areas environmental siting adversely nt/ Site Particip about the what are the ommercial life like any (national park, conditions in the impact the water ant project and the sources of structures, if market protected area – air, dust, or soil resource awareness Irrigation? any due to Places or forest, noise conditions in in the locality about the the project community religiously the area. proposed activities to sensitive sites, project. be affected historical or archaeological sites), if any 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Ottapidar are unhappy pump sets, total air pollution am- with the 20 pump set in noticed. Vijayapuri proposed the village project 1 T2.1 400 At temple 6 Local people Yes land is No No No Current No kV DC-TL are not happy irrigated through environmental from with the borewell and condition in the Ottapidar proposed pond water, area is good am to project, they are area is under without any Udankudi not aware about wetland. pollution. the project 2 T2.1 400 At temple 6 Local people Mostly land is No No No Current No kV DC-TL are not aware irrigated, main environmental from about the source of condition in the Ottapidar project, but irrigation is river area is good am to people will and pond without any Udankudi support the pollution project 3 T2.1 At temple 6 People have no Pond water is No No No Current No 400kv any information the only environmental DC-TL about the irrigation facility, condition in the from project, project fully depend on area is good Ottapidar is not beneficial rain water and without any am to for local people, pond water pollution

No Name of Location Numbe General Is the land Loss of Loss of Protected Current Will the project Compone r of perception Irrigated and residential/c community areas environmental siting adversely nt/ Site Particip about the what are the ommercial life like any (national park, conditions in the impact the water ant project and the sources of structures, if market protected area – air, dust, or soil resource awareness Irrigation? any due to Places or forest, noise conditions in in the locality about the the project community religiously the area. proposed activities to sensitive sites, project. be affected historical or archaeological sites), if any 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Udankudi banana cultivation may disturbed due to tower and high tension line 4 T2.1 Community 7 Local people Irrigation facility No No No Current No 400kv centre are not aware available environmental DC-TL about the borewell and condition in the from project want this river water are area is good Ottapidar project from the the sourece of without any am to other side of the irrigation pollution Udankudi village from the forest area, barren land 5 T2.2 Community 8 No objection The land is not No No No Due to power plant No 400kv centre about the irrigated no any and construction DC-TL project, people source of site air, dust, noise from are not aware irrigation only are noticed Ottapidar about the borewell rarely am to proposed source of Kamuthi project irrigation 6 T2.2 Muthiyapur 8 Local people No irrigation No No No Current No 400kv am have no any facility, fully environmental DC-TL objection they depend on rain condition in the

182

S.No Name of Type of Wild, Type of Number of General socio- What other Any critical issue or Any other observations Componen trees in endemic, agriculture/cr Household economic standing: organizations concern by the t/ Site the area: endangere ops in the s in the What are the of a social local people Fruit/non d animals area. Village/Dist economic nature regarding the fruit/fores in the area. rict, Area activities? Land (NGOs/CBOs/ project? t/ populated use, cropping Civil Society) rare/enda by ethnic pattern (Seasonal), active in the ngered minorities types of crops, area? Name species etc. Average land of these etc. holding size etc. organizations 1 2 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 T2.3-230 Neem, No wild Main crops- Total 300- Mostly collie work No NGO There are towers Local people get no kV TL palm endemic or Green gram, HH, Mostly in the plant, working in the and HT line around benefit from the project LILO trees, endangere Maize, are SC construction village the village apart this is why people are Ottapidara English d animals Bajra, and OBC workers, seasonal from this the wind unhappy with this project m SIPCOT Babool, Cotton agriculture work, a power mills have people say that the towers & Shrubs few 20 no area been installed but should not be installed in Kavanoor involve in goat this did not help the the cultivated land raring, average common people because the land of land holding 2to 5 financially. Land cultivating very less acres only. Mostly value reduced after are marginal towers installation farmers 2 T2.3-230 Neem, No wild Urad, Maize, Total 250 Agriculture, No NGO No critical issue by There is number of kV TL Palm endemic or Bajra, household, Agriculture labour, working in the the local people thermal power and LILO tree, endangere Cotton are no ethnic Non agriculture village, gram regarding the chemical factories in the Ottapidara Babool, d animals main crops minority in labour, MNREGA panchayat project. But other area. Whereby pollution m SIPCOT Shrubs the village especially for actively factories specially spreads. Especially from & female, carpenter working in the 'Starlite' people thermal power plants in Kavanoor drivers main village have environmental the recent past the local occupation, issue by the people had to face average land leakage of gas in difficulties due to the gas holding size-3-5 the recent past leak from the chemical

184

S.No Name of Type of Wild, Type of Number of General socio- What other Any critical issue or Any other observations Componen trees in endemic, agriculture/cr Household economic standing: organizations concern by the t/ Site the area: endangere ops in the s in the What are the of a social local people Fruit/non d animals area. Village/Dist economic nature regarding the fruit/fores in the area. rict, Area activities? Land (NGOs/CBOs/ project? t/ populated use, cropping Civil Society) rare/enda by ethnic pattern (Seasonal), active in the ngered minorities types of crops, area? Name species etc. Average land of these etc. holding size etc. organizations 1 2 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 acre factory during the protest 12 people lost their life in police proceedings there is still a lot of stress in the area 3 T2.3 : 230 Neem, No wild Green Dal, Total-500 Farmers, Drivers, No NGO in the Air Pollution dust is There are already many kV TL English endemic or Maize, HH in the Construction village major issue by the towers in the village LILO Babool, endangere Bajra, village workers and work local people people are not interested Ottapidara Palm d animals Vegetable mostly are in the local plant, for the proposed project m SIPCOT trees are SC factories they said no employment & main community opportunity in the project Kavanoor trees for local people of this area 4 T2.5-110 English No wild Moong, tuar Total Main economic No NGO/CBO Value of land will The land for cultivation is kV DC line Babool, endemic or dal, cotton, household- activities- in the village, be reduced by the very limited farming will be Ottapidara Neem, endangere maize jwar, 300, no agriculture, Gram tower and affected by the tower and m- Palm d animals chilly, onion minorities agriculture labour, panchayat Transmission line. HT line there are many Eppothuriv trees are and ragi construction labour, functioning No construction or lines already existed in endran very main crops average land actively SHG development work the village common. holding -2-5 acres, formed and will be possible in Fruit only single crops in working by the the future trees a year women very less on the

S.No Name of Type of Wild, Type of Number of General socio- What other Any critical issue or Any other observations Componen trees in endemic, agriculture/cr Household economic standing: organizations concern by the t/ Site the area: endangere ops in the s in the What are the of a social local people Fruit/non d animals area. Village/Dist economic nature regarding the fruit/fores in the area. rict, Area activities? Land (NGOs/CBOs/ project? t/ populated use, cropping Civil Society) rare/enda by ethnic pattern (Seasonal), active in the ngered minorities types of crops, area? Name species etc. Average land of these etc. holding size etc. organizations 1 2 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 road side - Neem and Emali 5 T2.6-110 Neem, No wild Vegetables, Total HH- Mostly engaged in No NGO in the Tower and HT line Local people have no kV TL English endemic or Bajra, 1100 agriculture and village reduced the value interest in the proposed LILO Desi endangere Maize, agriculture based of the land not project no direct benefits Ottapidara Babool, d animals Green activities non useful in the future by the project no m- Palm Gram, agriculture employment opportunity Vijayapuri trees, Cotton construction labour in the project for the local Emali factory labour people Shrubs factory workers etc small business private service etc 50% land only use for cultivation rest is barren only one crops in a year average land holding is 3-5 acre 6 T2.6-110 Neem, No wild Vegetables, Total HH- Agriculture, No NGO in the Ground water has Mostly people are ready kV TL English endemic or Maize, 500 No Agriculture Labour, village iron; kidney stone to support the proposed LILO Babool, endangere Green Urad, ethnic non-agriculture is very common project but they demand Ottapidara Shrubs, d animals Bajra, minority labour, Business due to water arrangement of safe

186

S.No Name of Type of Wild, Type of Number of General socio- What other Any critical issue or Any other observations Componen trees in endemic, agriculture/cr Household economic standing: organizations concern by the t/ Site the area: endangere ops in the s in the What are the of a social local people Fruit/non d animals area. Village/Dist economic nature regarding the fruit/fores in the area. rict, Area activities? Land (NGOs/CBOs/ project? t/ populated use, cropping Civil Society) rare/enda by ethnic pattern (Seasonal), active in the ngered minorities types of crops, area? Name species etc. Average land of these etc. holding size etc. organizations 1 2 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 m- Palm Banana mostly service others only drinking water Vijayapuri trees BC/SC 50% land use for cultivation only one crops in a year average land holding size-3-5 acre 7 T2.6- Neem, No wild Urad, Maize, Total Agriculture, No Ngo By the installation Nowadays the 110Kv TL Emali, endemic or Bajra, Chilly, household- Agriculture labour, working in the of tower and HT environment is a big issue LILO- English endangere Flowers, 1000, No non-agriculture area local line people are not in this area, recently there Ottapidara Babool, d animals Vegetable, ethnic labour, private gram feeling good. Land was a lot of protest due to m- Palm Cotton, minority service, small panchayat value reduced due leakage of aluminium gas Vijayapuri banana business, tailoring, actively to tower, farming in the Sterlite chemical only one crop in a working, SHG disturbed by the factory near the Tuticorin. year during rainy formed but not tower in the field In which 12 person died in season, average doing any the police proceeding that land holding 3-5 economic is why the people of the acre activities area are afraid. 1 T2.1 400kv Neem, No Banana, Total-100 Mostly are farmers, No NGO/CBO No critical issue No issues regarding the DC-TL Palm Rice main household, agriculture labour- working in the regarding the proposed project but from tree, crops no ethnic 60% and non village project but people people want high tension Ottapidara Coconut, minority agriculture labour- demading high from the forest land or m to Emali living in the 30%, Business- tension line should government land. Udankudi and village 10%, only kharif cross by the

S.No Name of Type of Wild, Type of Number of General socio- What other Any critical issue or Any other observations Componen trees in endemic, agriculture/cr Household economic standing: organizations concern by the t/ Site the area: endangere ops in the s in the What are the of a social local people Fruit/non d animals area. Village/Dist economic nature regarding the fruit/fores in the area. rict, Area activities? Land (NGOs/CBOs/ project? t/ populated use, cropping Civil Society) rare/enda by ethnic pattern (Seasonal), active in the ngered minorities types of crops, area? Name species etc. Average land of these etc. holding size etc. organizations 1 2 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 English crops, average land government land or Babool holding size 5-10 forest land acre 2 T2.1 400kv Neem, No Banana, Total No of Mostly are farmers, No NGO/CBO No critical issue, Local people have no DC-TL Palm Rice main household agriculture labour- working in the But the area comes issue regarding the from tree, crops 100 (All 70% and non village and wet land proposed project but Ottapidara Coconut, SC), no agriculture labour- mostly a major mostly want high tension m to Babool any ethnic 25%, Business-5%, issue line from the forest land Udankudi are minority only kharif crops, area. commonl living in the average land y tree in area holding size 5-10 the area acre, 20% are landless 3 T2.1 400kv Coconut, No Banana, Total no of Mostly are farmer No NGO/CBO Fear of loss land Loss of banana plantation DC-TL Palm Rice main household and agriculture working in the value and loss of due to the project a critical from tree, crops 1000, no labour-80%, 20% village banana plantation issue for the local people Ottapidara Neem, any ethinic non agriculture due to high tension they are supporting the m to Emali, minority in labour and small line and tower a project but advice the Udankudi Siris the village business, only critical issue, land project should be crossed kharif crop, average are motsly wet land by the forest area from land holding size-5- also a critical issue the other side of the 10acre village. 4 T2.1 400kv Coconut, No Banana, Total No of Farming and No NGO/CBO Loss of value of the No objection regarding DC-TL Palm Rice, Maize household agriculture labour- working in the land permanently a the proposed project,

188

S.No Name of Type of Wild, Type of Number of General socio- What other Any critical issue or Any other observations Componen trees in endemic, agriculture/cr Household economic standing: organizations concern by the t/ Site the area: endangere ops in the s in the What are the of a social local people Fruit/non d animals area. Village/Dist economic nature regarding the fruit/fores in the area. rict, Area activities? Land (NGOs/CBOs/ project? t/ populated use, cropping Civil Society) rare/enda by ethnic pattern (Seasonal), active in the ngered minorities types of crops, area? Name species etc. Average land of these etc. holding size etc. organizations 1 2 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 from tree, and 80, no any 70%, Non village major issue. Mostly people will support and Ottapidara Neem, vegetable ethinic agriculture labour- land is under wet participate in the m to Emali, minority in 25%, small land implementation as per Udankudi Siris the village business 5%, requriment. average land holding size is 5-10 acres 5 T2.2 400kv Only No Chilly, maize Total- 275 Farming/ No NGO/CBO Loss of valuable Local people not aware DC-TL neem, and dal are household, agriculture labour/ working in the land and value about the proposed from palm tree the main no any non agrculture village decreased due to project local people want Ottapidara and crops ethinic labour-60%, land tower and high work/job opportunity in the m to shrubs of minority in use cultivation, only tension line is the project, people are ready Kamuthi english the village kharif crops, main issue to support the project babool average land without any objection. no fruit holding 5-10 acre tree 6 T2.2 400kv Palm No Coriender, Mostly are farmer No NGO/CBO Loss of cultivable Local people are not DC-TL tree, Chilly, Maize 70%, 30% working in the land, disturbance in aware about the proposed from Neem, and urad agriculture labour village farming and project, nobody shared Ottapidara Shrubs main crop and non agriculture decreased the the information regarding m to labour, only kharif value of the land the project. People ready Kamuthi crop, average land are the main issue to support without any holding is 5-10 acre condition, there is no tower and high tension

S.No Name of Type of Wild, Type of Number of General socio- What other Any critical issue or Any other observations Componen trees in endemic, agriculture/cr Household economic standing: organizations concern by the t/ Site the area: endangere ops in the s in the What are the of a social local people Fruit/non d animals area. Village/Dist economic nature regarding the fruit/fores in the area. rict, Area activities? Land (NGOs/CBOs/ project? t/ populated use, cropping Civil Society) rare/enda by ethnic pattern (Seasonal), active in the ngered minorities types of crops, area? Name species etc. Average land of these etc. holding size etc. organizations 1 2 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 line existing so no objection. 7 T2.2 400kv Palm No Chilly, Total 500 Farmer, agrciulture No NGO/CBO Loss of land value Local people not aware DC-TL tree, maize, household, labour and non working in the due to tower and and not informed from Neem, cotton and no any agriculture labour, village high tension line regarding the project, Ottapidara Emali,Sh dal ethinic only kharif crop, permanently a already towers existing m to rubs minority in average land major concern surrounding the village so Kamuthi the village holding 5-10 acre local people demanding basic development instead of the proposed project, a bridge demanded on the river to link and easy travelling for the village. 8 T2.2 400kv Palm No Chilly, onion, Total no of Farming, No NGO/CBO Loss of value of the There is no any high DC-TL tree, maize, dal household agriculture labour working in the land after tower tension line existing in from Neem 150, no and non agriculture village footing and high and around the village, so Ottapidara and any ethinic labour 80% land tension line local people have no any m to shrubs minority in use for cultivation, objection regarding the Kamuthi the village kharif is only crops, proposed project. average land holding is 3-10 acre

190

A9.III Some Photographs of Public Consultations

T1.1: 765 kV double circuit line Virudhunagar - Coimbatore

Consultation at Valayapatti Consultation at Thathampatti

Consultation at M. Puliamkulam Consultation at Lalapuram

Consultation at Amaapatti Consultation at Vagaikulam

Consultation at Virakkal Consultation at Kilangundal T1.2: 400 kV double circuit line Virudhunagar - Kayathar

Consultation at Malaipatti Consultation at Sirukkulam

Consultation at Lingampatti Consultation at Ayyanaruthu T2.1: 400 kV double circuit line Ottapidaram - Udangudi

Consultation at Siluvipuram Consultation at Sampadi

192

Consutlation at Narasan Villai Consultation at Kallamozhi T2.2: 400 kV double circuit line Ottapidaram - Kamuthi

Consultation at Chandra Giri Consultation at O. Lakshmi Narayanpuram

Consultation at Muthuyapuram Consultation at Nerinjipatti T2.6: 110 kV single circuit line Ottapidaram to Vijayapuri

Consultations at Kamanyakkanpatti Consultations at Pasuvanthanai

Consultation at Ottapidaram Consultation at Vijapuri II T2.3, T2.4, T2.5 and T2.7- All LILOs

Consultation at Kumarapuram Consultation at Venkatachalapuram

Consultation at Saminathan Consultation at Laxmipuram

194

Consultation at Sillanathan Consultation at Sinthalakattai

Consultation at South Vieerapandiyan Consultation at Valasamutharam

Annexure 10: Terms of Reference for National Safeguards Consultant for Monitoring during Construction and comissioning

A. Environmental Consultant for Monitoring, 8-person months

Qualifications: The Environment Monitoring consultant will have the relevant education background with specialization in environmental engineering, environmental planning or environmental sciences to undertake environmental impacts mitigation and monitoring works for similar projects. The consultant will be familiar with implementation of transmission projects complying with India’s environmental protection law and ADB Safeguard Policy Statement and preferably have at least 5 years’ experience in implementation level environmental impact assessment/monitoring. The consultant must have prior experience working on projects funded/ supported by ADB.

Tasks to be performed: The consultant will (among other things):

• Review in consultation with the EPC contractor, the final proposed alignment of the new transmission lines, locations of substations, ROW of existing transmission corridors, substation lands, extent of reserved/forest areas for all project components, and gain understanding of the key environmental, health and safety concerns at each subprojects and other associated facilities such as power plants etc.; • Review baseline environmental information available for all subprojects and provide guidance to EPC contractor in undertaking baseline survey to meet ADB SPS requirement. Also access relevant regulatory databases for developing the baseline information for each sub-project; • Provide oversight on all state/national permissions requirement (e.g. forest clearances/rail/road/river/buffer zones) for both the transmission lines and substations. Work with the TN Forest department and EPC contractor to identify impacts to biodiversity/sensitive receptors within the subproject’s areas from any nearby protected areas, reserved forests, etc.; • Closely work with the EPC contractor/Design consultant to ensure that care is been undertaken in avoiding project impacts and proper mitigation measure have been initiated. • Review and record any adverse environmental impacts (direct and indirect impacts, and cumulative and induced impacts), mitigating measures undertaken, and corrective action plan for each subproject and its associated facilities in line with ADB SPS requirements. To assist TANTRANSCO to update initial environmental examination reports and environment management plan documents during the course of implementation of sub-projects in line with ADB SPS 2009 requirements; • Carry out periodic site visits jointly with EPC contractor staff to monitor the implementation of the environmental management measures. The consultant will review the environment parameters data collected on monthly basis by the EPC contractor as specified in the EMoP and prepare semi-annual environmental monitoring reports. If required, prepare an environmental audit report for transmission lines for any existing facilities, or ongoing construction activities, by identifying gaps against ADB SPS requirements and formulate corrective action plan to meet ADB SPS requirement. Provide oversight at each sub-project site level to ensure that measures incorporated in the IEE and environmental management plan are implemented during construction; • Update initial environmental examination report, and environmental management plan comprising of mitigation measures, monitoring program, corresponding cost estimates, institutional arrangements, implementation schedule during the course of

196

implementation as required; • Review the consultation process undertaken by EPC contractor with stakeholders who participated and assess against ADB requirements; the consultant will lead the additional consultations, if still required. The consultant will examine whether there are complaints from the public or local communities regarding the project’s environmental performance. Such measures need to reported semi-annually during construction period and annually during operations until the Project Completion report is issued; • Report the progress of implementation of the environmental provisions of the various transmission line and substation subprojects on a monthly basis to TANTRANSCO and ADB; and • In coordination with TANTRANSCO, prepare training materials and carry out capacity development and training programs to the all staff and contractors.

Specific Deliverables: Reports, Workshops and Training 1. The consultant shall support TANTRANSCO in ensuring safeguard compliance for all ADB financed subprojects. The consultant shall submit the following reports: (i) An inception report within one month of mobilization, detailing the approach and methodology, and (ii) Final completion report on environmental issues once project implementation is complete.

2. In addition, the consultant shall support TANTRANSCO in preparation and finalization of the following safeguard documents: (i) Updating of Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report and EMP for the project, and (ii) Semi-annual Environmental and Social Performance reports to be submitted to ADB during the period of implementation until when Project Completion report is submitted to ADB.

3. Organize periodic training and capacity building workshops as specified in the IEE/EMP document to TANTRANSCO staff and contractors. TANTRANSCO will provide logistic support as far as possible.

Counterpart’s Input and Personnel TANTRANSCO will ensure access to the available pertinent information to this assignment to the consultant. The consultant will have to collect relevant project data and reports from the EPC contractors, environment monitoring data from respective departments as required to successfully completing the monitoring reports. The environment parameters data from the EPC contractor will be provided to the consultant on monthly basis as specified in the EMoP. The designated personnel of the entities will interact with the Consultants and provide data, arrange discussions and assistance as required.

Assignment Duration The duration of this project will be 36 months.

B. Health and Safety Consultant for Monitoring, 3-person months

Qualifications: The Health and Safety (H&S) monitoring consultant will have the relevant education background with specialization in civil/mechanical/electrical engineering to undertake worker and community health and safety issues monitoring works for similar projects. The consultant will be familiar with implementation of transmission projects complying with India’s worker safety and community safety laws/acts and international health and safety best practise norms such as the World Bank’s EHS guidelines and preferably have at least 5 years’ experience in implementation level H&S plan preparation, implementation and monitoring. The consultant must have prior experience working on projects funded/ supported by ADB.

Tasks to be performed: The consultant will (among other things):

• Review in consultation with the EPC contractor, the final proposed alignment of the new transmission lines, locations of substations, ROW of transmission corridors, substation lands, and gain understanding of the key health and safety concerns at each subprojects and other associated facilities such as power plants etc.; • Review H&S plans prepared by the EPC contractor and provide guidance to EPC contractor in revise the plan to meet the ADB/World Bank/IFC requirement. Also access relevant regulatory databases, local worker skills status for developing the action plan for each sub-project; • Provide oversight on all state/national permissions requirement (e.g. Contract Labor Acts, Worker Compensation Act, Employer’s Liability Act and others listed in IEE section 2.) for both the transmission lines and substations. Work with the TN Labor department and ensure employers and supervisors are obliged to implement all reasonable precautions to protect the health and safety of workers; • EPC contractor to ensure air and noise emissions, wastewater effluents, oil and hazardous materials, electric shocks and wastes should be managed according to the guidance provided in the respective sections of the General EHS Guidelines with the objective of protecting soil and water resources. Closely work with the EPC contractor/Design consultant to ensure that care is been undertaken in avoiding accidents from working at heights for both workers and community at work place and proper measures to ensure safety have been initiated. • Carry out periodic site visits jointly with EPC contractor staff to monitor the implementation of the H&S plan and review safety procedures employed at site. The consultant will review the H&S data collected on monthly basis by the EPC contractor and prepare semi-annual environmental monitoring reports. Provide oversight at each sub-project site level to ensure that H&S measures are implemented during construction; • Update H&S plan of the EPC contractor comprising of safety measures, monitoring schedule, corresponding cost estimates, institutional arrangements during the course of implementation as required in line with World Bank EHS guidelines; • Review the consultation process undertaken by EPC contractor with stakeholders who participated and assess against ADB requirements; the consultant will lead the additional consultations, if still required. The consultant will examine whether there are complaints from the public or local communities regarding the project’s Community Health and Safety issues. Such measures need to reported semi-annually during construction period and annually during operations until the Project Completion report is issued; • Ensure proper Accident and Emergeny reponse plan is prepared and implementaed by the EPC contractor at each worksite. To review safety measures implemented by the contractor’s designated H&S officer at each site -transmission line and substation

198

subprojects; and • In coordination with TANTRANSCO, prepare training materials and carry out capacity development and training programs to the all staff and contractors on H&S measures as well as Emergency reponse.

Specific Deliverables: Reports, Workshops and Training 4. The consultant shall support TANTRANSCO in ensuring H&S compliance in accordance with EHS guidelines for all ADB financed subprojects. The consultant shall assist in • Updating of H&S plan for the project, and • Preparetion of semi-annual H&S reports to be submitted to ADB during the period of implementation until when Project Completion report is submitted to ADB.

5. Organize periodic training and capacity building workshops on H&S issues to TANTRANSCO staff and contractors. TANTRANSCO will provide logistic support as far as possible.

Counterpart’s Input and Personnel TANTRANSCO will ensure access to the available pertinent information to this assignment to the consultant. The consultant will have to collect relevant project data and health and safety plans, reports from the EPC contractors on health and safety data from respective sites. The designated personnel of the entities will interact with the Consultant and provide data, arrange discussions and assistance as required.

Assignment Duration The duration of this project will be 36 months.

Annexure 11: Due Diligence Report of 2x800 Uppur Super Critical Coal based Thermal Power Plant

TA-8254 REG: Enhancing Economic Analysis and South-South Learning

2x800 Uppur Super Critical Coal based Thermal Power Plant of TANGEDCO, Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu, India Environmental Due Diligence Report

200

1. Introduction a. Project description: title, type of project, location and setting, amount, size (capacity, number of staff, etc.).

Project Name 2x800 MW Super critical imported coal based thermal power project Location of Project Village Uppur, Valamavoor and Thiruppalaikudi Tehsil Thiruvadanai District & State Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu 1. 9°33'12.62"N 78°53'50.36"E 2. 9°36'02.58"N 78°55'17.84"E 3. 9°35'12.88"N 78°53'50.36"E Coordinates of Ash Pond Area 9°35'58.04"N 78°55'12.56"E General Climatic Conditions Mean Maximum Temperature 37.8 (0C) Mean Minimum Temperature 20 (0C) Relative Humidity (%) 70 Annual Rainfall (mm) : 827 Wind Pattern (during study South period) Elevation 4.5 m MSL Accessibility Road Connectivity Ramanathapuram-Pattukottai (East Coast Road 600 m) National Highway-NH-210 (6.0 km) Rail Connectivity Ramanathapuram (28 km) Airport Madurai (140 km) Seaport Tuticorin Port (140 km) Environmental Sensitivity Water bodies Peyar River (2.0 km), Uppar River (6.5 km), Forest Area: None within the 10 km radius of the proposed plant site Sanctuaries / National Parks None within the 10 km radius of the proposed plant site Archaeological/Historically None within the 10 km radius of the proposed plant site Important Site Seismic zone Seismic Zone-II as per IS: 1893-2002 Staff 324 personnel during plant operation

Land requirement: 912 acres inclusive of 275 acres Green Belt, 138 acres of Ash Disposal area.

Tanks such as Uppur Tank, Aladiyendal Tank, Naganendal Small Tank, Naganendal Big Tank, Valamavoor Tank, Mavilangaiyenthal Tank, Thiruppalaikudi Tank, etc., are located in the study area. The Palk Bay is at a distance of 1.0 km.

NRSA Satellite imagery available for the project in the EIA: IRS R2 L4 FX indicating drainage, cropping pattern, water bodies, location of nearest villages, reservoirs in the 10 km study area.

Project is in a Green Field Location. The total geographical location of study area of the EIA is 56,922.05 ha. The agricultural crops grown in the study area were as follows: Cholam, Paddy, Coconut, Sugarcane, Cotton, Ground nut, Citrus, Pulses, Banana, Sapota, Pomegranate, Papaya, Mango, Guava and Vine yards. The revenue generating plants of the study area are as follows: Borassusflabellifer Handicraft and brush making Agave sp. Making ropes and bags Acacia nilotica and Acacia so. Timber Bombaxmalabaricum Plywood and match box Tamarindiusindica Yield of ripe tamarind b. Environmental categorization and rationale. Terms of Reference (TORs) issued by MoEFCC reference no. F. No. J- 13012/011 2012-IA II (T) dated 28-05-2012.

Environment Category A for the project as per GOI regulations. c. Applicable Environmental Requirements – national and international best practices.

Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) document has been prepared by Bhagavathi Ana Labs Pvt. Labs, Hyderabad.

It is proposed to use 100% imported coal (5.02 MTPA) for the project with maximum sulphur and ash contents of 0.8% and 10% respectively. Radio activity and heavy metal contents of coal to be sourced have been tested and the parameters are well within limits.

Roof tops as well as surface rain water harvesting will be implemented in the proposed plant site. The stored rainwater will be used for green belt development and dust suppression within the plant premises.

Brine from the desalination plant and cooling tower blow down will be discharged into the sea after proper dilution. All other effluents will be treated in ETP/STP and utilized within plant premises, so zero discharge of wastewater will be achieved. It is proposed to implement recirculation of ash pond water.

The Marine EIA Study has been carried out through M/s. WAPCOS. Field survey was conducted for three seasons i.e., June 2013, September 2013 and January 2014 for primary data generation on various aspects of marine water quality and ecology. 15 Nos. marine sampling points were selected in Thiruppalakudi and Uppur coastal villages. The Marine samples were collected and tested by a team of experts from the Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology of Annamalai University. The results of the survey indicate that the water is well oxygenated and nutrients are adequate supporting good plankton population, the base in the food chain. Similarly, the levels of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbon were found to be below permissible level in all the seasons. The outfall of the proposed TPP would not change the quality of existing natural coastal environment. The rise in temperature is not likely to cause any alteration in the biotic community of the coastal waters of the project area. The Temperature and Salinity Dispersion Modelling Study for drawl and discharge of sea water has been carried out through M/s. IIT Madras The temperatures in the sea will rise by about 0.5-0.75°C within a radius of 2.0 km. Salinity will rise by about 4 ppt within 1.5 km distance from outfall. Beyond this, ambient conditions will be preserved. The intake/outfall pipelines will

202 be laid over RCC Deck supported by concrete pillars. Height of Deck above Chart Datum will be 7.5 m and this will ensure free movement of fishing vessels. Considering Fish escape velocity of 0.15 m/sec, the Diameter of Intake Well is fixed as 14 m, with offshore pump house. The location of Intake Well is 5.0 Km from LTL and at 4.0 m water depth. The location of Outfall is 7 km at 5.0 m water depth.

The total ash generation is only 0.502 MTPA (1,375 Tonnes/day). 100% fly ash utilization is proposed. Many Cement Companies, viz., M/s. Tamil Nadu Cements, M/s. Dalmia Cements Ltd., M/s. Malabar Cements Ltd., M/s. Ultra Tech Cements Ltd., and M/s. Chettinad Cement Company Ltd., have furnished their expression of interest for off take of fly ash. The fly ash from the other running Units is being sold by e-auction and the same is proposed for the instant Unit. TANGEDCO will encourage small scale industry development in the industrially backward region by supplying fly ash to brick manufacturers. Ash Dyke of 138 acres has been provided within the Plant area for disposal of bottom ash in slurry form and the ash dyke will be lined with geo- membrane.

As committed, in addition to provision of green belt of 50 m width all around the project boundary, a minimum budget of Rs. 3.0 Crores shall be provided for Green Endowment Fund for planting of trees outside the project boundary. As committed, a budget of Rs. 1.0 Crore shall be provided for mangrove protection and restoration. The mangroves shall be developed in consultation with Government of Tamil Nadu.

2. Gap Analysis

The EIA report of Uppur was reviewed and the comparisons of Uppur practice and ADB’s SPS/IFC guidelines are presented in Table 1 below.

Table 1. Gap Analysis for Uppur Supercritical Thermal Power Plant N Items GoI requirement ADB’s SPS/IFC requirement GAP o 1. Category Category A, EIA study Category A, EIA study No Gap 2. Alternative As guided by MoEFCC, Alternatives for Siting, Fuel Selection, Power Fuel Selection No Gap Analysis Generation Technology, Water Supply, Power Generation Technology Cooling System, Ash disposal system are needed. Water Supply Cooling System Ash disposal system Site Etc.

204

N Items GoI requirement ADB’s SPS/IFC requirement GAP o 3. Impact A. Effluent Discharge Standards Assessmen for t discharge of liquid effluents more stringent for IFC.

The cooling water temperature will not exceed 5 degree C above the receiving water temperature. The modelling result shows temperatures in the sea will rise by about 0.5-0.75°C within a radius of 2.0 km. B. Air Solid Fuel (DA) The New Emission Standards vide Notification No. S.O. 3305 (E) dated 01 Particulate Matter- 30 mg/Nm3 emission Jan.2017 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) -200 standards, Particulate Matter- 30 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 India is 3 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) -100 mg/Nm Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) -200 more Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) -100 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 stringent Mercury (Hg) 0.03 mg/Nm3 Air Impact Assessment Process AEROMOD View model uses GLCs predictions. Isopleths of predicted GLCs are shown.

N Items GoI requirement ADB’s SPS/IFC requirement GAP o

The Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) was monitored during July – September 2012. There are no existing/proposed industries in 10 km radius study area.

The 24hrs maximum base line concentration for PM10, SO2 and NOx was 66.6 μg/m3, 15.4 μg/m3 and 18.9 μg/m3 respectively. The 24 hrs maximum incremental concentration of PM10, SO2 and NOx would be 0.8 μg/m3, 35.32 μg/m3 and 14.6 μg/m3 respectively. Final GLC of all these will be within the prescribed AAQ limits (below).

206

N Items GoI requirement ADB’s SPS/IFC requirement GAP o C. Noise Noise The IFC The predicted noise levels at the proposed plan boundary are 36 dB(A) No employee should be exposed to requireme which are below the noise standards and the isopleth. However, it is a noise level greater than 85 dB(A) nt for predicted that the high noise levels will be limited to work zone only. for a duration of more than 8 hours workplace per day without hearing protection. noise is In addition, no unprotected ear more should be exposed to a peak stringent at sound pressure level work (instantaneous) of more than 140 place. dB(C). 4. EMP A. Air Based on modelling India is a. Air: Stack height at 275m more The project - Parameters SPM, PM10 PM2.5, SO2, NOX, HG, O3 (ground detailed cost is level) covered in AAQ Rs.12,664.7 - Location of monitoring stations decided based on pre-dominant 6 Crores downwind direction, population zone, villages in vicinity and sensitive (approx). receptors The capital - Monitoring station Tiruppalaikudi considered as upwind direction and (North) and Uppar as pre-dominant down wind direction (South) based recurring on wind pattern during the study period. cost - AEROMOD View model uses GLCs predictions. Isopleths of towards predicted GLCs are shown. EMP is Rs. - Air quality contours are plotted on the topographical maps of 478 Crores study area. and 48 Crores b. High Efficiency Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) shall be respectively installed to ensure that particulate emission does not exceed 30 . mg/Nm. Adequate dust extraction system such as cyclones/bag filters and water spray system in dusty areas such as in coal handling and ash handling points, transfer areas and other vulnerable dusty areas shall be provided along with an environment friendly sludge disposal system.

N Items GoI requirement ADB’s SPS/IFC requirement GAP o c. Green belt shall also be developed around the Ash Pond over and above the Green Belt around the plant boundary. Green Belt consisting of three tiers of plantations of native species all around plant and at least 50 m width shall be raised. Wherever 50 m width is not feasible a 20 m width shall be raised and adequate justification shall be submitted to the Ministry. Tree density shall not be less than 2500 per ha with survival rate not less than 80 %. B. Water Water consumption impacts India is The specific water consumption shall not exceed 2.5 m3/MWh and zero should be assessed more waste water discharge shall be achieved. detailed C. Disaster Management Plan (DMP) Emergency and Risk Management No Gap DMP prepared to meet any eventuality in case of an accident taking Plan included place due to storage of oil.

Adequate safety measures provided in the plant area to check/minimize spontaneous fires in coal yard, especially during summer season. Storage facilities for auxiliary liquid fuel such as LDO/ HFO/LSHS shall be made in the plant area in consultation with Department of Explosives, Nagpur. Sulphur content in the liquid fuel will not exceed 0.5%.

First Aid and sanitation arrangements shall be made for the drivers and other contract workers during construction phase. 5. Monitoring Continuous monitoring at stack and locations and periodicity for AQ is Air quality Monitoring guidelines decided. Regular monitoring of ambient air ground level concentration Continuous Automatic Air quality The project of S02, NOx, PM2.5 & PM10 and Hg shall be carried out in the impact sampling proponent zone and records maintained. If at any stage these levels are found to shall upload exceed the prescribed limits, necessary control measures shall be EMoP prepared with Parameters, environmen provided immediately. The location of the monitoring stations and Sampling Frequency, Evaluation tal quality frequency of monitoring shall be decided in consultation with SPCB. Criteria, Sampling points overlaid monitored Periodic reports shall be submitted to the Regional Office of this with relevant site data on a Ministry. The data shall also be put on the website of the company. layout/surrounding maps and the regular Cost

208

N Items GoI requirement ADB’s SPS/IFC requirement GAP o basis on its Monitoring of surface water quantity and quality shall also be regularly website. conducted and records maintained. The monitored data shall be submitted to the Ministry regularly. Further, monitoring points shall be located between the plant and drainage in the direction of flow of ground water and records maintained. Monitoring for heavy metals in ground water shall also be undertaken and results/findings submitted along with half yearly monitoring report.

Disposal of solid/liquid from Desalination plant shall comply with the prescribed standards and if need be, environmental safeguard measures by providing balancing/neutralizing tank may be set up and operated regularly & efficiently.

Noise levels emanating from turbines shall be so controlled such that the noise in the work zone shall be limited to 85 dB(A)from source. For people working in the high noise area, requisite personal protective equipment like earplugs/ ear muffs etc. shall be provided. Workers engaged in noisy areas such as turbine area, air compressors etc shall be periodically examined to maintain audiometric record and for treatment for any hearing loss including shifting to non noisy/less noisy areas. 6. Public Focus group (includes gender, tribal etc.) discussions followed by Public ADB SPS 2009: For environment No Gap. Consultatio Hearing for disclosing EIA and get responses. Public Hearing/Public category A projects, public Both n Consultation for the project was conducted by Tamil Nadu Pollution consultations will necessarily require Control Board on 04.07.2014. include consultations at the early consultatio stage of EIA field work and when ns at least Detailed Socio-economic & Community Needs Assessment study has the draft EIA report is available twice. been conducted through M/s. Madras School of Social Work, Chennai. during project preparation, and Based on the Community Needs Assessment, TANGEDCO has before project appraisal by ADB. earmarked Rs. 38.0 crores and Rs. 3.0 crores as Capital Cost and recurring cost per annum for CSR respectively.

As committed, a minimum amount of Rs. 56 Crores shall be earmarked

N Items GoI requirement ADB’s SPS/IFC requirement GAP o towards the capital cost of CSR activities to be undertaken during the construction phase of the project. 7. External None For projects likely to have Third Party Monitoring significant adverse monitoring environmental impacts, the lacked in borrower/client will retain qualified Uppur and experienced external experts or qualified NGOs to verify its monitoring information. The borrower/client will document monitoring results, identify the necessary corrective actions, and reflect them in a corrective action plan. The borrower/client will implement these corrective actions and follow up on these actions to ensure their effectiveness. 8. Grievance Grievance as part of local government/EA set up. Also, CSR in Grievance redress framework Time Redress consultation with Local bodies and Revenue department/Government of (both informal and formal Frames are system Tamil Nadu channels), setting out the time not time frame and mechanisms for bound. resolving complaints about environmental performance.

210

2.1 Scope of review and methodology a. Secondary documents reviewed (e.g., environmental assessment reports, copies of permits/licenses).

Documents prepared for the project approval by TANGEDCO: • Terrestrial Environmental Impact Assessment Study - MIs. Bhagavathi Ana Labs, Hyderabad carried out during July - September 2012. • Marine Environmental Impact Assessment Study - M/s. WAPCOS Ltd., Government of India Organisation. • Mathematical Modelling for Intake and Outfall of cooling water for the Project- M/s. IIT Madras. • Detailed Project Report – M/s. Development Consultants Private Limited, Chennai • Geo Hydrological Study - Anna University, Chennai. • Feasibility of Transportation of Coal for the Project - M/s. RITES, Government of India Organisation. • Socio Economic and Community Needs Assessment Study – M/s. Madras School of Social Work.

Clearances Secured: • Environment Clearance J-13012/01/2012-IA.1I (T) Dated: 18.05.2016 from Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India Titled: 2x800 MW Uppur Supercritical Thermal Power Plant and CRZ clearance for the foreshore facilities (cooling water intake and outfall structures) at Villages Uppur, Valamavoor & Thiruppalaikudi, Tehsil Tiruvadanai, District Ramanatahapuram, Tamil Nadu by Mis Tamil Nadu Generation & Distribution Corporation Ltd. (TANGEDCO). • Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC - Thermal Power) in its 38th & 52nd Meetings held during 25th-26th June, 2015 & 29th February & 1st March, 2016 respectively and EAC (CRZ) in its 150th & 156th Meetings held during 29-31st July, 2015 & 28th-29th January, 2016 respectively, the Ministry hereby accords environmental clearance to the above power plant under the provisions of ElA Notification dated September 14, 2006 & subsequent amendments therein. • CRZ clearance for foreshore facilities (cooling water intake and outfall structures) under the provisions of CRZ Notification, 2011 & subsequent amendments. • Administrative sanction for acquisition of land issued by GOTN vide G.O. dt 21.1.2014.

Acts Applicable: • CRZ Notification, 2011. • Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. • Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. • Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and rules. • Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling & Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 and its amendments. • Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 and its amendments. • National Green Tribunal Act, 2010.

NOCs: NOC obtained from Airport Authority of India for construction of 275 m height chimney. NOC from PCCF and Chief Wildlife warden has been obtained on 21.5.2014. b. Methodology adopted (Site visit, inspection report, etc.). No primary data will be collected. Geographical location of the study area: The project area comprising of Villages Uppur, Velamavoor, Thirupalaikudi, Tehsil Thiruvadanai, Ramanadhapuram District of Tamil Nadu.

Satellite data: The Indian Remote Sensing satellite IRS R2 L4 FX was used for present analysis. One scene of satellite imagery covered the entire study area.

Topographical maps of the study area: The Survey of India topographical map of 58 Kl11, 58 Kl13, 58 Kl14, 58 Kl15 on 1:50,000 scale covering Ramanadhapuram District of Tamil Nadu, was used as reference map for geo-referencing of the remote sensing data.

Land Issues: Govt. of Tamil Nadu issued Administrative Sanction for Acquisition / Alienation of lands for the Project vide G.O.Ms.91, dt.21.1.2014. However, no activity has been carried out in the lands except preliminary survey and geo-technical investigation (bore hole studies). However, only after obtaining requisite statutory clearance, actual work at the field will be started.

Land Acquisition will be carried out only as per the prevailing LA Act. Community land of 2 ha (taken from roads, threshing ground). Acquisition of patta lands was done on 10.10.2015 and District Commissioner permission for Poramboke lands was granted on 3.1.2016. c. Review of Special conditions: Technology used by power plant is one of them. The use of different technologies can produce large differences in environmental impact (e.g. subcritical versus supercritical boilers in thermal power plants).

Super Critical Technology is used that reduces water requirement.

2.2 Status of Environmental Safeguards Standards followed: a. Appropriate identification of major anticipated environmental impacts and risks

- Site levelling and filling of earth material The proposed project site elevation is + 4.5m above MSL. It is proposed to level the site to + 5.0 above MSL. The project area is 912 acres of land, after removing the green belt area (275 acres) and ash dyke area (138 acres), the balance area need to be filled is 499 acres. About 10 lakh cubic metres of filling material will be required for leveling. The fill earth is proposed to be obtained from Sadaveli and Varavani villages near R.S. Mangalam, which is at a distance of about 15 – 20 km from the project site. The filling earth material will be transported by trucks. There will be a marginal impact on the surrounding land use during the construction activity.

The existing ground level and other water levels near to the plant are given below. (i) RL of East Coast Road : MSL + 5.300 m (ii) RL of Project Site (Average) : MSL + 4.800 m (iii) High Flood Level in River : 1.542 m (iv) RL of River Bed : MSL + 3.380 m (v) RL of High Flood Level in River : MSL + 4.922 m (vi) Free Board : 0.300 m (vii) Safe Grade Elevation of Project Site : RL of River Bed + HFL + Free Board = MSL +5.230 Therefore, MSL +5.230 m has to be adopted as a safe grade elevation throughout the project site.

- Explore commercial utilisation of brine instead of discharging into sea. Only cooling water along with the brines from Desalination plant will be discharged into the sea. b. Adequacy of environmental assessment (for category A projects, including the adequacy of alternative analysis).

212

Environmental Impact Assessment as prepared by TANDGEDCO is deemed sufficient to fit the GOI norm for Category A projects.

The plant is approved for construction with conditions attached in Environmental Clearance document.

Updation of power evacuation scheme is required in the EIA.

However, there are additional aspects are needed to be studied: No alternative analysis proposed in the EIA for: - Alternative location of power plant not mentioned in the EIA. Document mentions that site was selected based on the Site Selection Criteria stipulated by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The site is away from Cities (Nearest Town Ramanathapuram is at a distance of 28 km, 500m away from East Coast Road, 4 Km away from NH-210 and there are no eco- sensitive zones within 10 km of the project site.

- Alternative sites for ground/surface water source and disposal not mentioned in the EIA c. compliance status with applicable national regulatory requirements on (i) Information disclosure:

Public media and websites as per GoI requirements.

(ii) Consultation with affected people and other stakeholders:

The public hearing was held on 04.07.2014 at 10:00 AM in Bharathi Thirumanmdapam, Devipattinam, Ramanathapuram district for the project of TANGEDCO, Uppur Thermal Power Plant at Uppur, Thirupalaikudi, and Valamavur village of Thiruvadanal Taluk, Ramanathapuram district.

(iii) Occupational and community health and safety, biodiversity conservation and sustainable natural

Occupational Health Assessment of Occupational health as endemic diseases of environmental origin will be carried out after commission of the plant. Evaluation such as following will be followed:

Occupation Type of evaluation Coal Handling Area Chest X-ray, spirometry and vision testing Ash Handling Area Chest X-ray, spirometry, Vision; and Hearing tests Boiler Area & Turbo Generator Area Chest X-ray, spirometry and vision testing Noise prone areas Audiometry Main Control Room Far & Near Vision; Colour Vision; and Hearing tests

Biodiversity Conservation: Mangroves in coastal areas, healthy phyto-planktons and fish in the area, salinity in the sea is within limits.

(iv) resource management, and physical cultural resources:

No PCR in the area. Resources: Sea Water for cooling water; lands used are patta lands and Poramboke lands; fuel is imported or blended coal through conveyors, or rail road.

(v) Adequacy of mitigation measures and EMP (mitigation measures, monitoring and reporting, institutional arrangement, budget), or corrective action plan for existing facilities, if any

No existing facilities at the project site. The areas in question are pristine with no existing/proposed industry within 10 kms of the proposed project area. There are no National Parks, Sanctuaries, Elephant/Tiger Reserves, migratory routes/wildlife corridors within 10 km of the project site.

Therefore, no corrective action plan is needed for the project. Moreover, the project proponent will meet the Regulatory requirement: An Environmental Cell comprising of at least one expert in environmental science/ engineering, marine ecology, occupational health and social science, shall be created preferably at the project site itself and shall be headed by an officer of appropriate superiority and qualification. It shall be ensured that the Head of the Cell shall directly report to the Head of the Plant who would be accountable for implementation of environmental regulations and social impact improvement/ mitigation measures.

2.3 Examination of Environmental Impact: a. Examine issues in terms of environmental impacts, mitigation measures and compliance requirements applicable ADB environmental requirements and national laws, regulations, and standards.

The site was selected only based on the Site Selection Criteria stipulated by CPCB. The site is away from Cities (Nearest Town Ramanathapuram is at a distance of 28 km), 500m away from East Coast Road, 4 Km away from NH-210 and there are no eco- sensitive zones within 10 km of the project site.

There are no major industries in the Core Zone / Buffer Zone of the Project area. The major activities are agriculture and fishing. There are few aqua culture units and salt pans near the project area. b. Review of the following information from all published and available reports from secondary sources for the following items:

Air quality i. Air dispersion modelling - Impact on air emissions from stacks due to numerous merchant power plants. Dust disposal procedure from ESP, other filters.

Stack is proposed to the height of 275 m for an effective dispersion of the pollutants. NOC obtained from Airport Authority of India for construction of 275 m height chimney.

Site specific meteorological and air quality data of July, August, September 2012 collected and monitoring done as per MOEFCC notification dated 16.11.2009. Suitably designed ESPs with an efficiency of 99.9% will be placed upstream of the stacks which will separate out the incoming dust in flue gas and limit the dust concentration at its designed outlet concentration to less than 50 mg/Nm3.

High Efficiency Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) shall be installed to ensure that particulate emission does not exceed 30 mg/Nm3. Adequate dust extraction system such as cyclones/bag filters and water spray system in dusty areas such as in coal handling and ash handling points, transfer areas and other vulnerable dusty areas provided along with an environment friendly sludge disposal system.

3 3 The SO2, NOx and Hg emissions shall not exceed 100 mg/Nm , 100 mg/Nm and 0.03 mg/ Nm3 respectively.

214

- Parameters SPM, PM10 PM2.5, SO2, NOX, HG, O3 (ground level) covered in AAQ - Location of monitoring stations decided based on pre-dominant downwind direction, population zone, villages in vicinity and sensitive receptors - Monitoring station Tiruppalaikudi considered as upwind direction (North) and Uppar as pre-dominant down wind direction (South) based on wind pattern during the study period. - AEROMOD View model uses GLCs predictions. Isopleths of predicted GLCs are shown. - Air quality contours are plotted on the topographical maps of study area.

Cumulative Impact of Air quality Effect of this plant vs area: The level of suspended particulate matter in this study area is 148 Micro gram/Cub-m. The permissible limit is 200 Microgram/Cub-in as per TNPCB standards. The tentative increase in quantity after the project is 4-6 Microgram/Cub-m (assumption taken from Udangudi plant due to similar technology used).

Cumulative impact on air quality of all thermal power plants has not been calculated. ii. Open yard storage of coal – list of measures taken to reduce air pollution due to high wind velocity. Yard: Coal storage for 45 days approx. and mill bunker storage of 14 hours is proposed.

Transportation: Tuticorin port is developing Hare Island for handling of 15-20 rakes of coal per day by railroad. New siding of 5.2 km long Tuticorin Marshalling yard to Hare Island will have attendant loading facilities at Hare Island. Two road over bridges one each on NH Road (Ramnad-Madurai crossing) and EXG. NH Road (Ramnad-Trichy). Open wagons like BOXN where coal is unloaded through tippling will be used. Assuming bunching of 25%, the facilities inside the yard been designed to handle minimum of 6.7 rakes on daily basis.

1400 KL per annum of LDO (11100 KL) for cold start and HFO (3700 KL) for flame stabilization at lower load by road tankers is required for the plant. It is proposed that one full rake for unloading of POL be provided at the plant. iii. Disposal of ash at Ash dyke’s from fly ash plants. MOUs with private parties on Fly ash utilization.

The bottom ash is proposed to be disposed in Ash Dyke. The entire fly ash will be disposed off to Cement Companies / Brick Manufacturers. Many Cement Companies, viz., M/s. Tamil Nadu Cements, M/s. Dalmia Cements Ltd., M/s. Malabar Cements Ltd., M/s.Ultra Tech Cements Ltd., and M/s. Chettinad Cement Company Ltd., have furnished their expression of interest for off take of flyash. Ash (non-exclusive) arrangements with Dalmia Cements have been made to pick up 0.402 MTPA of fly ash (1,100 tonnes per day).

A long term study of radio activity and heavy metals contents on coal to be used shall be carried out through a reputed institute and results thereof analysed every two year and reported along with monitoring reports. Thereafter mechanism for an in-built continuous monitoring for radio activity and heavy metals in coal and flyash (including bottom ash) shall be put in place. iv. Air condenser – details of estimated heat dissipation to the atmosphere.

The sea water will be used for condenser cooling and portion of it will be desalinated and used for other purposes. The concentrated sea water will be produced from cooling tower

blow down and desalination & RO-OM plant, which will be collected in CT blow down cum reject water storage tank and then pumped to sea with diffuser arrangement to dilute the effluent without affecting ocean atmosphere.

Details of heat dissipated to atmosphere not included in the EIA.

Water Availability The Tuticorin port is at a distance of 140 km. The water bodies in the study area are Peyar River at 2.0 km and Uppar River at 6.5 km from the project site. In addition tanks such as Uppur Tank, Aladiyendal Tank, Naganendal Small Tank, Naganendal Big Tank, Valamavoor Tank, Mavilangaiyenthal Tank, Thiruppalaikudi Tank, etc., are located in the study area. The Palk Bay is at a distance of 1.0 km.

The water samples were analyzed as per Standard Methods IS 10500 and for analysis of water and wastewater, American Public Health Association (APHA) Publication.

i. Procedure of generating DM water which will be obtained from captive R.O Plant. Water requirement: Sea water from Palk Bay 15,376 m3/hr.

Cooling System: NDCT with closed cycle cooling. Parameter Description Water requirement : 15376 m3/hr Source of water : Sea water from Palk Bay Water intake point at 9033'3.49"N 78°58'23"E at a distance of 5.8 km from the shore at a depth of 4.5 m in the sea. The outfall point of the 9033'38.9"N; 78°59'11.9"E at a distance of 6.5 km from the shore at a depth of 5.0 m in the sea. Water transportation : The land fall point of intake and outfall is 9034'21.5"N; 78°55'25"E on the sea shore. The intake and outfall studies were done by Department of Ocean Engineering, lIT Madras, Chennai Tamil Nadu Raw water treatment : Desalination Plant, RO plant and DM plant Cooling water system : Natural draft cooling tower with closed cycle cooling ii. Impact on water allocation from TWAD or private suppliers drawing from ground water through tankers. Water for local consumption may be diverted to Coal plants and may raise prices for locals due to huge demand of water from power plants.

Total water requirement The total plant water requirement will be 15,376 m3/hr. The water is used in different processes of the thermal power plant, the main uses are Make-up water for condenser cooling; Cooling of electrical and mechanical auxiliary equipment such as, generators, transformers, compressors, and other heat exchangers; Make-up water for power cycle (boiler make-up); water requirement for ash disposal; Water for miscellaneous services such as Fire-fighting, General services viz. air conditioning, ventilation, service water, dust suppression, potable water for plant and township, etc.

Desalination plant (11 MLD capacity) is proposed for plant water, service water and potable water requirement of the plant and for supply of drinking water to nearby villages.

In case of failure of Desalination Plant, the Power Plant will be stopped till the Desalination Plant is repaired.

216

Drinking water requirements The water requirement includes the drinking water requirement includes the drinking water supply to the nearby villages. Total present population in the nearby villages of Uppur, Valamavoor and Thiruppalaikudi is about 13000. Considering the life of the power project as 30 years and gradual influx of migrants to service the power plant, the population in the area may triple in size, ie. to about 39000. As per the IS 1172-1993, for communities with population up to 20,000, without flushing system, for supply of water through stand post, the per capita per day water requirement is a minimum of 40 litres. Therefore, the water requirement for 13,000 to 39000 persons (taking an average of 25,000 persons), will be about 1000,000 litres per day of drinking water is required for the three villages and to be supplied.

Water Disposal/Impact on Marine/Human Life i. Disposal of brine and waste into sea, on land disposal sites of DM plant wastes from thermal plants.

EIA approval requirements: The specific water consumption shall not exceed 2.5 m3/MWh and zero waste water discharge shall be achieved.

Detailed plan for conducting monitoring of water quality and identification of surface and ground water points based on drainage pattern and water quality data in the EIA.

Sources of waste water and their treatment method adopted Source of Wastewater Treatment Method Filtration plant back wash The sea water filtration plant filters are periodically backwashed with filtered sea water. OM plant regeneration The generation of the OM plant will be carried with 33% HCI waste and 48% NaOH solution and the effluents will be let in to the neutralizing pit Sanitary waste from plant The sewage from the plant will be conveyed through closed toilets drains to septic tanks from where they will be treated in the ETP and used for gardening purpose. Boiler blow down Boiler blow down water will be let into the guard pond. Miscellaneous plant service This will be conveyed to closed drains to the guard pond. Fuel oil storage and handling The effluents will be collected in a pit and after treatment area runoff will be let into the ETP Dust suppression I extraction The dust extraction system runoff water will be let into the system runoff guard pond and after settling down the water will be allowed in to the ash water tanks. Coal pile area runoff The Coal pile area runoff water will be let off into a guard pond and after settling down the clear water will be allowed to flow into the ash water tank. Cooling tower blow down The Cooling tower blow down water will be sent through the CW system return line directly to the sea. Ash pond effluent The ash recovery water from the ash pond will be pumped to the proposed clarifier. The recovered water will be pumped to the raw water storage tank. ii. Impact to aquatic and human life in the vicinity of the outfall. Impact of blow down water on marine life in the outfall area. Disposal of brine into the sea from plant – quantities and level of dilution. Marine/CRZ clearance for permissible facilities required for the power plant. Review fish data at the intake water side.

Clearances for CRZ

The Marine Environmental Impact Assessment Study was conducted through M/s. WAPCOS, a Government of India Organisation, accredited by NABET (Accreditation No.168) and Mathematical Model Study for Thermal and Salinity Dispersion of cooling water outfall was conducted through M/s. IIT Madras. Administrative Sanction for acquisition of the land has been issued by GOTN vide G.O dt.21.1.2014 and the survey works have started. NOC from PCCF & Chief Wildlife Warden has been obtained on 21.5.2014. The public hearing meeting was held on 4.7.2014. The District level CRZ meeting was held on 20.8.2014. The State level CRZ Committee in its meeting held on 27.11.2014 recommended the project.

Field survey was conducted for three seasons i.e., June 2013, September 2013 and January 2014 for primary data generation on various aspects of marine water quality and ecology. 15 Nos. marine sampling points were selected in Thiruppalakudi and Uppur coastal villages. The Marine samples were collected and tested by a team of experts from the Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology of Annamalai University. The results of the survey indicate that the water is well oxygenated and nutrients are adequate supporting good plankton population, the base in the food chain. Similarly, the levels of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbon were found to be below permissible level in all the seasons. The outfall of the proposed TPP would not change the quality of existing natural coastal environment. The rise in temperature is not likely to cause any alteration in the biotic community of the coastal waters of the project area.

Sea water outfall The cooling water will be drawn at a distance of about 4.0 km from the shore through an Intake Well located at a distance of 5.2 km from shore at 4.0m water depth The Outfall will be at a distance of 7.0 km from shore at 5.0m water depth near ambient temperature due to closed cycle cooling system. The Modelling Study for dispersion of temperature and salinity has been conducted by lIT Madras for worst conditions it is seen that the temperatures in the sea will rise by about 0.5- 0.75 0C and Salinity will rise by about 4 ppt within 2.0 km distance from outfall. Beyond this, ambient conditions will be preserved. Likewise salinity rise will also be diluted within a radius of 2.0 km and then the plume will have ambient conditions. The outfall of the proposed Uppur Power Plant would not change the quality of existing natural coastal environment. The Intake Well has been designed with fish escape velocity as 0.15m/sec. The Intake and Outfall pipes will be laid over Jetty.

M/s. WAPCOS, the consultants for Marine EIA Study have concluded that rise in temperature is not likely to cause any alteration in the biotic community of the coastal waters of the project area.

Shoreline investigations show no change in shoreline due to construction of the jetty. However, during construction phase there could be a few meters of shoreline that could be disturbed.

Mangrove vegetation loss 0.5 ha of mangrove vegetation associations (i.e. not including the open canopy Avicennia marina scattered vegetation) currently spreadout over an area of 129.15 Ha will be affected (a loss of approximately 0.004%), which is considered to be a negligible impact on this vegetation association. The mangrove area affected due to the proposed project is less than an acre and also it has been observed that there is only sporadic growth of mangroves.

It is unlikely that this project will detrimentally impact upon the conservation status of any species of mangrove, marine fauna or avifauna, as there are no known species endemic to present project location. Those species that inhabit these mangrove areas are known to occur more widely along the East Coast of India. Although species impacts are not expected, the loss of mangrove vegetation may impact upon the fisheries and ecosystem services provided by the mangroves temporarily during the construction period. Although such impacts are important, due to the low level of loss of both closed canopy and sparse mangrove vegetation

218 associations, relative to the surrounding habitats (approximately 0.5 ha out of 129.15 ha currently present in the area), it is considered that this impact will be very minimal. iii. Existence of any coral reefs and algal patches – review available marine ecology studies in the Marine EIA if available. Review the impact on Mangroves and water temperature and quality in creek in outfall area also.

Various results on the chemical and biological parameters indicate that the water is well oxygenated, nutrient rich and biologically productive at primary and secondary levels. The marine flora and fauna also indicate the existence of diverse population. The Uppur coastal area has mangrove vegetation along the shore with Avicennia marina, and Rhizophora apiculata. However, the project is more than 1 km from the sea shore and hence will not affect the mangrove vegetation. The cooling water intake and outfall pipelines will be routed so as to cause minimal impact on the mangrove vegetation.

However it may not be possible to avoid all direct impacts on mangroves and impacts have been minimised as far as possible by optimising the design of the infrastructure corridor. iv. Potential impact on Gulf of Mannar National Park –as Gulf of Mannar/Palk Strait is a sensitive area. CRZ clearance to be reviewed for clearance requirements and approvals for permissible facilities required for the power plant.

The vegetation of study area is of marine habitat type. The existing species are well adapted to high salt tolerance and have some mechanism to conserve their body water. Due to intense interactions between land, sea and air, productivity of natural system along the coastal area is very high. There is no marine national park or sanctuary within study area. The terrestrial vegetation of the study area can be broadly studied under two major groups: • Scrub & Halophytic vegetation • Mangrove vegetation

The dominant plant in the study area is Prosopis juliflora, which is found commonly near the nallas and village wastelands. Azardirachta indica is a common tree near the villages and on the hedge of agricultural field. Vegetation of the study area can be broadly categorized under inland and marine nature.

Scrub & Halophytic Vegetation This type of vegetation mainly confined towards western part of the study area. The species are sparsely distributed. The common species observed Borassus fabelifer, Prosopis juliflora, Coccos nucifera, Salicornea brachiata, Suaeda maritima, Artiplex repens, Aeluropus lagopoides, etc. Common grass species of the study area were Cynodon dactylon, Chrysopogon fulvus, Heteropogon contortus, etc.

Mangrove Vegetation Mangrove scrubs are the salt water vegetation of tropical and subtropical intertidal regions of the world. Mangroves of this area are of fringing type confined to intertidal zones between low tidal and high tide level. The mangrove vegetation was located near mouth of river and sea water. The most dominanting species of this mangrove vegetation was Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata. Their height varies from 0.3 to 3.0 m. Besides Excoecaria agallocha and Thespesia populnea were also observed in some of the patches. The list of mangroves species found in the intertidal zones other than the species mentioned above was as follows: Avicennia officinalis, Suaeda maritime, Suaeda monoica, and Salichornia brachiala. Suaeda maritima of Chenopodiaceae family was found to be the most common species in all locations with grasses having a higher frequency of occurrence at all the locations. Prosopis juliflora of Mimosaceae family is relatively dominant near proposed site.

A buffer of 50 m along the mangroves will be left at the project site.

v. Review reported statements of affected fishermen at the intake and outlet water channels. Note enhancement of any community assets, provision of any facility out of public demand.

The total sea water requirement for the Power Plant is about 15,376 m3/h and the cooling water discharge into the sea is 10,508 m3/h. COC of 1.3 has been proposed to optimize water usage. Closed cycle cooling system with Natural Draft Cooling Towers (2 no.) is proposed. Sea Water outfall includes ultrafiltration, desalination plant RO plant, CT blow down cum reject water to the tune of 10,508 m3/hr into Palk Bay. Desalination plant (11 MLD capacity) is proposed for plant water, service water and potable water requirement of the plant and for supply of drinking water to nearby villages.

Canals and Tanks The existing surplus drains originating from Tiruppalaikudi, Valamavur, and Nagananthanal Big tank crosses the project site at four different locations. Particularly, the Nagananthal Big tank which is having two surplus drains, crosses at the middle portion of the project site. Continuing the same alignment of these channels may cause the disturbance to the function of thermal power plant. At the same time, these surplus discharges are necessary to maintain the ecosystem balance on the downstream side. Hence, design of new canal is required for the safe disposal of surplus without disturbing the functional activity of the power plant. In order to maintain the environmental stability, the surplus is discharged into the existing natural drainage at the downstream of project site.

The existing surplus channel originating from the Thirupalaikudi and Valamavur tanks are used where these channels are passing through the project site on the southern side of project site. The surplus canal originating from Thirupalaikudi tank having length 0.64 km confluences to the new canal originating from Valamavur tank having length 0.911 km used to discharge the peak Discharge (m3/s) surplus of 29.75 m3/s. The canal originating from Thirupalaikudi tank has to be constructed for a width of 6 m and depth 0.8 m. Whereas the canal starting from Valamavur tank should has a width of 8 m and depth of 1.0 m.

The new alignment of surplus canal is made on the northern part of Valamavur tank and discharges into coastal area. For this new canal the existing bed slope is maintained (1 in 416). The length of new surplus canal is 1.244 km which will carry a peak runoff of 30.17 m3/s. The width and depth of new rectangular canal are 12 m and 1.2 m respectively. This canal will carry the surplus water safely without affecting any operation of the power plant. In addition to that, the surplus water will reach the coastal habitat located on the eastern side of the power plant.

Coal transportation/handling i. If coal is transported through barges: Impact of high volumes of coal handling at jetty or high seas through barges to the coastal areas. Monsoon period is normally high tide, so the rough seas could lead to spillage of coal in sea and pollute Gulf of Mannar which is sensitive area. Some jetties will be located 7.5 km from shore.

The coal requirement is 4.64 million metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA) with 85% PLF by using 100% imported coal and 5.57 MMTPA with 85% PLF blended coal with the ratio of 30% indigenous coal and 70% imported coal as optional. This imported coal will be transported from Tuticorin Port Trust to the project site through the existing railway line from Tuticorin to Ramanathapuram and then by laying a private siding from Ramanathapuram to the project site. TANGEDCO has carried out the feasibility study for transporting the coal from Tuticorin Port to the site through rail route by M/s RITES.

220 ii. If coal is transported through rail rakes: Impact of loose shunting of rakes and extent of pilferage and its spillage on land and water bodies.

Feasibility study for transportation of coal done by RITES. The coal will be transported from Tuticorin Port Trust to Ramanathapuram through the existing railway route and then from Ramanathapuram to the Project site through a new 25.8 km railway siding.

This will be dedicated line for the project and therefore the issue of loose shunting, pilferage and spillage on land and water bodies is limited. iii. Transportation of coal through conveyors - total length and procedure to avoid spillage. No transportation using conveyors in the project.

Mitigation and Emergency Plans, Health and Safety i. EMPs, Monitoring requirements etc.

Ash Management The bottom ash through dry bottom ash handling system will be used for brick manufacturing and road laying purposes.

The radio activity and heavy metals in coal / ash will be tested once the coal source is finalised. The bottom ash is proposed to be disposed in ash dyke which will be lined with Geo- membranes. Hence there will be no impact on the ground water. - Dust suppression system by water sprinkler at dump hopper of coal. - Control of fugitive emissions from the ash dyke through maintaining a permanent blanket of water cover over the deposited ash. - Green belt development and afforestation in the plant and surroundings of ash disposal area and building areas.

Wastewater The surface water run-off from the coal stack yard will be led to a sump for settling and the overflow will be utilized for green belt development. The major impact on ground/surface water quality is insignificant as all the wastewater generated from the proposed power plant will be treated in effluent treatment plant and reused for ash management, dust suppression and green belt development. Only the cooling tower blow down and desalination plant brines will be suitably diluted and then let out into sea after ensuring that the temperature and salinity of the outfall water are within the limits.

The waste water generation and reuse consists of blow down water, DM regeneration, CPU regeneration, wastewater from floor cleaning of plant area, oil waste water from powerhouse, oil handling area run off, CTBD, sewage treatment plant: a total of 3,574 m3/day. The sludge generated in ETP will be about 28.8 tonnes/day and sludge from STP will be 7.5 tonnes/day. The dried STP sludge will be utilized as manure for green belt development and the ETP sludge will be utilized for land filling in low lying areas. ii. Type of emergency accident management plans in case of spillage of oil/coal etc. in Gulf of Mannar.

The main hazards potential are categorized as below:

• Material hazards: Light Diesel Oil (LDO) and Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) as an auxiliary fuel for start-up and flame stabilization, and coal as the major fuel used in the proposed thermal power plant.

• Process hazards: due to loss of containment during handling of hazardous materials or processes resulting in fire, explosion, etc. • Mechanical hazards: due to "mechanical" operations such as welding, maintenance, falling objects etc. - basically those NOT connected to hazardous materials. • Electrical hazards: electrocution, high voltage levels, short circuit, etc.

The closest property to the Ash pond is 1 km as in the map below. It is proposed to utilize 100% of the fly ash for which ash utilization plan is ready. During emergency the ash will be disposed off safely in ash pond area. The proposed ash pond area is 138 acres. The average ash dump height is 9.0 m. Bottom ash and unutilized fly ash will be disposed off in the ash pond. To control fugitive dust emission from the ash pond area water layer will be maintained above the ash pond.

Ash pond will be lined with non-permeable membrane HOPE lining will be provided. Epoxy lining will be provided for guard pond to prevent seepage. iii. Accidents and incidents management during construction and operations, health and work safety measures, community severance issues, and state any non- compliance problems and liabilities.

Besides earthquake, cyclone, flood, arson and sabotage, the possible emergencies that can arise in the plant due to storage and handling of the above materials are: - Explosion in boilers, turbo generators, and transformers. - Heavy leakage and subsequent fire in the fuel oil handling area and storage tanks - Large fires involving the coal stockyard and coal handling areas - Accidental release of huge ash slurry - Chlorine leakage in the water treatment plant - Accidental fire due to some other reasons

222

The proposed project site is 1.0 km away from the shoreline and far beyond 100 km from an area where disasters have occurred in the past. The power plant will be established at an elevation of 5.0 m above mean sea level and thick green belt will be developed along the periphery of the project site. Hence, the proposed power plant may not have significant impacts due to natural disasters like tsunami, cyclones. The cyclone atlas is provided in EIA.

Other facilities: i. Review environmental clearance for proposed coal jetty and associated foreshore facilities, and review of marine EIA

The Comprehensive Marine EIA Study was carried out to identify the impacts of outfall of the proposed Coal Based Thermal Power Project in Thiruvadanai Taluk, in Ramanathapuram District on marine environment. The currents in the study area are relatively weaker. During the spring period, the currents could range from 0.02-0.1m/s. The conclusions of the study are as follows: • Approximately 200 dilution takes place within a distance of 2.5km from the outfall location during flooding tide and ebbing tide. • The spread of the plume is limited towards south to about 2 km. Hence, it is concluded that a dilution of 200 is possible within a distance of about 2.5 km from outfall. • The temperatures in the sea will rise by only about 0.5-0.75°C within a radius of 2.5 km. Beyond this, the plume will have ambient conditions. • The rise in temperature is not likely to cause any alteration in the biotic community of the coastal waters of the project area. • The pile supported jetty with offshore pump house is recommended since this will cause much lesser disturbance to prevailing marine and seabed environments. Hence the intake and outfall pipeline supported on jetty with the common corridor is recommended with offshore pump house and outfall reservoir respectively. Piles shall be placed at 20-25m c/c along the jetty for minimizing environmental impacts. • The control of bio-fouling is difficult in buried pipeline as this may clog and reduce the area of flow in the inlet system, hence it is recommended for pipeline on the pile supported jetty. • The marine water quality and ecology in and around the proposed outfall area is that of any normal coastal environment during the study period in all the seasons. • The project area has biological features characteristics of any coastal area in the occurrence, abundance and bio diversity of biological community of phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos and fishes. No rare, endangered, threatened marine species were recorded during marine survey. • The survey made during periods of June 2013, September 2013 and January 2014 suggests that the physical, chemical and biological parameters exhibited only marginal variation which can be ascribed to seasonal changes. Various results on the chemical and biological parameters indicate that the water is well oxygenated and nutrients are adequate supporting fairly good plankton population, the base in the food chain. Similarly the levels heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbon were found to be below permissible level. • For the maintenance of quality of the marine ecology of the study area, critical locations and designated monitoring sites are to be carefully selected for periodic monitoring with respect to marine water, sediment, flora and fauna. • Regular monitoring of the health of the mangroves in the vicinity of the project area is recommended. • The outfall of the proposed Uppur Power Project would not change the quality of existing natural coastal environment.

The project site is not defined as wetland as per Ramsar Convention. The site is demarcated under CRZ and it is sited away from CRZ. The authenticated CRZ map prepared by Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna University, Chennai is enclosed in EIA. Moreover, the project site is not defined as wetland as per Ramsar Convention.

Intake and Outfall water velocity and shoreline The intake velocity is about 0.15m/s. This is fixed as very low due to sensitivity of the region and requirement of small juvenile fishes to escape intake suction. This velocity is very close to the ambient velocity of tide, which is about 0.1-0.12 m/s. Hence the turbulence generated will be insignificant at the intake. The outfall is provided in such a way to direct the flow into water column. Hence, the sea bed around the diffuser will have minimum impact due to the discharge. The turbidity patterns show up to 8 ppm increase to extent of about 50 m in radius. The diffuser induced turbulence is less than 10% within 5-7 m. The ambient turbulence of seawater will be of the order of 10%. Hence, turbulence will not have any significant impact on the environment. The turbulence near sea bed is less the 3%. This will not cause any sediment movement.

Considering Fish escape velocity of 0.15 m/sec, the diameter of Intake Well is fixed as 14 m, with offshore pump house. The location of Intake Well is 5.0 Km from LTL and at 4.0 m water depth. The location of Outfall is 7 km at 5.0 m water depth

Erosion However, establishment of the project will not have any impact on the coastal erosion, since the cooling water intake and outfall pipelines are proposed to be laid over Jetty. The support columns will be placed 16m c/c. The Jetty will not block the littoral drift of the coastal waters.

Based on the Report prepared by Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University, for MOEF/GOI, it is seen that a portion of the coast near Morpannai village has high erosion. Hence as a part of CSR Activity, TANGEDCO has proposed to construct a Sea Wall of 500 m in the village.

Surface Water Tanks The core zone, ie., the Project Boundary of the Uppur Thermal Power Project does not contain any tank. However, the Buffer zone of the project area has 37 tanks. The tanks are dry for most of the year. Only during rainy season, the tanks get filled. The entire water is used up for irrigation before the next rainy season. The tanks are not perennial water sources and hence there will not be any impact on the flora and fauna in the Tanks.

TANGEDCO has conducted Geo-hydrological Study of the Project area through Anna University and the report has given proposal for desilting and proposes to increase the depth of tanks for increasing the storage capacity. This increase in capacity will improve the irrigation activity as well as economic status of the people surrounding the tanks. The de-silted volume of soil can be used for filling the project site. Based on the design hydrograph, the peak flood discharge can be easily stored within the tanks on the upstream of the project site itself. Impact of flood discharge to the project site is very less. Further, flood discharge can be safely discharged into the Nayar River and drained to Bay of Bengal.

Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) There shall be no construction or development in the project site falling in CRZ-I. The construction shall strictly be as per the provisions of CRZ Notification, 2011. Filing activities shall be avoided during post monsoon period (January to March period), when regeneration of seagrasses takes place immediately after the North East Monsoon. There shall be no disposal of solid waste including the construction waste in CRZ and in the seagrass area. The location of storages of construction material and labour camps shall be away from the CRZ. There shall no ground water drawl within CRZ. There shall be online monitoring of the

224

temperature and gradients at the discharge point and at a distance of 1.5 km from the final discharge point in the sea.

Marine Water & Sediment Quality: The frequency of monitoring shall be once in a season. Detailed studies to be conducted to study the phytoplankton population, genetic diversity, zooplankton biomass, population and group density, macro-benthic biomass, population and group diversity, Marine water and sediment samples will also be analysed for the all designated biological parameters. ii. Review of other facilities if information is available: i) Green Belt requirements, number of trees felling due to projects, compensatory afforestation status, any gap or improvement, ii) rehabilitation of borrow areas, (iii) soil erosion control measures, embankment protection measures, (iv) re development of quarry areas, (v) restoration of camp sites and plant sites, (vi) suspected land/groundwater contamination, and (vii) impact on sensitive receptors

Green Belt Detailed green belt with native species will be developed around plant boundary. The width of green belt around 50-100 m will be maintained with 3 tiers in the plant site. The tree density of 2000 per ha with 80% survival rate of plant species will be maintained. Photographs along with satellite imageries of the plant site will be submitted before and after green belt development. Green Belt will be developed in an area of 275 acres in the proposed project site. In addition to that plantation will be carried out around the plant boundary. There is no forest land in 10 km radius of study area.

2.4 Monitoring requirements a. Review third party/NGO monitoring requirements according to national requirements

No third party review recommended by the EIA.

b. Review compliance requirements for EMP implementation

According to the EIA approval, the following requirements need to be met for which no reports are provided: - Harnessing solar power within the premises of the plant particularly at available roof tops shall be carried out and status of implementation including actual generation of solar power shall be submitted along with half yearly monitoring report.

The following requirement will be met in the future by TANGEDCO: - A long term study of radio activity and heavy metals contents on coal to be used shall be carried out through a reputed institute and results thereof analysed every two year and reported along with monitoring reports - Assessment of Occupational health as endemic diseases of environmental origin will be carried out after commission of the plant. - Smaller version of DMP will be prepared in English & Tamil languages and made available after execution of the project. - Scheme for regeneration and preservation of village ponds in the study area shall be formulated. - Mangrove conservation and regeneration plan will be formulated. • Mangrove Monitoring Program for management of potential impacts on mangrove vegetation will consist of: Mangrove mapping; Mangrove health surveys; and Monitoring of any sediment accumulation within mangrove vegetation associations; and Assessment of the potential for changes in soil salinity in the vicinity of the infrastructure corridor. Mangrove Mapping: Aerial photography and

field surveys will be used to map the distribution and coverage of mangrove vegetation associations situated near the project footprint. Aerial photography will be ortho-rectified to allow for determination of mangrove cover. Mangrove mapping will be undertaken prior to the commencement of the project to provide current information on mangrove distribution; at project milestones including the completion of clearing activities within the infrastructure corridor; and on completion of the project. Mangrove distribution and cover will be compared to the baseline data to confirm that the area of direct disturbance of mangrove habitat does not exceed the approved limits. • Mangrove health surveys will be undertaken in an effort to ensure that any negative impacts are detected as soon as possible. Regular visual assessments to determine mangrove condition; and detailed mangrove health surveys prior to dredging, after six months (following commencement of construction) and on completion of the project. Mangrove monitoring sites will be established prior to the commencement of construction activities. - A common Green Endowment Fund will be created so as to improve the green cove in and around proposed plant site. Surplus channels being realigned to ensure that creeks flow back to original route after crossing the plant.

Burrowing in/around project sites EIA clearance notes that burrowing of earth to be avoided and effort to balance cutting and filling and also to explore the possibility of making an embankment without raising the level of project site. The site is flat terrain and requires minor levelling. No marshy lands are situated near the project. A detailed Hydrogeological study has been done by Anna University, Chennai for regeneration and preservation of village tanks and for diversion of minor canals/natural drains in the study area. Additional soil for levelling of the project site will be procured from the desilting of tanks of surrounding project area. Deepening the area marked for ash dyke and use the cutting earth for filling to reduce burrowing of earth in nearby areas.

Air Quality It is proposed to monitor particulate emission qualitatively and quantitatively in the stack and with the aid of a continuous particulate stack monitoring system. The stack monitoring data would be utilized to keep a continuous check on the performance of ESPs.

Effluent Quality in Plant

Source of Effluent Frequency of Parameters for Examination analysis Ash dyke area Weekly pH, suspended solids, oil and grease, chromium, zinc, iron, manganese, nickel Effluent quality in Guard Weekly pH, suspended solids, oil and grease, Pond & Neutralization pit copper, Iron c. Review requirements for environmental monitoring reports and institutional arrangement in place for implementation and monitoring of EMP Sea water quality shall be continuously monitored for salinity, turbidity and temperature at selective sites across the impacted zone including estuarine waters. Mitigation measures shall be undertaken for continuous preservation of mangroves and their ecology. The monitoring data shall be uploaded on the company's website and also submitted to Regional Office of the Ministry every six months.

CDM 0.941 tones CO2/MWhr (based on CDM Executive Board approved methodology ACM0013 Ver 01). The amount of CO2 expected to be reduced is 1.15 million Tonnes/year. This shall

226 be updated during the development of PIN and POD for the project. No other details are available. d. Review report on Environment related CSR (corporate social responsibility) activities planned.

Rs. 38.00 Crores earmarked under CSR program for the benefit of community in the vicinity of the project to improve standard of living. Several measures include: • Drinking water supply to the nearby villages around the project area • Desilting tanks / ponds around the project area • Augmentation of facilities in nearby Schools, Anganwadis and Public Health Centres • Provision of Community Halls, fish auction halls, net mending sheds, fish drying platforms etc. • Fishermen welfare fund • Women self-help group fund • Roads, streetlights and toilet facilities augmentation

Fishing vessels The intake/outfall pipelines will be laid over RCC Deck supported by concrete pillars. Height of Deck above Chart Datum will be 7.5 m and this will ensure free movement of fishing vessels. e. Any recommended mitigation measures, if gaps are identified. After review, state any risk control or mitigation measures to be taken by the project. Public consultation comment: The project area consists of 37 tanks and the overflow during flood times will reach sea. But the EIA Report does not contain any details about the effect of emissions from the power plant on the flora and fauna in these tanks. f. Adequacy of measures to avoid adverse impacts (measures to mitigate and minimize adverse impacts, monitoring and reporting, institutional arrangement, budget)

Disaster Management Disaster Management Plan (DMP) along with risk assessment study including fire and explosion issues due to storage and use of fuel were carried out. The maximum inventory of storage at site at any point of time was considered for the study. The risk contours were plotted on plant layout map. The proposed safeguard measures against fire hazards are provided. The measures against natural calamities such as Tsunami/Cyclones/Storm Surges are included in DMP. The DMP is containing on-site and off-site emergency plans, likely disaster occurrence and specifically mentioned personnel identified for the task.

The proposed project is in Seismic Zone-II as per IS: 1893-2002 BIS.

Institutional Arrangements at HQ level TANGEDCO has established one Environment Management Cell at its Headquarters, comprising one Executive Engineer, three Assistant Executive Engineers, one Assistant Engineer and one Chemist and its functions are as follows: To obtain all Statutory Environmental, Coastal Regulation Zone and Aviation clearances for the State Sector Power Projects from the controlling authorities viz., Ministry of Environment and Forests/Government of India, Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board/ State Environment & Forests Department and Airports Authority of India, including preparation of Environment Impact Assessment and Environment Management Plan. Conducting Ambient Air Quality Survey, Stack Emission Test, Effluent Analysis, Noise level measurements and study of General Environmental Conditions in all the TANGEDCOs Thermal Power Stations (coal and gas based) annually. The team of engineers and chemist go on camp for 10 days each to every Thermal Power Station for conducting the above survey and environmental study.

2.5 Consultation, Grievance Redress a. Adequacy of information disclosure and meaningful consultation.

Socio Economic Study, the Consultants, M/s. Madras School of Social Work have conducted direct household interviews, key informants interviews and cluster level focus group discussions regarding the Project. The above interviews have been held in the villages which fall in both core zone and buffer zone of the Project area, which includes Thiruppalaikudi and Morpannai villages. b. Review broad community support, and whether there are complaints from the public or local communities on the project company’s environmental performance.

Public Hearing Issues: - Type of trees in green belt to be listed. - Effect on agriculture due to acquisition not determined. - Land for Land and increase compensation 4 times/vs 20 times of compensation requested. - Add names of Valamavoor and Thiruppalaikudi village in affected villages. - 30 villages around project are rice bowl of Ramanathapuram, land acquisition must be under new Act. - 10000 persons are fishing with help of small country boats. Emission from power plant will affect fish development and hence fishermen livelihood. - Details of CO emission, (well within the limits of 4 mg/m3). - Improve infrastructure of the villages affected. - Due to the discharge of treated effluent, which will contain heat and salinity at the discharge point will negatively affect fish growth. This will affect the livelihood of the fishermen in the area. - Sea shallow near project site and biodiversity may be affected. Ramanathapuram District has very longest coastal area and the plankton food for fish is available in plenty in the sea, will be affected by the waste water let out by the power plant. - Employment to the local people will not be possible in the Thermal Power Plant as it required more technical skills. - The EIA Report is not covering the site selection criteria given by Central Pollution Control Board like the Thermal Power Plant should not be located within 15 km from any residential area, 5 km away from any NH or 10 km from any tourist or eco-sensitive area. - There is major chance for discharge of chemicals into sea which are used in the water treatment and therefore micro-organisms, fish growth will be affected. - The possibility of acid rain will increase due to the SO2 emission - Agriculture will get affected due to the water scarcity. The alternate plan for satisfying water demand in case of failure of desalination plant is not available. - Details of solar power usage inside the plant are not available. - The details of water flow pattern in case of over flow of tanks are not available. - The disposal details of ash are not available. - The waste water generation points are not given in detail. - The list of industries in the nearby locations is not available. - The details on heavy metal management and radiation are not available. - The details of railway line proposal are not given.

228

- The Natural Disaster Management Report is not available. - The report on Mangrove forest protection is not available. - The details with respect to the effect on the fisheries are not available. - At public consultation, participant informed that around 150m of Ramnad district, the coastal shore already got eroded and this EIA Report is not having cumulative effect about the coastal erosion. - M/s. Madras School of Social Work have conducted direct household interviews, Key informants interviews with District level officials, President of the SHG/ President of the Village level association, Block Development Office/ President GP/ Ward member GP/ ICDS- Teacher/ School Headmaster/Head mistress, etc., Cluster level focus group discussions with Women/Self Help Group/ Village level committee/Youth groups/salt pan groups, etc., to get quality data on the community needs. Only based on the Community Needs Assessment, TANGEDCO has fixed the budget for CSR Activity

CSR The project cost is Rs. 9600 crores and 0.4% will be provided budget for CSR activities. Rs.38.00crores as capital cost and 3.00 crore as annual recurring cost will be earmarked for the activities to be taken up under CSR in consultation with Local bodies and Revenue department/Government of Tamil Nadu.

The following needs for the community are: • Renovation of schools, PHCs, Anganwadis • Toilet facilities • Community halls • Infrastructure facilities • Auction halls for fishermen, fish net mending shed, fish drying platform, berth for boat anchoring purpose for fishermen • Youth training development programmes • Protection wall for about 500m in Morepannai village shore • Regular health camps • Desilting of village tanks • Laying roads, street lights

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Budget No. Particulars Amount (Rs. In Lakhs) 1. Drinking water supply 1034.00 2. Augmentation of School Facilities 300.00 3. Augmentation of Anganwadi Facilities 80.00 4. Augmentation of PHC Facilities 125.00 5. Toilet facilities 200.00 6. Community halls 150.00 7. Auction halls, net mending sheds, fish drying platforms 120.00 8. Sea wall in Morepannai villaqe 100.00 9. Youth training programmes 100.00 10. Library, playground, gym 200.00 11. Roads, street lights 500.00 12. De-silting of Tanks in the study area 600.00 13. Women Empowerment Group 60.00 14. Fishermen Welfare fund 200.00 Total 3769.00 - 3800.00 c. Adequacy of grievance redress mechanism arrangements

Community needs assessment conducted by Madras School of Social Work, Chennai – detailed assessment of impact on livelihood of local communities within 10 km study area.

The sociological aspects of this study include human settlements, demography, and social strata such as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and literacy levels besides infrastructure facilities available in the study area. The economic aspects include occupational structure of workers.

The Baseline Demographic and Socio economic characteristics with regards to demography, literacy and occupational status have been described based on the Primary Census Abstract, 2001. The relevant details of the Infrastructure Facilities have also been gathered from the Primary Census Abstract, 2001.

230

3. Environment Action Plan

Based on the gap analysis above, an Environmental Action Plan (Table 2) has been prepared to monitor independently the implementation of Uppur TPS.

Table 2. Uppur Project Environmental Action Plan (EAP) No. Recommended Action Risk Involved Parties Objectives and Timeframe for Ranking Deliverables Completion 1. Establish Joint committee between Low Uppur EPC construction Collect reports on Within 90 days of TANTRANSCO, TANGENDCO with TA company (s) and Environmental monitoring loan effective funded Environment consultant as TANTRANSCO GCC and during construction and working team member during Loan funded Environment suggest suitable adaptation construction period in advisory role. Consultant measures if any adverse impact is noticed 2. TANTRANSCO and TANGEDCO share Low Uppur TPS and Environmental monitoring 90 days prior to project monitoring reports as relevant TANTRANSCO GCC reports for operations operation to Power Evacuation

Appendix 1

Terms of Reference of Environmental Due Diligence Report Thermal Power Projects in Tamil Nadu, India

Introduction a. Project description: title, type of project, location and setting, amount, size (capacity, number of staff, etc.). b. Environmental categorization and rationale. c. Applicable Environmental Requirements – national and international best practises.

Scope of review and methodology a. Secondary documents reviewed (e.g., environmental assessment reports, copies of permits/licenses). b. Methodology adopted (Site visit, inspection report, etc.). No primary data will be collected. c. Review of Special conditions: Technology used by power plant is one of them. The use of different technologies can produce large differences in environmental impact (e.g. subcritical versus supercritical boilers in thermal power plants). d.

Status of Environmental Safeguards Standards followed: a. appropriate identification of major anticipated environmental impacts and risks b. adequacy of environmental assessment (for category A projects, including the adequacy of alternative analysis). c. compliance status with applicable national regulatory requirements on (i) information disclosure, (ii) consultation with affected people and other stakeholders, (iii) occupational and community health and safety, biodiversity conservation and sustainable natural (iv) resource management, and physical cultural resources (v) adequacy of mitigation measures and EMP (mitigation measures, monitoring and reporting, institutional arrangement, budget), or corrective action plan for existing facilities, if any

Examination of Environmental Impact: a. Examine issues in terms of environmental impacts, mitigation measures and compliance requirements applicable ADB environmental requirements and national laws, regulations, and standards.

b. Review of the following information from all published and available reports from secondary sources for the following items:

1. Air quality v. Air dispersion modelling - Impact on air emissions from stacks due to numerous merchant power plants. Dust disposal procedure from ESP, other filters. vi. Open yard storage of coal – list of measures taken to reduce air pollution due to high wind velocity. vii. Disposal of ash at Ash dyke’s from fly ash plants. MOUs with private parties on Fly ash utilization. viii. Air condenser – details of estimated heat dissipation to the atmosphere.

2. Water Availability iii. Procedure of generating DM water which will be obtained from captive R.O Plant. iv. Impact on water allocation from TWAD or private suppliers drawing from ground water through tankers. Water for local consumption may be diverted to Coal plants and may raise prices for locals due to huge demand of water from power plants.

3. Water Disposal/Impact on Marine/Human Life

232

vi. Disposal of brine and waste into sea, on land disposal sites of DM plant wastes from thermal plants. vii. Impact to aquatic and human life in the vicinity of the outfall. Impact of blow down water on marine life in the outfall area. Disposal of brine into the sea from plant – quantities and level of dilution. Marine/CRZ clearance for permissible facilities required for the power plant. Review fish data at the intake water side. viii. Existence of any coral reefs and algal patches – review available marine ecology studies in the Marine EIA if available. Review the impact on Mangroves and water temperature and quality in creek in outfall area also. ix. Potential impact on Gulf of Mannar National Park –as Gulf of Mannar/Palk Strait is a sensitive area. CRZ clearance to be reviewed for clearance requirements and approvals for permissible facilities required for the power plant. x. Review reported statements of affected fishermen at the intake and outlet water channels. Note enhancement of any community assets, provision of any facility out of public demand.

4. Coal transportation/handling iv. If coal is transported through barges: Impact of high volumes of coal handling at jetty or high seas through barges to the coastal areas. Monsoon period is normally high tide, so the rough seas could lead to spillage of coal in sea and pollute Gulf of Mannar which is sensitive area. Some jetties will be located 7.5 km from shore. v. If coal is transported through rail rakes: Impact of loose shunting of rakes and extent of pilferage and its spillage on land and water bodies. vi. Transportation of coal through conveyors - total length and procedure to avoid spillage.

5. Mitigation and Emergency Plans, Health and Safety iv. EMPs, Monitoring requirements etc. v. Type of emergency accident management plans in case of spillage of oil/coal etc. in Gulf of Mannar. vi. accidents and incidents management during construction and operations, health and work safety measures, community severance issues, and state any non-compliance problems and liabilities.

6. Other facilities: iii. Review environmental clearance for proposed coal jetty and associated foreshore facilities, and review of marine EIA iv. Review of other facilities if information is available: i) Green Belt requirements, number of trees felling due to projects, compensatory afforestation status, any gap or improvement, ii) rehabilitation of borrow areas, (iii) soil erosion control measures, embankment protection measures, (iv) re development of quarry areas, (v) restoration of camp sites and plant sites, (vi) suspected land/groundwater contamination, and (vii) impact on sensitive receptors

Monitoring requirements a. Review third party/NGO monitoring requirements according to national requirements b. Review compliance requirements for EMP implementation c. Review requirements for environmental monitoring reports and institutional arrangement in place for implementation and monitoring of EMP d. Review report on Environment related CSR (corporate social responsibility) activities planned. e. Any recommended mitigation measures, if gaps are identified. After review, state any risk control or mitigation measures to be taken by the project. f. adequacy of measures to avoid adverse impacts (measures to mitigate and minimize adverse impacts, monitoring and reporting, institutional arrangement, budget)

Consultation, Grievance Redress a. Adequacy of information disclosure and meaningful consultation.

b. Review broad community support, and whether there are complaints from the public or local communities on the project company’s environmental performance. d. Adequacy of grievance redress mechanism arrangements