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Interim Section 9 Final Supplemental Guidance for Select Contaminants of Concern APPENDIX 9-A GENERAL PESTICIDE INFORMATION Hawai‘i HEER TGM 9-A April 2014 Table 9-A General Pesticide Information Laboratory Standard Availability Half-Life Half-Life Analytical Laboratory of Toxicity KoC in Soil Refer- 3 Chemical Group* Method* Factors** (cm /g) (days) ence*** Notes Moderately persistent herbicide. Used Ametryn Triazine Pesticides 8141 or 619M Yes 4.5E+02 1.8E+02 5 since the 1960s (possibly earlier). Arsenic Heavy Metals 6010B/ 6020 Yes ? na - Highly persistent herbicide component. Moderately persistent herbicide. Used Atrazine Triazine Pesticides 8141 or 619M Yes 2.3E+02 1.0E+02 3 since the 1960s (possibly earlier). Moderately persistent fungicide used Benomyl Carbamates 8321 Yes 5.2E+02 3.6E+02 6 for seed dipping. Used since the 1970s. Bromodichloromethane VOCs 8260 Yes 3.5E+01 1.5E+00 3 Fumigant with low persistence. Bromomethane VOCs 8260 Yes 1.4E+01 2.8E+01 2 Fumigant with low persistence. Organochlorine Captafol 8081 or 8270 Yes 2.7E+03 7.0E+00 8 Fumigant with low persistence. Pesticides Captan SVOCs 8270 Yes 8.6E+02 2.5E+00 8 Fumigant with low persistence. Organochlorine Moderately persistent insecticide. Chlordane (Technical) 8081 Yes 8.7E+04 1.0E+02 8 Pesticides Cancelled in 1988. Organo- Moderately persistent insecticide used Chlorpyrifos phosphorus 8141 Yes 6.8E+03 8.4E+01 1 since the 1970s. Pesticides Chlorinated Low to moderately persistent herbicide Dalapon 8151 or 8321 Yes 2.7E+00 3.0E+01 8 Herbicides used since the 1950s. Organo- Moderately persistent insecticide Diazinon phosphorus 8141 Yes 1.3E+03 4.0E+01 8 broadly used since the 1960s (possibly Pesticides earlier). Moderately persistent (although Dibromo-3- VOCs 8260 or 8081 Yes 1.3E+02 1.8E+02 1 volatile) fumigant broadly used from Chloropropane, 1,2- the 1940s through 1980s. Moderately persistent pesticide; Dibromochloromethane VOCs 8260 Yes 3.5E+01 1.8E+02 2 unknown if used in cultivation. Notes on Page 9-A-7 Hawai`i HEER TGM 9-A-1 April 2013 Table 9-A (continued) Laboratory Standard Availability Half-Life Half-Life Analytical Laboratory of Toxicity KoC in Soil Refer- 3 Chemical Group* Method* Factors** (cm /g) (days) ence*** Notes Moderately persistent (although Dibromoethane, 1,2- VOCs 8260 Yes 4.4E+01 1.0E+02 8 volatile) fumigant broadly used from the 1940s through 1980s. Chlorinated Herbicide with low to moderate Dicamba 8151 or 8321 Yes 2.9E+01 3.1E+01 7 Herbicides persistence. Dichlorodiphenyl- Organochlorine Highly persistent impurity of DDT 8081 or 8270 Yes 1.5E+05 1.0E+03 8 dichloroethane (DDD) Pesticides insecticide. Dichlorodiphenyl- Organochlorine Highly persistent impurity of DDT 8081 or 8270 Yes 1.5E+05 1.0E+03 8 dichloroethylene (DDE) Pesticides insecticide. Moderately persistent insecticide. Dichlorodiphenyl- Organochlorine 8081 or 8270 Yes 2.2E+05 1.2E+02 8 Used by State for mosquito control trichloroethane (DDT) Pesticides until banned in 1972. Intermediate product of 2,4-D and Dichlorophenol, 2,4- SVOCs 8270 Yes 7.2E+02 2.6E+00 1 other herbicides with low persistence. Dichlorophenoxyacetic Chlorinated 8151 or 8321 Yes 7.2E+02 1.0E+01 8 Herbicide with low persistence. Acid (2,4 D) Herbicides Moderately persistent (although Chlorinated Dichloropropane, 1,2- 8151 Yes 6.8E+01 3.6E+02 8 volatile) fumigant used from the 1940s Herbicides to 1974. Chlorinated Dichloropropene, 1,3- 8151 Yes 8.1E+01 1.0E+01 8 Fumigant with low persistence. Herbicides Highly persistent impurity of chlorinated phenol pesticides Dioxins/Furans Dioxins/furans 8280/8290 Yes 2.6E+05 3.7E+04 1 (pentachlorophenol; 2,4,5-T; 2,4,5- TP). Moderately persistent herbicide. Used Diuron Carbamates 8321 Yes 1.4E+02 9.0E+01 8 since the 1960s (possibly earlier). Organochlorine Endosulfan 8081 or 8270 Yes 2.2E+04 1.5E+02 15 Pesticide with moderate persistence. Pesticides Notes on Page 9-A-7 Hawai`i HEER TGM 9-A-2 April 2013 Table 9-A (continued) Laboratory Standard Availability Half-Life Half-Life Analytical Laboratory of Toxicity KoC in Soil Refer- 3 Chemical Group* Method* Factors** (cm /g) (days) ence*** Notes Ethephon SVOC 8270 Yes 3.6E+00 8.0E+00 7 Growth regulator with low persistence. Herbicide with low to moderate Glyphosate Other 547 Yes 1.9E+01 4.7E+01 - persistence (beaks down in water). Moderately persistent insecticide and component of technical chlordane. Organochlorine Heptachlor 8081 or 8270 Yes 5.2E+04 2.5E+02 8 Cancelled in 1988. Potentially used in Pesticides fields with drip irrigation between 1979 & 1985. Organochlorine Highly persistent component of Heptachlor Epoxide 8081 or 8270 Yes 5.3E+03 3.7E+02 - Pesticides technical chlordane. Hexachlorocyclohexane, Organochlorine 8081 or 8270 Yes 3.4E+03 2.4E+02 12 Moderately persistent insecticide. Gamma Pesticides Moderately persistent herbicide used Hexazinone Triazine Pesticides 8141 Yes 6.1E+02 2.2E+02 7 since the 1970s. Unknown if lead-based insecticides, Lead Heavy Metals 6010B/ 6020 Yes ? na - herbicides, & rodenticides used in cultivation. Highly persistent. Organo- Insecticide with low persistence. Used Malathion phosphorus 8141 or 8270 Yes 3.1E+01 1.0E+00 7 since the 1960s (possibly earlier). Pesticides Highly persistent fungicide (seed Mercury Heavy Metals 7471 Yes 1.7E+02 ? - dipping). All food uses cancelled in 1969. Methylated form of mercury generated Methyl Mercury Heavy Metals 7471 Yes ? ? - in reducing environments; potential byproduct. Herbicide used since the 1970s. Low Methyl Sulfanilcarbamate Carbamates 8321A Yes 1.2E+03 3.1E+01 - to moderate persistence. Highly persistent herbicide used since Metribuzin Triazine Pesticides 8141 Yes 1.2E+03 4.4E+02 7 the 1970s. Notes on Page 9-A-7 Hawai`i HEER TGM 9-A-3 April 2013 Table 9-A (continued) Laboratory Standard Availability Half-Life Half-Life Analytical Laboratory of Toxicity KoC in Soil Refer- 3 Chemical Group* Method* Factors** (cm /g) (days) ence*** Notes Highly persistent insecticide. Very Organochlorine Mirex 8081 or 8270 Yes 4.7E+05 3.7E+02 - limited use in Hawai'i. Not sold in US Pesticides since 1978. Oxamyl Carbamates 8321 Yes 1.0E+01 2.7E+01 7 Insecticide with low persistence. Organo- Highly persistent insecticide. Parathion phosphorus 8141 or 8270 Yes 1.7E+03 7.3E+02 13 Registration cancelled in 1992. Pesticides SVOCs or Herbicide used from 1960s (possibly Pentachlorophenol Chlorinated 8270 or 8151 Yes 3.4E+03 3.0E+01 15 earlier) until the mid-1980s. Low to Herbicides moderate persistence. Moderately persistent sugarcane Chlorinated Picloram 8151 Yes 1.8E+01 3.0E+02 7 herbicide used since the 1960s Herbicides (possibly earlier). Moderately persistent fungicide. Used Propiconazole Carbamates 8321 Yes 5.6E+03 8.4E+01 7 since the 1980s. Moderately persistent herbicide. Used Simazine Triazine Pesticides 8141 or 619M Yes 1.5E+02 2.5E+02 8 since the 1960s (possibly earlier). Highly persistent herbicide. Limited Terbacil Organonitrogen 633 Yes 7.8E+01 5.2E+02 7 used since the 1970s; not significantly toxic. Tetrachlorophenol, Component of pentachlorophenol with SVOCs 8270 Yes 2.0E+03 3.0E+01 - 2,3,4,6- low to moderate persistence. Trichlorophenoxyacetic Chlorinated Moderately persistent herbicide. 8151 or 8321 Yes 1.2E+03 3.0E+02 10 Acid, 2,4,5- (2,4,5 T) Herbicides Suspended in 1985. Trichlorophenoxypropioni Chlorinated Herbicide with low persistence. 8151 or 8321 Yes 4.9E+01 1.7E+01 11 c Acid, 2,4,5- (2,4,5 Tp) Herbicides Suspended in 1985. Trichloropropene, 1,2,3- Impurity in 1,3 dichloropropene with VOCs 8260 Yes 1.3E+02 3.1E+01 - (TCP) low to moderate persistence. Organochlorine Moderately persistent herbicide. Used Trifluralin 8081 or 8270 Yes 9.7E+03 6.0E+01 8 Pesticides since the 1980s. Notes on Page 9-A-7 Hawai`i HEER TGM 9-A-4 April 2013 Table 9-A (continued) Laboratory Standard Availability Half-Life Half-Life Analytical Laboratory of Toxicity KoC in Soil Refer- 3 Chemical Group* Method* Factors** (cm /g) (days) ence*** Notes Used But No Toxicity Data And/Or No Standard Laboratory Method Herbicide used pre-1971 with low Amitrole Other ? No 2.0E+01 2.6E+01 4 persistence. Herbicide used in the 1960s until Ammonium Sulfamate Other ? Yes ? ? - possibly the 1980s; assumed low persistence. Moderately persistent herbicide. Used Bromacil Carbamates 8321 No 9.3E+00 2.4E+02 3 since the 1960s. Chloropicrin Other No 5.1E+01 1.0E+00 8 Fumigant with low persistence. Chlorinated Dichloropropene, 2,3- 8151 No 8.1E+01 1.6E+01 8 Fumigant with low persistence. Herbicides Rodenticide with moderate to high Diphacinone Other ? No 5.0E+03 3.7E+02 ? persistence. Diquat Other ? Yes 1.9E+03 1.0E+03 8 Highly persistent growth regulator. Organochlorine Endrin Aldehyde 8081 or 8270 No 1.1E+04 3.7E+02 8 Highly persistent impurity of Endrin. Pesticides Fenaminosulf Other ? Yes 1.0E+00 1.5E+01 8 Fungicide with low persistence. Organo- Fenamiphos phosphorus 8141 No 2.3E+02 5.0E+00 8 Nematicide with low persistence. Pesticides Organo- Moderately persistent insecticide used Fenthion phosphorus 8141 or 8270 No 1.1E+02 3.4E+01 8 since the 1960s. Pesticides Fosetyl-Aluminum Other ? Yes 5.3E+03 1.0E-01 8 Fungicide with low persistence. Insecticide (ant control) with unknown Hydramethylnon Other ? No 6.3E+08 ? - persistence. Mancozeb Other ? Yes 1.0E+01 2.0E+00 7 Fungicide with low persistence. Herbicide with moderate persistence. Monuron Carbamates 8321 No ? 1.0E+02 - Registration cancelled in 1977. Highly persistent herbicide. Used Paraquat Other ? Yes 1.4E+03 7.3E+02 14 since the 1960s.
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    9.2.2PesticideApplication 9.2.2.1General1-2 Pesticidesaresubstancesormixturesusedtocontrolplantandanimallifeforthepurposesof increasingandimprovingagriculturalproduction,protectingpublichealthfrompest-bornediseaseand discomfort,reducingpropertydamagecausedbypests,andimprovingtheaestheticqualityofoutdoor orindoorsurroundings.Pesticidesareusedwidelyinagriculture,byhomeowners,byindustry,andby governmentagencies.Thelargestusageofchemicalswithpesticidalactivity,byweightof"active ingredient"(AI),isinagriculture.Agriculturalpesticidesareusedforcost-effectivecontrolofweeds, insects,mites,fungi,nematodes,andotherthreatstotheyield,quality,orsafetyoffood.Theannual U.S.usageofpesticideAIs(i.e.,insecticides,herbicides,andfungicides)isover800millionpounds. AiremissionsfrompesticideusearisebecauseofthevolatilenatureofmanyAIs,solvents, andotheradditivesusedinformulations,andofthedustynatureofsomeformulations.Mostmodern pesticidesareorganiccompounds.EmissionscanresultdirectlyduringapplicationorastheAIor solventvolatilizesovertimefromsoilandvegetation.Thisdiscussionwillfocusonemissionfactors forvolatilization.Thereareinsufficientdataavailableonparticulateemissionstopermitemission factordevelopment. 9.2.2.2ProcessDescription3-6 ApplicationMethods- Pesticideapplicationmethodsvaryaccordingtothetargetpestandtothecroporothervalue tobeprotected.Insomecases,thepesticideisapplieddirectlytothepest,andinotherstothehost plant.Instillothers,itisusedonthesoilorinanenclosedairspace.Pesticidemanufacturershave developedvariousformulationsofAIstomeetboththepestcontrolneedsandthepreferred
  • List of Herbicide Groups

    List of Herbicide Groups

    List of herbicides Group Scientific name Trade name clodinafop (Topik®), cyhalofop (Barnstorm®), diclofop (Cheetah® Gold*, Decision®*, Hoegrass®), fenoxaprop (Cheetah® Gold* , Wildcat®), A Aryloxyphenoxypropionates fluazifop (Fusilade®, Fusion®*), haloxyfop (Verdict®), propaquizafop (Shogun®), quizalofop (Targa®) butroxydim (Falcon®, Fusion®*), clethodim (Select®), profoxydim A Cyclohexanediones (Aura®), sethoxydim (Cheetah® Gold*, Decision®*), tralkoxydim (Achieve®) A Phenylpyrazoles pinoxaden (Axial®) azimsulfuron (Gulliver®), bensulfuron (Londax®), chlorsulfuron (Glean®), ethoxysulfuron (Hero®), foramsulfuron (Tribute®), halosulfuron (Sempra®), iodosulfuron (Hussar®), mesosulfuron (Atlantis®), metsulfuron (Ally®, Harmony®* M, Stinger®*, Trounce®*, B Sulfonylureas Ultimate Brushweed®* Herbicide), prosulfuron (Casper®*), rimsulfuron (Titus®), sulfometuron (Oust®, Eucmix Pre Plant®*), sulfosulfuron (Monza®), thifensulfuron (Harmony®* M), triasulfuron, (Logran®, Logran® B Power®*), tribenuron (Express®), trifloxysulfuron (Envoke®, Krismat®*) florasulam (Paradigm®*, Vortex®*, X-Pand®*), flumetsulam B Triazolopyrimidines (Broadstrike®), metosulam (Eclipse®), pyroxsulam (Crusader®Rexade®*) imazamox (Intervix®*, Raptor®,), imazapic (Bobcat I-Maxx®*, Flame®, Midas®*, OnDuty®*), imazapyr (Arsenal Xpress®*, Intervix®*, B Imidazolinones Lightning®*, Midas®*, OnDuty®*), imazethapyr (Lightning®*, Spinnaker®) B Pyrimidinylthiobenzoates bispyribac (Nominee®), pyrithiobac (Staple®) C Amides: propanil (Stam®) C Benzothiadiazinones: bentazone (Basagran®,