Comunità Di Villaggio E Insediamento Nelle Alpi Friulane: La Val Meduna

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Comunità Di Villaggio E Insediamento Nelle Alpi Friulane: La Val Meduna MORENO BACCICHET Comunità di villaggio e insediamento nelle Alpi friulane: la Val Meduna Val Alpi friulane: la nelle di villaggio e insediamento Comunità In età d’antico regime non tutti gli insediamenti alpini erano in equilibrio con MORENO BACCICHET le loro risorse. In Val Meduna, tra XVI e XVIII secolo, ogni controllo ambientale fu scardinato per cercare di sviluppare un’economia aperta, provocando un rilevante aumento della popolazione e una totale frantumazione del sistema insediativo. In poco più di due secoli furono edificate un centinaio di borgate Comunità di o case isolate lontane dagli insediamenti di tradizione medievale. Questo fenomeno costruì un paesaggio abitato disperso, decretando la fine villaggio e della maggior parte delle pratiche comunitarie di tradizione antica. Il volume dimostra come lo spopolamento messo in luce dagli studi novecenteschi insediamento sia, almeno in parte, l’effetto di una crisi ecologica che in età moderna aveva alterato i precedenti rapporti tra popolazione e risorse ambientali nella vallata. nelle Alpi friulane: Moreno Baccichet, architetto, insegna Urbanistica e Pianificazione territoriale la Val Meduna presso le Università di Ferrara, Udine e Venezia. Le sue ricerche sono tese a definire l’evoluzione degli insediamenti storici in Veneto e Friuli, e a proporre nuove pratiche per la pianificazione contemporanea. € 35,00 Comunità di villaggio e insediamento nelle Alpi friulane: la Val Meduna La presente pubblicazione è stata realizzata con il contributo di Comune di Tramonti di Sopra Iniziativa finanziata dal Sindaco con rinuncia dell’indennità Comune di Tramonti di Sotto In copertina Mappa della Val Meduna di Giovanni Battista Nascimbeni, 16 novembre 1772, particolare (Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Provveditori sopra beni comunali, b. 165). Impaginazione Gam Grafica, Terzo di Aquileia (Ud) Stampa Poligrafiche San Marco, Cormons (Go) © FORUM 2017 Editrice Universitaria Udinese FARE srl con unico socio Società soggetta a direzione e coordinamento dell’Università degli Studi di Udine Via Palladio, 8 – 33100 Udine Tel. 0432 26001 / Fax 0432 296756 www.forumeditrice.it ISBN 978-88-3283-001-9 MORENO BACCICHET Comunità di villaggio e insediamento nelle Alpi friulane: la Val Meduna Baccichet, Moreno Comunità di villaggio e insediamento nelle Alpi friulane: la Val Meduna / Moreno Baccichet. - Udine : Forum, 2017. ISBN 978-88-3283-001-9 1. Insediamenti – Val Meduna – Storia 307.1409453946 (WebDewey 2017) – COMUNITÀ. SVILUPPO. Nord della provincia di Pordenone Scheda catalografica a cura del Sistema bibliotecario dell’Università degli studi di Udine A Guido Masè Abbreviazioni ACV Archivio Comunale di Valvasone APTSop Archivio Parrocchiale di Tramonti di Sopra, ora in ASDPn APTSot Archivio Parrocchiale di Tramonti di Sotto, ora in ASDPn ASDPn Archivio Storico Diocesano di Pordenone ASPn Archivio di Stato di Pordenone ASUd Archivio di Stato di Udine ASVe Archivio di Stato di Venezia BCCVe Biblioteca Civica Correr di Venezia BSPn Biblioteca del Seminario di Pordenone SOMMARIO PRESENTAZIONE 9 LA MATRICE STORICA DELL’INSEDIAMENTO L’area d’indagine 11 Un’idea per la ricerca 12 L’ambiente fisico e naturale 17 La toponomastica nel sistema storico-insediativo 21 L’insediamento storico 26 L’assetto giurisdizionale bassomedievale 39 Il territorio della comunità di vallata e i compascui medievali 44 Confini, politica e viabilità tra basso medioevo ed età moderna 46 La divisione amministrativa della vallata 52 Le strategie insediative del XVI secolo 53 La colonizzazione degli allevatori (XVI secolo) 57 Un esempio della colonizzazione delle periferie pastorali: la Val Silisia 62 Il carattere dei primi insediamenti temporanei 68 LA COLONIZZAZIONE NEL XVII SECOLO Esenzioni fiscali e insediamento 73 La crisi del potere feudale 75 Le premesse politiche per la colonizzazione del XVII-XVIII secolo 78 Il tribunale della vallata e l’autonomia 83 Le terre della Repubblica e i monti del comune 86 Dal paesaggio degli stavoli a quello delle borgate 90 Il fenomeno degli staulieri 93 Strategie famigliari della colonizzazione 97 La crisi ecodemografica del XVIII secolo 99 L’identità geopolitica dei ‘canali’ 106 Dinamiche di espansione e di controllo territoriale 113 La «tumultuosa masnada» e la conquista di nuove terre 116 L’uso delle proprietà nelle dinamiche famigliari 119 Strategie ereditarie e patrimoniali 127 IL GOVERNO DEL TERRITORIO TRA XVII E XVIII SECOLO La manutenzione del territorio 133 La carestia, le epidemie e i calmieri sociali 137 La vicinia come luogo della morale pubblica e della mediazione 140 La politica forestale 141 La vicinia e i nuovi pascoli 150 Lo sviluppo dell’attività casearia 151 I molini 158 L’artigianato domestico 162 La crisi demografica dei villaggi medievali 164 L’economia delle donne e le dinamiche dell’emigrazione temporanea 166 FORME DI INSEDIAMENTO E TIPOLOGIE EDILIZIE IN VAL MEDUNA La casa 174 Gli orti e i terreni coltivati 179 Prati e pascoli privati 181 Gli insediamenti temporanei 185 Le casere 187 Le stalle 194 Gli stavoli 197 Baite, casoni, ‘tobiadi’ e fienili 198 LA CRISI DEL XIX SECOLO: DALL’ECONOMIA DEGLI ALLEVATORI A QUELLA DELL’EMIGRANTE Il collasso dell’ecosistema 201 Il sovrappopolamento e l’emigrazione temporanea nel XIX secolo 201 La crisi economica e l’emigrazione permanente 208 POSTFAZIONE 211 BIBLIOGRAFIA 215 PRESENTAZIONE Con molta soddisfazione salutiamo quest’ultima opera editoriale dell’architet- to Moreno Baccichet, esperto conoscitore dei nostri luoghi e della loro storia. Questa pregiata testimonianza scritta, finalmente, descrive in maniera esau- stiva e quasi definitiva ciò che avvenne secoli fa quando ‘tutto cominciò’ in Val Tramontina. Riusciamo a comprendere le dinamiche che hanno permesso la crescita di un territorio seguendo tutte le fasi che ha attraversato: i primi insediamenti e la successiva colonizzazione dei territori; lo sfruttamento del- le risorse agricole e pastorali; l’espansione e il sovrappopolamento sino alla crisi demografica susseguente. L’indagine ci permette così di conoscere, con precisi approfondimenti, le vicende e le attività umane e politiche che hanno caratterizzato questi ‘paesaggi montani’ inseriti nelle Prealpi Carniche. Sono questi gli elementi che ci consentono ora di ripensare ad azioni per la salva- guardia e la crescita di tali aree interne, senza rischiare di compromettere il delicato equilibrio che pone in relazione l’ambiente con i suoi abitanti. Ringra- ziamo di cuore Moreno per questo prezioso lavoro che si va ad aggiungere agli altri, numerosi e diversi, che è riuscito a regalarci in questi anni: scritti, ricerche e soprattutto idee e suggerimenti scaturiti dai tanti momenti di confronto. Giacomo Urban Giampaolo Bidoli Sindaco del Comune Sindaco del Comune di Tramonti di Sopra di Tramonti di Sotto LA MATRICE STORICA DELL’INSEDIAMENTO L’area d’indagine Il nostro studio intende analizzare forme e stra- 1 Giovanni Marinelli (Marinelli G. 1888), ponendosi per primo il tegie dell’insediamento in un’area ristretta delle problema dell’identificazione e della perimetrazione delle va- rie regioni geografiche delle Alpi Carniche, introduceva nelle Prealpi Carniche, la Val Meduna, più comune- Prealpi Carniche la definizione di Prealpi Tramontine o «grup- mente chiamata Val Tramontina1. po di Tramonti». Con questa attribuzione geografica veniva in- dividuata impropriamente tutta l’alta montagna pordenonese, L’espressione Val Tramontina, nell’accezione ri- compresa la regione montuosa di Claut, Cimolais e Erto. duttiva che le viene attribuita, serve a identificare i 2 All’interno delle Prealpi Carniche l’abitazione tradizionale ha territori sottoposti ai Comuni di Tramonti di Sopra un carattere poco omogeneo. A Erto e Casso prevalgono le tipologie caratteristiche della valle del Piave, mentre a Claut e Tramonti di Sotto senza considerare che il con- si risente ancora dell’ambiente culturale carnico reso espli- fine politico delle due amministrazioni comunali cito nelle belle case a loggia in muratura. Alcuni caratteri di omogeneità regionale non possono però essere taciuti. La non coincide né con il confine geografico dell’alta montagna pordenonese, se si esclude l’énclave culturalmente Val Meduna, né con l’antico confine delle comu- veneta di Erto e Casso, può essere divisa in un’area geografi- nità di villaggio preesistenti alla riorganizzazione ca settentrionale, nella quale predomina la massa muraria e il volume dell’edificio forato da logge per lo più piccole (Claut, amministrativa e catastale napoleonica. A nord di Tramonti, Clauzetto e Vito d’Asio), e una zona meridionale ca- passo Rest, tutti i territori che fino al XVIII seco- ratterizzata da logge e portici realizzati in prevalenza in legno lo appartenevano a Tramonti ora fanno parte dei e dotati di ‘stanghe’ per l’essiccazione del fieno e dei prodotti agricoli (Barcis, Andreis, Poffabro, Castelnovo del Friuli, Fri- Comuni di Forni di Sotto e Ampezzo. Per contro, sanco). Questa scansione, come tutti gli schemi, può essere l’ambito pastorale di casera Teglara, corrispon- contraddetta da un fenomeno di osmosi culturale che in cer- ti casi, e in epoche diverse, ha fatto ‘migrare’ alcuni tipi edilizi dente all’omonimo monte, nonostante un tempo all’interno di altri ambiti omogenei. Non deve stupire quindi la fosse un’énclave del villaggio di Meduno in terri- presenza di case a loggia in muratura in Val Colvera, né esempi torio carnico, ora appartiene a Tramonti di Sotto. di case a loggia in legno in Val d’Arzino. Nell’ambito di queste due culture predominanti si
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